Fundamental Text Research Articles

Using Generative Artificial Intelligence in Exams: A Research on KPSS with ChatGPT

ChatGPT is a language model developed by OpenAI that uses generative artificial intelligence (GenAI) algorithms for natural language processing (NLP) tasks. It is a popular Chatbot due to its impressive ability to respond consistently to users' various prompts. In this study, the Public Personnel Selection Examination (KPSS) questions, organized by ÖSYM (Turkish Student Selection and Placement Center) every year, were asked to ChatGPT, and its performance was evaluated. The evaluation was made based on fundamental text questions asked in the last three years (2021-2023) in Biology, History, Geography, Turkish Language Literature, and Social Studies in KPSS. This study also aims to investigate the accuracy and reliability of the questions asked to ChatGPT in the field of KPSS educational sciences. According to the research results, ChatGPT's KPSS knowledge and interpretation skills are significantly lower than the university graduate candidates who took the exam. Some suggestions are included for better Chatbot performance, more effective prompt engineering and ethical use of these tools.

Fragments of the Sanskrit Paссaviṃњatisāhasrikā Prajñāpāramitā-sūtra (SI 3492, SI 3650) in the Serindia Collection (IOM, RAS)

According to the latest data, the Sanskrit part of the Serindia Collection (IOM, RAS) includes 667 storage units, which represent manuscript fragments of various Buddhist texts. About 100 of the largest and most well-preserved manuscripts have been studied and introduced into scientific circulation by Russian and foreign researchers. At the same time, many other texts in a rather scattered and fragmented condition still remain unpublished. Among the unexplored Sanskrit Buddhist manuscripts in the Serindia Collection, the most important place belongs to the fragments of fundamental texts in the Mahāyāna tradition — the Prajñāpāramitā sūtras (“Sūtras on Perfect Wisdom”). The present paper deals with three previously unpublished Sanskrit fragments (SI 3492, SI 3650) housed in the Serindia Collection as part of the “N.F. Petrovsky Subcollection”. Fragments have been identified as parts of the Paсcaviṃњatisāhasrikā Prajñāpāramitā-sūtra (“Sūtra on Perfect Wisdom in 25000 lines”). Judging from the external characteristics and contents, these fragments not only belong to the same manuscript, but also fit together like three puzzle pieces. The paper includes a description of the fragments, a transliteration of the manuscript and its comparison with the critical edition of the Sanskrit text of the Sūtra, a Russian translation, and facsimiles made before and after its restoration.

ARABIC LANGUAGE LEARNING BASED ON CHARACTER EDUCATION

This article explores the integration of character education into Arabic language learning in Indonesian education. Character education, foundational in Indonesian education, has gained renewed attention due to societal moral crises, prompting a closer examination of its implementation. The research employs library research methodology, focusing on literature related to Arabic language learning and character education. It identifies methods and approaches for integrating character education into Arabic language learning, emphasizing the significance of Arabic as the language of the Quran and Hadith, fundamental texts in Islam containing guidance on character formation. The article discusses the nature of Arabic language learning, goals, learning systems, and character education concepts, highlighting essential character traits and values. Strategies for character education and methods for fostering character development in students are explored. Moreover, the article outlines character-based Arabic language learning activities, from planning to evaluation stages, underscoring the role of teaching materials and educators as role models. Ultimately, it concludes that integrating character education into Arabic language learning can contribute significantly to the holistic development of learners, instilling moral values and ethical principles derived from Islamic teachings.

The Game of Metaphysics and the Sign. Sign – Writing – Origin. (Con)texts of Deconstruction by Anikó Radvánszky, Kijárat, Budapest, 2015.

The book Sign – Writing – Origin by Anikó Radvánszky draws attention to the early period of Jacques Derrida’s work, to the fundamental texts that elaborate the basic concepts and logic of deconstruction, as well as its intellectual strategy.

