Fundamental Text Research Articles

Do Modern Radicals Believe in Their Mythologies? A Comparison between the Muslim Brotherhood and the Legion of the Archangel Michael in the Light of Four Political Mythologies

This study seeks to employ the concept of political mythology in order to test the applicability of a comparative grid applied to two discursive orders produced by one salient expression of modern Islamic fundamentalism/radicalism and by the interwar European extreme right. Narrowing the perspective, the study intends to compare the fundamental texts of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood and of the Romanian Legion of the Archangel Michael (Legiunea Arhanghelului Mihail) by resorting to four political mythologies coined by the French historian Raoul Girardet: the Conspiracy, the Savior, the Golden Age and Unity. My hypothesis can be summarized as follows: as imaginative acts of world creation/destruction, political mythologies are structures of meaning which allow a comparative approach that preserves intact the tension between similarity and difference. Therefore, Wittgenstein's epistemological edge of the theory of ‘family resemblance’ could be amplified by the employment of political mythologies. Consequently the broad ranging cross-boundary comparisons gain systematic value without falling into the trap of rigid taxonomies. Consequently I seek to demonstrate that despite a basic structure of similarities, the fundamentalism of the Islamic Brotherhood and the radicalism of the Romanian extreme right appear in the light of political mythologies as bearing features that differ markedly from the Islamofascist paradigm.

Facilitating Art-Historical Research in the Digital Age: The Getty Research Portal

In the past five years, the concept of art‐historical bibliography has undergone critical scrutiny in response to evolving research methodologies and newly available technologies. Concerns about the state of the field provided the catalyst for the Future of Art Bibliography (FAB) initiative, a series of international conversations among art historians, librarians, publishers, and technologists. The ensuing complementary and collaborative initiatives have the shared goal of making art‐historical literature in its many formats accessible to scholars worldwide, thereby facilitating research and encouraging a new kind of scholarly engagement with the materials. The Getty Research Institute, in collaboration with four international advisory institutions, led a project to create an online search platform that would unify and provide global access to digitized art history books and journals, including fundamental texts, rare books, exhibition catalogues, auction sales catalogues, and related literature. Launched in spring 2012, the Getty Research Portal, is a trusted destination for researchers worldwide and a tool to assist librarians in planning future digitization projects.

Contribution of Ayurveda in foundation of basic tenets of bioethics.

Ethics deal with the set of principles of right conduct. The four basic principles of bioethics - autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence and justice are known as “principlism". Though these four principles are influenced by the western world; in the medical field they are adapted as universal ethics. Originally, Ayurveda, the Indian medical system, has strongly advocated ethical code of conduct for physicians, but does not get its due recognition till this date. Proposed article aims to compare universally accepted basic tenets of bioethics and ancient Ayurvedic ethics. For this purpose classical texts of Ayurveda and literature regarding principlism was collected and analyzed thoroughly. It was found that the essence of ethics is very well-defined and described in the fundamental texts of Ayurveda in the form of Sadvritta, Chatushpada, Yogya, Vaidyavritti and Aachara Rasayana. Hence, Ayurveda should be considered as a trailblazer in establishing the basic tenets of bioethics.

Skeptical Legal Education

Law teachers at the university want students to develop a critical attitude. But what exactly does it mean to be critical and why is it important to be critical? How can a critical attitude be promoted? In this article we intend to elucidate the role that critical thinking may play in legal education. We will introduce the idea of skeptical legal education, which is to a large extent based on Michael Oakeshott’s understanding of liberal learning but which relativizes its insistence on the non-instrumentality of learning and reinforces its critical potential. Subsequently, the article presents a teaching experiment, where students, based on self-organization, study and discuss fundamental texts. The experiment is meant to demonstrate the possibility of reflexivity in skeptical legal education.

Premessa all’edizione cinese del Discorso sulla dignità umana di Pico della Mirandola

In this Introduction to the Chinese translation of Pico Della Mirandola's Oratio on the Dignity of Man, Pier Cesare Bori traces the origin of this fundamental text of modern humanist thought and discusses its present value in the contemporary intercultural and inter religious dialogue. The Chinese translation will enhance this dialogue and contribute to its actualization.

Descartes’s Supposed Libertarianism: Letter to Mesland or Memorandum concerning Petau ?

There is a text, almost certainly was written by Descartes, that is typically referred to as a letter of 9 February 1645 from him to the Jesuit, Denis Mesland. In fact, it is a text of very problematic status, discussed here. In addition, it is the fundamental text for libertarian readings of Descartes’s view of the will. The main argument of the paper is that the text grounds no such reading, as becomes clear once the role in it of another Jesuit, Denis Petau, is taken into account.

Between Dignity and Human Rights

Public pronouncements on human rights by American officials and by nongovernmental rights advocates often include references to dignity. Yet the term does not appear in the fundamental texts that shaped the American commitment to rights—the Declaration of Independence, the Bill of Rights, and the post-Civil War amendments to the United States Constitution. Many of those using the word may not recognize that Europeans (and others, too) who speak of dignity often mean something that does not accord with the central value given to liberty in the traditional American approach to rights. Though liberty and dignity can be complementary values, there are circumstances in which they can come into conflict. Yet references to dignity have become prominent in American discussions of rights, perhaps because the term is used so frequently in other parts of the world. Another factor may be recognition that, in some important areas, commitment to the concept of dignity, as it is understood in Europe, provides greater protection for rights than is available in the United States.

The changing role of the Conseil d'Etat in the construction of social rights: 1950-2012

The Conseil d’Etat (Council of State), until recently the highest public law court of France, has a long history of dealing with social rights. However, as a court of public law, it was given limited opportunities to develop social rights for citizens, being in charge of actions against the state. The two decisions hereinafter exemplify the evolution of the way the Conseil addressed social rights in its case law. While in the post World War II setting, fundamental rights issues touch to politically oriented labour questions, more recent decisions illustrate the growing complexity of the human rights debate in courts. Out of two points in time, the major shift in the Conseil’s role is revealed: from a role of confirmation and explanation of constitutional rights found in fundamental texts, the Conseil finds itself in the position of supplementing the legislator and the executive’s failure. Potentially, while the Conseil d’Etat loses its status as the highest public law court in the land, could redefine the Conseil’s role in the legal and institutional landscape.

On the Historiography of Philosophy

This issue of Philosophy Today presents of papers from the International Workshop on the Historiography of Philosophy: Representations and Cultural Constructions, held in September 2012 at the West University of Timic oara, Romania. This meeting was organized under the Romanian Funding Authority for the Higher Education and Scientific Research (UEFISCDU), Bucharest, and resulted in the papers published here. The organizing committee included Gyo rgy Gere by, Associate Professor at the Department of Medieval Studies, Central European University, Budapest; Claudiu Mesaroc, from the Department of Philosophy and Communication Studies, West University, Timijoara; Florin Lobonf, fellow at the Royal Holloway, London; Robert Lazu, researcher at New Europe College, Bucharest; and Teodora Artimon, Central European University, Budapest.The project began from the idea that an innovative exploration of recent calls for an updated public image of philosophy was necessary and of interest.1 We therefore aimed to investigate trends regarding possible reconfigurations in the methodology used in the History of Philosophy. Moreover, our main ambition was to investigate these trends in a comparative manner with respect to the history of ideas and images, within the framework of an interdisciplinary set of investigation methods.We granted that it is nowadays difficult to decide (or, it is a matter of taste) what the constitutive problems of philosophy are. On one hand, many hold that philosophical problems are no longer canonical but rather are reconstructed meanings and acts. On the other hand, philosophy has for a long time been practiced as Geistesgeschichte or as canon-formation meant to further the development of meaningful vocation. From this perspective, the external public of philosophy depended on accepting these canons as inescapable material to study and understand. But such debates on the identity and the legitimate object of philosophy will always depend on the so-called schools and, ultimately, on tastes and cultural context of the philosophers.Jorge E. Gracia, for example, responding to Richard Rorty's emphasis on the problem-solving mission of Philosophy, in an attempt to recover the gap between incompatibilists and continentalists, has said that solutions and arguments built by philosophers are not obtainable by any alternative means; therefore philosophy has its own scientific and cultural monopoly.2 But on the very same basis we can claim the right to interdisciplinarity for philosophy itself. Charles Taylor, too, has argued that philosophy must be understood as the reinterpretation or rewriting of its own fundamental texts, authors, concepts, and ideas.' Yet one may link this thesis to Gracia's further claim that the product of this re-phrasing is a part of the text itself*-therefore, the philosophical text (even the historical text) and philosophical practice are not separable. We do philosophy to the extent that we rephrase or rewrite; it is consequently not legitimate to think that once the meaning or context was lost, reading the text remains useless-to hold, for example, that since Kant or Aristotle do not solve contemporary problems, it is not worth reading them. In fact, the philosopher as the historical author, and the general or specialized public that interacts with the text and alters its form, are equally authors according to Gracia's ontology of text.5 The two categories are parts of the same ontological structure; therefore, the ontological question of a text's audience will include subjects like identity (types, composi- tion), function, necessity, character (subversive and repressive), and subjectivity. Gracia's model, in this sense, presents a position that endorses the authorship of interpretative communities of readers. But it is then questionable whether the so-called historical author is the only one responsible for the ideas signified by his/her text or whether this responsibility dissipates and becomes something like a shared vision between the historical author and the different types of public. …