More Than We Can Chew

Western cultural norms resulting from patriarchal oppression contribute to the development of eating disorders in women. As represented by various philosophers, social factors can contribute to self-discipline of the body, which characterizes most image-based eating disorders. Critics of fundamental texts argue over the best way to engage in feminist discussion concerning these eating disorders, given that anorectics are often excluded from mainstream discourse. This paper proposes that the feminist community must approach conversations about eating disorders in three steps: recognition, sympathy, and acknowledgement. This is the only way that we can move towards addressing the cultural causes of individual pathologies.

Jürg Zünd : voir/faire voir l’espace

GoalsBy extending the analysis of a case identified by Ludwig Binswanger, the Jürg Zünd case, using a philosophical reading inspired by phenomenology, we strive to show that the patient – this is what gives meaning to his disorder – attempts to display the relevance (failure of reason) as well as the limits (reason remains operative) of a doctrine that was made familiar to him by his psychiatrist: existential analysis, notably its representation of space and language. This aims to illustrate the dangers posed by too insistent a dialogue between patient and caregiver when this patient is associated with diagnosis and therapy. Finally, it is a question of better marking the remaining gap between the practical field and the experiential field. The patient has renounced the rationality of her actions but continues to subscribe to that of her experience, the only means of “proof” remaining to her. MethodExtend the psychiatrist's analysis by establishing a correspondence between the symptoms of the illness and the validations/refutations of this same analysis. The main danger of the analysis carried out here is a hyper-rationalization of mental disorder, but if, in the mental disorder, no element of reason remains, no psychiatry can see the light of day either. It is, however, clear that the simple failure of reason cannot be enough to put the scientific exploitation of mental disorder into perspective. We can therefore only follow the author in his frequent references to the fundamental texts of phenomenology. We could say that our analysis is experimental in nature. ResultsAn in-depth analysis of the case shows that there is indeed a link between the patient's system of attitude and behavior and a desire to test the relevance of the phenomenological analysis applied by the caregiver to the patient. DiscussionIn the third Critique, known as the Faculty of Judgment, Kant strives to restore to a reason invalidated in its pure use a path, a field of sensitive expression that, spanning understanding and language, allows this reason to “say itself”, but this behavior is in turn struck by impotence, due to its antinomic structure. Only the body, left out of Kantian analysis, allows reason to find its balance because it is already in itself penetrated, corseted, steeped in reason, but also, by the same token, crushed by this reason, a reason which, by overwhelming the only means of expression that remains to it, overinvests this body and makes itself inaudible again. It will therefore be necessary to return the body to itself, free it from the influence of reason, reify it and, at the same time, allow to reappear what, perhaps, remains in the man of reason: madness, weak reason inhabiting a weakened body. To contradict reason is to speak it out loud, in the experience of its almost although never quite definitive loss, suspended as it is on its own memory. From being the object of clinical inquiry, madness thus becomes its criterion. It establishes its own regime of proof, proof, which, of course, cannot be administered by means of language that is now disqualified. ConclusionMadness has its say in the failure of reason, a failure already thwarted by the disabling examination to which it has been subjected by the Kantian-inspired critical doctrine, which strives to “reason” a reason that exceeds its rights.

Interpretation of Legal Verses According to the Shafi'i School through Ibn Hajar's "Tuhfat al-Muhtaj" and Al-Ramli's "Nihayat al-Muhtaj": A comparative analytical study

The research focused on interpreting legal verses from the book of purification in Tuhfat al-Muhtaj by Ibn Hajar al-Haytami and Nihayat al-Muhtaj by al-Ramli, conducting a comparative analytical study of their interpretations. The significance of this research lies in its amalgamation of interpretations of legal verses from two fundamental texts, which are essential in understanding the relied-upon sources in Shafi'i jurisprudence, namely the conclusions of the eminent scholars Ibn Hajar and al-Ramli. This provides insight into the interpretation of legal verses within the framework of Shafi'i jurisprudence. The researcher arrived at several conclusions, including the following:
 
 Jurisprudential texts often contain interpretations of legal verses and precise deductions that may not be found in many traditional exegesis texts.
 The profound expertise of Ibn Hajar and al-Ramli in the science of interpretation, as well as their mastery in various fields beyond Shafi'i jurisprudence, is evident through their discussions on interpreting verses and responding to objections raised against their interpretations.