A neo-communitarian approach on human rights as a cosmopolitan imperative in East Asia

In my view, human rights must find an appropriate philosophical foundation/justification to be incorporated into non-Western societies and such a foundation/justification must be attractive and inspiring for ordinary citizens in those societies and be based on their own intellectual resources, including local languages. In contemporary Japan, ‘KEN RI (権利)’ is considered as the Japanese term corresponding to human rights. However, Fukuzawa Yukichi, the most influential intellectual leader of the early Meiji period, introduced human rights as ‘KEN RI TSUU GI (権理通義)’. The Chinese character ‘KEN (権)’, in the most fundamental text of Confucianism, the teachings of Confucius (551-479 B.C.), Analects, means being able to weigh occurring events and determine the application of principles to them. In the account of Tomonobu Imamichi, a Japanese philosopher, ‘GI (義)’, usually considered as justice, originally meant responsibility. Thus, ‘KEN RI TSUU GI (権理通義)’ can be reinterpreted as being able to practically apply principles (理) to those events, while assuming responsibility (義) before Heaven and the community to which the person belongs. This view of humans as being embedded in communities and as centers of responsibility in the secular and transcendental dimensions is apparently different from the Western philosophical view of humans as rational beings with the capacity to act according to the universal law, but still defends human rights and the democratic development of society. Key words: human rights, philosophical foundation, Confucianism.

시맨틱 텍스트 마이닝을 위한 온톨로지 활용 방안

The increasing interest in big data analysis using various data mining techniques indicates that many commercial data mining tools now need to be equipped with fundamental text analysis modules. The most essential prerequisite for accurate analysis of text documents is an understanding of the exact semantics of each term in a document. The main difficulties in understanding the exact semantics of terms are mainly attributable to homonym and synonym problems, which is a traditional problem in the natural language processing field. Some major text mining tools provide a thesaurus to solve these problems, but a thesaurus cannot be used to resolve complex synonym problems. Furthermore, the use of a thesaurus is irrelevant to the issue of homonym problems and hence cannot solve them. In this paper, we propose a semantic text mining methodology that uses ontologies to improve the quality of text mining results by resolving the semantic ambiguity caused by homonym and synonym problems. We evaluate the practical applicability of the proposed methodology by performing a classification analysis to predict customer churn using real transactional data and Q&A articles from the S online shopping mall in Korea. The experiments revealed that the prediction model produced by our proposed semantic text mining method outperformed the model produced by traditional text mining in terms of prediction accuracy such as the response, captured response, and lift.

Carl Troll y la geografía del paisaje: vida, obra y traducción de un texto fundamental

Carl Troll and the Landscape Geography. Life, work and traslation of a fundamental text (Landscape Geoecology as geographic-synoptic observation of Nature). Carl Troll was one of the most distinguised geographers of the 20 th century. Together with an introduction about the life and work of C. Troll in relation with the study of the geographical landscape, it is included the complete translation of the original work in german language: Fecha de recepcion: noviembre 2010. Fecha de aceptacion: abril 2012.

Assessment and science education: Our essential new priority?

Over 10 years ago, a National Research Council committee led by Jim Pellegrino and Robert Glaser generated the fundamental text on educational assessment titled, Knowing What Students Know: The Science and Design of Educational Assessment (NRC, 2001). In this document, the authors emphasize that assessment is a process of reasoning from evidence, ‘‘a process by which educators use students’ responses to specially created or naturally occurring stimuli to draw inferences about the students’ knowledge and skills’’ (National Research Council 2001, p. 20). Knowing What Students Know (NRC, 2001; KWSK) was fundamental to advancing the conversation on assessment in science and other disciplines for several reasons. First, KWSK provided a set of guiding principles for the development and evaluation of educational assessments. The assessment triangle, introduced as an assessment model, was particularly important as it brought recognition to the importance of using cognitive models to drive the design of the assessment and define the empirical evidence needed to support the interpretations derived from observed performance. Second, KWSK called for a ‘‘balanced assessment system’’ of classroom and large-scale assessments that are: comprehensive—using multiple sources of evidence about students’ learning; coherent—a shared learning model coordinating curriculum, instruction, and assessment; and continuous—longitudinal assessment of learning progress over time. This assessment system posed a model to follow in any educational system. Third, KWSK confirmed the idea that assessment should be designed with a specific purpose in mind and cannot serve multiple purposes. Fourth, KWSK emphasized the necessity for assessments to be sensitive to cultural and linguistic difference characteristics of the tested audience. Fifth, KWSK presented new advances in educational measurement, psychometrics, and technology. In all of these ways, KWSK set a high bar for quality assessments. At the

Athletics in Ancient Law

AbstractIn this article David Ibbetson takes a perspective from the ancient world. A number of texts of Roman law are concerned with injuries arising in the course of athletics. They are particularly concerned with blameworthy killings, and constitute some of the most fundamental texts at the historical base of modern negligence liability. Behind them there may lie questions discussed by Greek orators, where they were fitted into a rather different framework from that of the Romans.

La mythopoïétique du texte total. Les Journaux des Dieux d’Isidore Isou

Superbly conceived in 1950 by Isidore Isou as a palimpsest, les Journaux des Dieux précédé de L’essai sur la définition, l’évolution et le bouleversement total de la prose et du roman is a fundamental text for illustrating Lettrist semiotic reflection. It is an exemplary concentration of neo-kabbalistic discourse, while also existing as a marginal creation, a literary compendium, an immense playful puzzle, and an archaeology of a supposed total text. In this article, I will attempt to analyse how the construction of image-text was articulated in this highly semantic composition. The text spreads itself in a complex network of paratextual elements that exceed iconogra-phical reading, becoming a «meta-picture », a meta-commentary on the nature of writing, illustration, and representation.

Felix San Vicente (ed.). Textos fundamentales de la lexicografia italoespanola (1917-2007). * Felix San Vicente (ed.). Textos fundamentales de la lexicografia italoespanola (1805-1916).

Bilingual lexicography has a new in-depth study. A team of researchers directed by Professor Félix San Vicente, of the University of Bologna, set themselves the goal of developing a ‘joint history of Spanish-Italian lexicography’, the result of which is Fundamental Texts on Spanish-Italian Lexicography - Textos fundamentales de la lexicografía italoespañola (henceforth TF). The three volumes published (TF I–II and TF III) explore dictionaries that appeared in Italy or Spain in the 19th and 20th centuries (the period of 1917–2007 for TF I–II and 1805–1916 for TF III). A fourth volume has been announced to cover those from the 16th century (1570) to 1805: Fundamental Texts on Spanish-Italian Lexicography: origins and development up to the 19th century - Textos fundamentales de la lexicografía italoespañola: orígenes y desarrollo hasta el siglo XIX (TF IV). These volumes constitute just one of the several studies carried out as part of the Italian National Project ‘Glossaries, Dictionaries and Corpora: Lexicology and Lexicography of European languages’ (‘Glossari, dizionari, corpora: lessicologia e lessicografia delle lingue europee’), coordinated by Giovanni Iamartino (Milan University) and by F. San Vicente, in which the Spanish language figures prominently. Several conferences and books have been organized in relation to this project, such as Bilingual Lexicography and Translation (Lessicografia bilingue e traduzione, 2006), Profiles on the History and Criticism of Spanish Bilingual Lexicography (Perfiles para la historia y crítica de la lexicografía bilingüe del español, 2007), Limes: Lexicology and Lexicography in Specialized Languages (Limes: Lexicografía y lexicología de las lenguas de especialidad, 2008) and Ideolex: Studies of Ideology in Lexicography (Ideolex: Estudios de lexicografía e ideología, 2011).