Empowering equality: Advancing quality education in the contemporary global landscape

AbstractThis comprehensive study investigates the multifaceted dimensions of education, with a primary emphasis on access, equity and quality in the context of the COVID‐19 pandemic and Kenya's educational landscape. The research begins by highlighting the centrality of education as a transformative force for individuals and societies, with the goal of bridging disparities that impede progress. The study introduces the concept of ‘Learning Poverty’, highlighting the worldwide problem of children's inability to read and comprehend fundamental texts, which is especially prevalent in sub‐Saharan Africa. It highlights the dire consequences of the COVID‐19 pandemic, exacerbating pre‐existing learning crises and exacerbating inequalities, particularly in regions already struggling with high rates of learning deprivation. In the context of Kenya, the research examines the nation's aspirations for equitable education with an emphasis on assuring access to quality secondary education, distributing resources' equitably, addressing disparities between public and private schools and promoting gender equity. It recognises ongoing efforts while addressing persistent barriers, such as low transition rates especially for girls. This research concludes by emphasising the critical significance of an unwavering commitment to well‐defined policy approaches and comprehensive reform initiatives to improve the quality and inclusiveness of education. It cautions against an overemphasis on privatisation and competition and urges a comprehensive reorganisation of policies and resource allocation in order to align with the Sustainable Development Goals. This study emphasises the importance of addressing educational disparities for global progress and the holistic development of children around the globe.

For critical geo‐histories of population. Engaging geographically with Massimo Livi Bacci's works

AbstractThis paper aims at calling geographers' attention to the works of Italian historical demographer Massimo Livi Bacci, who authored fundamental texts on the indigenous genocide in the Americas, on the history of world population, on global migrations and on population's environmental ‘sustainability’. In denouncing colonial crimes, critically questioning commonplaces of Malthusian origin and challenging sovereignist prejudices against migrations, Livi Bacci stresses the need for scholars to fully address the complex relations between space and population in both analyses of empirical cases and elaborations of broader theoretical models. He explicitly raises geopolitical matters on the potential political consequences of demographic and migratory dynamics. Yet, Livi Bacci's huge scholarly production is highly influential among historians and demographers, but seems to have been overlooked by most geographers hitherto. For these reasons, I argue that scholars committed to critical, radical and decolonial geographies of population (past and present) should (re)discover Livi Bacci's contributions. Re‐reading Livi Bacci's works through geographical lenses and connecting them with current geographical scholarship, I show how ‘geo‐demography’ can help geographers to address demographic matters at different scales, by providing insights for a new critical geo‐history of population. This interdisciplinary engagement with the relations between geopolitical matters on sustainability and the ongoing changing in global population has the potential to plurally nourish critical geographical agendas, including on global migrations and colonial legacies.

The Constitutionalization of Social Rights in Italy, Germany, and Portugal: Legislative Discretion, Minimal Guarantees, and Distributive Integration

Abstract In an international social rights debate disproportionately focused on English-speaking countries, redundant emphasis has been placed on justiciability. While constitutionalization does challenge stable relations between powers, especially in the post-colonial and developing world, solid insights for a workable interpretative method can be derived from continental Europe, where the difficulties typically associated with justiciability have long been settled. The constitutions of Italy, Germany, and Portugal take socioeconomic democracy seriously, tempering socialist claims and refuting libertarian stances, and have managed to spur a legitimate judicial increment of substantive equality. Through a threefold comparison, this paper describes the peculiarities of these fundamental texts across the spectrum of possible constitutional design choices, and draws from comparative constitutional caselaw to highlight a cross-national convergence on a set of interpretative standards. These blend together a strong safeguard of legislative discretion with justiciable minimal guarantees, and a value-assertive orientation of balancing coextensive with the integrationist function of constitutionalized social and economic rights.

Development of Islamic Psychology Interdisciplinary Approaches in the Era of Contemporary Science

The Muslim tradition of scientific thinking was one of the signs of Islam's golden age. However, this tradition was eventually overtaken by the Western tradition of scientific thinking. The Western tradition of thinking was based on positivistic philosophy and influenced the development of science. As a result, psychology was reduced to studying human behavior because it had to be rational and empirical. Secular psychology developed rapidly by dismissing non-epistemic values, and it was criticized. The criticism led to the Islamic movement and psychology as an anti-thesis that began to formulate Islamic psychology. This paper aims to formulate the development of Islamic psychology with an interdisciplinary approach as a recommendation for future studies. The research method uses qualitative methods with library research—data collection techniques through literature study with content analysis techniques. Psychology as a science must integrate with Islamic disciplines, namely ulumuddin and al fikr al Islamiyah. This integration with an interdisciplinary approach results in Islamic psychology included in dirasat Islamiyah. Dirasat Islamiyah integrates fundamental text authority and classical thought, also studied by scientific methods. In conclusion, the integration of psychology and Islam is not only limited to the empirical and rational but needs to look at things beyond that.

Supervised probabilistic latent semantic analysis with applications to controversy analysis of legislative bills

Probabilistic Latent Semantic Analysis (PLSA) is a fundamental text analysis technique that models each word in a document as a sample from a mixture of topics. PLSA is the precursor of probabilistic topic models including Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA). PLSA, LDA and their numerous extensions have been successfully applied to many text mining and retrieval tasks. One important extension of LDA is supervised LDA (sLDA), which distinguishes itself from most topic models in that it is supervised. However, to the best of our knowledge, no prior work extends PLSA in a similar manner sLDA extends LDA by jointly modeling the contents and the responses of documents. In this paper, we propose supervised PLSA (sPLSA) which can efficiently infer latent topics and their factorized response values from the contents and the responses of documents. The major challenge lies in estimating a document’s topic distribution which is a constrained probability that is dictated by both the content and the response of the document. To tackle this challenge, we introduce an auxiliary variable to transform the constrained optimization problem to an unconstrained optimization problem. This allows us to derive an efficient Expectation and Maximization (EM) algorithm for parameter estimation. Compared to sLDA, sPLSA converges much faster and requires less hyperparameter tuning, while performing similarly on topic modeling and better in response factorization. This makes sPLSA an appealing choice for latent response analysis such as ranking latent topics by their factorized response values. We apply the proposed sPLSA model to analyze the controversy of bills from the United States Congress. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our model by identifying contentious legislative issues.

Revisiting Sylvia Plath’s The Bell Jar as a feminist response to McCarthyism

The present article introduces a feminist and political analysis of Sylvia Plath’s novel The Bell Jar, considering it a cultural response to McCarthyism. In order to do that, the article focuses on the importance Plath gives to the Rosenberg’s case in the novel and particularly in the relevance Ethel Rosenberg’s death sentence had to awaken a female consciousness for the women of the 1950s in America. The female body turns fundamental for a feminist struggle that Plath creates in the novel to deconstruct the imposed female roles that helped McCarthy control the private lives of the Americans. Sixty years after Plath’s death and its publication, The Bell Jar becomes a fundamental text for understanding contemporary feminist literature.

La isla como laboratorio semiótico de la identidad. Robinson revisitado

In this article, I will take up the insistence and convergence of interest of some scholars significant to me around some fundamental texts in Island literature. They testify, as classics of the Western canon and a renewable source of ever new interpretations, to what one might precisely call the efficacy of literature - or of the aesthetic text in general - in articulating the fundamental themes of the human condition. This efficacy might ultimately consist in the ability to deal figuratively, i.e. not on the basis of purely rational and/or cognitive arguments, but through narratives and indeed fantastic figurations, with complex and fundamental issues. Specifically, we will see the outcomes of Tournier’s inversion of the Robinson myth in Greimas’ and Latour’s comments.