Poussin, “Ut Pictura Poesis” and the Corporeal Poetics of Painting

Poussin, “Ut Pictura Poesis ” and the Corporeal Poetics of Painting. This essay reflects upon two of the fundamental texts on the relationship of the sister arts of painting and poetry, Gotthold Lessings’s Laocoön and Rensselaer Fee’s Ut pictura poesis. Though the latter is more historically nuanced in recognizing how the theory and practice of narrative painting draws upon the example of poetry and poetic theory, both authors insist on the proper competencies of each medium. Painting captures the immutable spatial presence of corporeal beauty that can be apprehended in a single glance. Poetry represents the temporal sequence of unfolding action and expounds mental concepts. Referencing recent studies on Fee’s own examples of paintings of Rinaldo and Armida by Nicolas Poussin, the essay considers how the artist’s works challenge the absolute distinction between corporeal art and temporal poetry that Fessing claimed invalidated the notion of “ut pictura poesis.” In Poussin, it is precisely the display of an exquisitely beautiful body that accommodates the poetic imagery through which Tasso and his imitators stage the amorous encounter and its temporal denouement. Through stoking the beholder’s desire for the painted body as a concrete object, Poussin unleashes the very passions that animate the sequential reversals and allegorical resonance of the literary text.

Another Installment of a Crucial Translation

Another Installment of a Crucial Translation Grant Hardy (bio) Ssu-ma Ch’ien. The Grand Scribe’s Record. Volume 9, The Memoirs of Han China, pt. 2. Edited by William H. Nienhauser Jr. Translated by J. Michael Farmer, Enno Giele, Christiane Haupt, Li He, Elisabeth Hsu, William H. Nienhauser Jr., Marc Nürnberger, and Ying Qin. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2011. lxiv, 425 pp. Hardcover $59.95, ISBN 978-0-2533-5590-4. Although the Shih chi or Shiji (Grand scribe’s records), written about 90 b.c.e., is one of the fundamental texts of Chinese civilization, it still awaits a full rendering into English. (I will defer to Nienhauser and employ Wade-Giles transcription in this review, but I wish that he had used pinyin.) This volume is the sixth in William Nienhauser’s ongoing translation project. It is a monumental undertaking, for which Nienhauser has enlisted the assistance of an international consortium of scholars. Once again, those efforts have paid off handsomely. The only comparable endeavor was Burton Watson’s 1961 two-volume translation of exactly half of the Shih chi’s 130 chapters (with another dozen or so chapters published later), and now Nienhauser’s team has bested that number with a total of 74 chapters translated. Yet the two projects are quite dissimilar. Watson presented Ssu-ma Ch’ien’s words with very few explanatory footnotes, and the effect was not only to introduce this groundbreaking Chinese historian to Western audiences, but also to make him sound a bit like the Penguin editions of Herodotus or Thucydides. Nienhauser, by contrast, offers fully annotated translations where the footnotes often take up half the page or more. It seem to me that this latter strategy is a better fit for Ssu-ma Ch’ien’s work since the structure and style of the Shih chi suggests that it was not meant to be read linearly. To understand Ssu-ma’s meaning — which can sometimes be a puzzle — it is necessary constantly to compare what he has written in one chapter with how the same event or character is depicted in other chapters of the Shih chi. So the footnotes in Nienhauser’s volume refer not only to geographical identifications, cultural explanations, historical details, chronology, and textual variants, but they also include references to parallel accounts elsewhere in the Shih chi, with specific notations of alternative narratives or omitted details. For instance, on page 387, we read the story from Shih chi chapter 112 of how Chu-fu Yen drove the King of Ch’i to commit suicide; at the bottom of the page is a footnote outlining the quite different version of the tale as it was related in chapter 52. Ssu-ma Ch’ien’s innovative historiographical form does not present a single version of the past; rather, it invites readers to consider events and figures from multiple angles, in different contexts. To read the Shih chi’s five overlapping sections of annals, chronological tables, treatises, hereditary houses (lineage [End Page 159] histories), and memoirs is to be drawn into a conversation among the book’s constituent parts. Nienhauser and his fellow translators guide us through some of the intratextual dialogue, but their annotations also bring us into three additional conversations. The first is with the Han shu — the second book in the Chinese Standard Histories, written about two centuries after the Shih chi. The Han shu covers much of the same history as its predecessor, often in much the same language, and the subtle differences between the two texts can sometimes be revealing. The footnotes in the Shih chi offer a continuous comparison between parallel accounts in the two histories, and on pages 306–308, there is some useful material to add to the debate on whether certain passages in the Han shu were actually written first and then copied back into the Shih chi (see also p. 344 n. 212). Similarly, the footnotes bring us into the 2,000-year Chinese commentarial tradition. From the Han dynasty to the Qing dynasty, the Shih chi was the focus of tremendous scholarly attention, and Nienhauser and his collaborators help us follow the twists and turns of...