Constitutionalisation of Law – Public Office

Constitutionalisation expanded and intensified, especially after the expansion of the European Union, consecrating itself on the foundation of state sovereignty. The idea must be perceived as integrating fundamental rights and freedoms and the guarantee or security each state can provide its citizens. Although an old phenomenon, the constitutionalisation of law imposed itself on the political market after the 20th century through the awareness that a clear and solid constitution could establish a democratic framework for developing the rule of law. Constitutionalisation occurs in all legal systems based on a fundamental law that enjoys supremacy. However, constitutionalisation takes on its features from state to state, considering each one’s particularities. In a narrow sense, the constitutionalisation of law is the action by which a legal norm is given constitutional status, or a legal institution is consecrated by a constitutional norm.(G. Cornu, 2003). This research is a concise summary of the phenomenon of constitutionalisation and its effect on the civil service. As can be seen, the civil service is consistently a product of the constitution, being regulated by various fundamental texts.

Language model as an Annotator: Unsupervised context-aware quality phrase generation

Phrase mining is a fundamental text mining task that aims to identify quality phrases from context. Nevertheless, the scarcity of extensive gold labels datasets, demanding substantial annotation efforts from experts, renders this task exceptionally challenging. Furthermore, the emerging, infrequent, and domain-specific nature of quality phrases present further challenges in dealing with this task. Therefore, in this paper, we propose LMPhrase, a novel unsupervised context-aware quality phrase mining framework built upon large pre-trained language models (LMs). Specifically, we first mine quality phrases as silver labels by employing a parameter-free probing technique called Perturbed Masking on the pre-trained language model BERT (coined as Annotator). In contrast to typical statistic-based or distantly-supervised methods, our silver labels, derived from large pre-trained language models, take into account rich contextual information contained in the LMs. As a result, they bring distinct advantages in preserving informativeness, concordance, and completeness of quality phrases. Secondly, training a discriminative span prediction model heavily relies on massive annotated data and is likely to face the risk of overfitting silver labels. Alternatively, motivated by recent success in formulating language understanding problems such as named entity recognition and sentiment analysis as generation tasks, we formalize phrase tagging task as the sequence generation problem by directly fine-tuning on the Sequence-to-Sequence (Seq2Seq) pre-trained language model BART with silver labels (coined as Generator). Finally, we merge the quality phrases from both the Annotator and Generator as the final predictions, considering their complementary nature and distinct characteristics. Extensive experiments show that our LMPhrase consistently outperforms all the existing competitors across two different granularity phrase mining tasks, where each task is tested on two different domain datasets. The promising results show the superiority of our framework with pre-trained language model.

Brief History of Sowa-Rigpa in Ladakh

Sowa-Rigpa” commonly known as Tibetan system of medicine is one of the oldest, Living and well documented medical tradition of the world. It has been originated from Tibet and popularly practice in India, Nepal, Bhutan, Mongolia and Russia. The majority of theory and practice of Sowa-Rigpa is similar to “Ayurveda”. The first Ayurvedic influence came to Tibet during 3rd century AD but it became popular only after 7th centuries with the approach of Buddhism to Tibet. There after this trend of exportation of Indian medical literature, along with Buddhism and other Indian art and sciences were continued till early 19th century. India being the birth place of Buddha and Buddhism has always been favorite place for learning Buddhist art and culture for Tibetan students; lots of Indian scholars were also invited to Tibet for prorogation of Buddhism and other Indian art and sciences. This long association with India had resulted in translation and preservation of thousands of Indian literature on various subjects like religion, sciences, arts, culture and language etc. in Tibetan language. Out of these around twenty-five text related to medicine are also preserved in both canonical and non-canonical forms of Tibetan literatures. Many of these knowledge were further enriched in Tibet with the knowledge and skills of neighboring countries and their own ethnic knowledge. “Sowa-Rigpa” (Science of healing) is one of the classic examples of it. rGyud-bZhi (four tantra) the fundamental text book of this medicine was composed by Yuthog Yonten Gonpo who is believed to be the father of Sowa Rigpa. rGyud-bZhi which is based on indigenous medicine of Tibet enriched with Ayurveda, Chinese and Greek Medicine. The impact of Sowa-Rigpa along with Buddhism and other Tibetan art and sciences were spread in neighboring Himalayan regions. In India, this system is widely practice in Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh, Darjeeling (West Bengal), Dharamsala, Lahaul and Spiti(Himachal Pradesh) and Ladakh region of Jammu & Kashmir.