Temperature-minimum line in the Cu-Ni-Mn phase diagram

225 The phase diagram of the Cu–Ni–Mn system has been studied for a long time. In Fig. 1, we show iso therms on the liquidus and solidus surfaces of the dia gram established by Parravano in 1913 [1]. Note the temperature minima in the diagrams of the Cu–Mn and Ni–Mn systems, where there are general regions corresponding to solid solutions with a bcc structure on the copper and nickel sides, and the unlimited solubility in the Cu–Ni system. This raises the question of whether there is a contact line of the liquidus and soli dus surfaces in the ternary Cu–Ni–Mn diagram, con necting the minima in the binary Cu–Mn and Ni–Mn diagrams. On that line, there should be a continuous series of ternary alloys solidifying at constant tempera ture, with values ranging from 1020°C (the minimum on the Ni–Mn diagram) to 870°C (the minimum on the Cu–Mn diagram). Nothing has been reported regarding the existence of such a line in metallic systems as yet. Ternary Cu–Ni–Mn alloys with a small control lable temperature range of solidification are encoun tered as solder for use up to 800°C. According to the fundamental texts on physico chemical analysis [1, 2], the isotherms on the ternary Cu–Ni–Mn diagram indicate that the minima in the binary Cu–Mn and Ni–Mn systems are connected along a line running along the liquidus and solidus sur faces of the ternary system. This, in turn, indicates that those surfaces touch along this line. The liquidus and solidus surfaces do not touch in the ternary Cu–Ni–Mn diagram presented in [3]. Verification of the data in [3]—by plotting three dimensional diagrams using 3D Studio Max 9.0 soft ware—indicates that the diagrams and isotherms in [3] are not consistent and, in fact, the liquidus and solidus surfaces do meet along the line connecting the minima in the binary Cu–Mn and Ni–Mn diagrams. It is not a straight line. There are depressions on the liquidus and solidus sur faces of the ternary Cu–Ni–Mn diagram determined by the minima in the binary Cu–Mn and Ni–Mn systems, according to [4]. We conclude that the liquidus and solidus surfaces do not touch on the basis of the ter Temperature Minimum Line in the Cu–Ni–Mn Phase Diagram

Mathematical philology: entropy information in refining classical texts' reconstruction, and early philologists' anticipation of information theory.

Philologists reconstructing ancient texts from variously miscopied manuscripts anticipated information theorists by centuries in conceptualizing information in terms of probability. An example is the editorial principle difficilior lectio potior (DLP): in choosing between otherwise acceptable alternative wordings in different manuscripts, “the more difficult reading [is] preferable.” As philologists at least as early as Erasmus observed (and as information theory's version of the second law of thermodynamics would predict), scribal errors tend to replace less frequent and hence entropically more information-rich wordings with more frequent ones. Without measurements, it has been unclear how effectively DLP has been used in the reconstruction of texts, and how effectively it could be used. We analyze a case history of acknowledged editorial excellence that mimics an experiment: the reconstruction of Lucretius's De Rerum Natura, beginning with Lachmann's landmark 1850 edition based on the two oldest manuscripts then known. Treating words as characters in a code, and taking the occurrence frequencies of words from a current, more broadly based edition, we calculate the difference in entropy information between Lachmann's 756 pairs of grammatically acceptable alternatives. His choices average 0.26±0.20 bits higher in entropy information (95% confidence interval, P = 0.005), as against the single bit that determines the outcome of a coin toss, and the average 2.16±0.10 bits (95%) of (predominantly meaningless) entropy information if the rarer word had always been chosen. As a channel width, 0.26±0.20 bits/word corresponds to a 0.790.79+0.09 −0.15 likelihood of the rarer word being the one accepted in the reference edition, which is consistent with the observed 547/756 = 0.72±0.03 (95%). Statistically informed application of DLP can recover substantial amounts of semantically meaningful entropy information from noise; hence the extension copiosior informatione lectio potior, “the reading richer in information [is] preferable.” New applications of information theory promise continued refinement in the reconstruction of culturally fundamental texts.