William the Conqueror's Lost Writ for London Rediscovered

AbstractWilliam the Conqueror's writ for London has long been recognised as one of the key sources for the Norman Conquest of England, and has been discussed at length and printed many times. Yet the archives of the Corporation of the City of London contain another, hitherto unpublished, text of a writ of that king in favour of the citizens of London. In the later middle ages, it was set alongside its better‐known companion as one of the fundamental texts of the City and its jurisdictions, but the original had disappeared by the seventeenth century. This essay sets out an edition of this text, and argues that it is a Latin translation of a lost Old English writ. It further argues that the underlying text was of 1067 or 1068, and that it shows the City of London's involvement in the process whereby English landowners were required to redeem or buy back their lands after the Norman Conquest. The document has a double significance. The process of redemption has hitherto been understood through Domesday Book and narrative sources, but this text shows how the process of redemption was carried out to an extent that has not been possible before, thus exposing one of the key phases of the Conquest. The text also shows the developing relationship between London and the Conqueror, and undermines some of the exceptionalist views on how London survived the Conquest itself.

Le complexe d’œdipe : un organisateur temporel toujours actuel

ContextThis article prolongs questions raised in the author's doctoral thesis. It engages with contemporary psychoanalytical research that questions the psychic modalities that organize the relationship to time and the subjective inscription of temporality, within the framework of the processes that begin at the time of puberty. These processes operate, in fact, as fertile moments of reorganization and psychic organization of the relationship to time of individuals. ObjectiveBased on the psychoanalytical works carried out since Freud as well as his own elaborations, the author underlines the importance of considering the Oedipus complex in its double valence, as a psychic organizer of the difference between the sexes and between the generations - this second valence having been very often left in the background compared to the first one. This psychoanalytic reading of the Oedipus complex, in its dual register, is set against other perspectives (gender studies and the historical study of myths). MethodStarting from the fundamental texts in the Freudian corpus and completing them with contributions from contemporary psychoanalysis, and illustrating this with a clinical vignette, the author underlines the heuristic value of recourse to the Oedipal myth as a representation of subjective and inter-subjective temporal organization. ResultsIn the wake of contemporary psychoanalytical research, the author's work demonstrates the interest of thinking about the place of the Oedipus complex as a psychic organizer of the relationship to time – the psychic modalities of investment in time appearing, in themselves, as organizers of psychic life. This is done from a complementarian perspective, which does not exclude other approaches to the problem. ConclusionsThis reflection invites us to think about the complexity of the Oedipal myth in order not to reduce it to its gendered dimension. If social and societal evolutions, as well as the anthropological context, must lead us to reexamine the value of our conceptual tools and their limits, the Oedipus complex as a nodal organizer must be grasped here in all its dimensions – sexual and temporal. As the author's reflections draw on clinical work with juvenile psychopathology, they deserve to be completed and discussed in the light of other complementary fields.

Research’s policies on health: fundamental texts of the European Union and Greece

The research on health has to offer new data which are based on empirical facts. That fact doesn’t make the research immoral or without limits. The purpose of this study is the survey of the existing knowledge about the scientific research on the health’s field and the promotion of the major institutional legislation that set the boundaries of the research as well as of the problems that arise from it. We noticed a lack of published articles about the European policies around research on health. We present new data and we ended up to conclusions which for the first time are been published in this domain. Main aim is to expand the policies that the European Union follows on the field of health’s scientific research that come up through studying relevant legislation. We studied the main international and European institutional and legislative articles as well as Greek domestic law through Google scholar and the website (of) World Medical Association , through the Greece’s National printing house , the Greek parliament, the European council and the European’s Commission’s site that sets the boundaries of the scientific study on the health’s field and we proceed on a historical flashback so we would be able to explain the need of the creation of these legislative texts. The research took place in December of 2017 and it got repeated in March-April of 2021. The medical research was originally aiming the improvement of the human life. In the legislative texts which try to put restrictions in the ways of the scientific research’s conduction, there are some gaps. New forms of scientific research create some questions considering the subject’s safety. In conclusion several concerns came up which demand to be answered with insight and creative thought.