Fundamental Strategies Research Articles

Understanding and Tuning the Effects of H2O on Catalytic CO and CO2 Hydrogenation.

Catalytic COx (CO and CO2) hydrogenation to valued chemicals is one of the promising approaches to address challenges in energy, environment, and climate change. H2O is an inevitable side product in these reactions, where its existence and effect are often ignored. In fact, H2O significantly influences the catalytic active centers, reaction mechanism, and catalytic performance, preventing us from a definitive and deep understanding on the structure-performance relationship of the authentic catalysts. It is necessary, although challenging, to clarify its effect and provide practical strategies to tune the concentration and distribution of H2O to optimize its influence. In this review, we focus on how H2O in COx hydrogenation induces the structural evolution of catalysts and assists in the catalytic processes, as well as efforts to understand the underlying mechanism. We summarize and discuss some representative tuning strategies for realizing the rapid removal or local enrichment of H2O around the catalysts, along with brief techno-economic analysis and life cycle assessment. These fundamental understandings and strategies are further extended to the reactions of CO and CO2 reduction under an external field (light, electricity, and plasma). We also present suggestions and prospects for deciphering and controlling the effect of H2O in practical applications.

The legality of roads in Chile, 1842–1969: A historical overview

Currently, no academic work examines the history of the legality of roads in Chile during its independent existence as a sovereign country. Addressing this gap in the literature, this paper focuses specially on the period from 1842 to 1969, when different actors articulated a set of guiding ideas about the duties of the state and the legal powers of the administrative authority in terms of planning, construction and management of road infrastructure that would allow connectivity between population centers and across regions, according to the ideas and resources available at their historical time. This historical overview of Chilean “road law” is done in the light of insights and questions of contemporary intellectual history and institutional history. In this regard, it is argued that the evolution of road infrastructure norms and institutions during the period under study can be divided into three historical regimes, based on their fundamental legislative milestones, guiding ideas, institutional settings, and strategies of state action: from 1842 to 1887, a period of a decentralized “minimal road state” with precarious roads characterized by both material and juridical uncertainty; from 1887 to 1920, the emergence of a “proto-developmentalist road state” intent on strengthening its grip on the nationwide road infrastructure; and from 1920 to 1969, a period of a “techno-developmentalist road state” that created a nationwide paved road network for the new technology of mobile vehicles.

Rare-Earth Metal-Based Materials for Hydrogen Storage: Progress, Challenges, and Future Perspectives.

Rare-earth-metal-based materials have emerged as frontrunners in the quest for high-performance hydrogen storage solutions, offering a paradigm shift in clean energy technologies. This comprehensive review delves into the cutting-edge advancements, challenges, and future prospects of these materials, providing a roadmap for their development and implementation. By elucidating the fundamental principles, synthesis methods, characterization techniques, and performance enhancement strategies, we unveil the immense potential of rare-earth metals in revolutionizing hydrogen storage. The unique electronic structure and hydrogen affinity of these elements enable diverse storage mechanisms, including chemisorption, physisorption, and hydride formation. Through rational design, nanostructuring, surface modification, and catalytic doping, the hydrogen storage capacity, kinetics, and thermodynamics of rare-earth-metal-based materials can be significantly enhanced. However, challenges such as cost, scalability, and long-term stability need to be addressed for their widespread adoption. This review not only presents a critical analysis of the state-of-the-art but also highlights the opportunities for multidisciplinary research and innovation. By harnessing the synergies between materials science, nanotechnology, and computational modeling, rare-earth-metal-based hydrogen storage materials are poised to accelerate the transition towards a sustainable hydrogen economy, ushering in a new era of clean energy solutions.

A Comprehensive Analysis of Maritime Cyber Security Incidents: Trends, Impacts, and Countermeasures

The maritime industry is currently experiencing a process of digital transformation, which involves a significant level of automation and enhanced communication with external networks. As a result, various facilities in the maritime sector such as commercial and navy vessels, shipping companies, ports, and shipbuilders, are becoming more susceptible to cyber threats. In addition to the potential economic and reputational harm to shipping companies, a cyber-attack on maritime systems could result in significant incidents such as the release of hazardous substances, collisions, grounding, and fires. This poses significant risks to both ship crew, ship, cargo, and environment. This study examines cyber security events in the maritime sector. The main objective is to cultivate a thorough comprehension of cyber-attacks that specifically target systems in maritime facilities, by analyzing insights derived from incidents in the Maritime Cyber-Attack Database. The work involves the construction and examination of a number of cyber security incidents. An inquiry is carried out to determine the time patterns, geographical spread, sector-specific consequences, and attributes of these cyber-attacks, including the identity of the perpetrator, intention (whether deliberate or unintentional), and the affected systems inside the maritime domain. The paper examines particular instances to identify the main stages of a cyber-attack on maritime facilities' systems, the fundamental strategies employed by attackers, and proposes standard cyber security solutions to reduce these risks. The study's contribution entails the methodical delineation of the cyber security terrain that is unique to the maritime industry.

Tissue engineering of Cornea via Type 1 Collagen Biomaterials – A perspective

Engineering corneal tissue has advanced significantly in recent years. Engineering a biocompatible, mechanically stable, and optically clear tissue presents significant engineering hurdles. Two fundamental strategies have been explored by scholars to address these issues: cell-based methods for controlling cells their own extracellular matrix and scaffold-based methods for supplying dense, transparent matrices for cell growth. Both approaches have had some level of success. Additionally, new developments in innervating a tissue-engineered construct have been developed. Future research must concentrate on enhancing the mechanical stability of engineered constructions and the host reaction to implantation. Type 1 Collagen Biomaterial has been used for the construction of scaffolds or implantation for the cornea repair. Various methods for fabrication of the scaffolds have been described and mentioned tissue engineering application for cornea repair and regeneration. Given this correspondence, the type 1 collagen was a potential biomaterial for tissue engineering scaffold fabrication for effective regeneration of cornea.

Modeling the Transmission Dynamics of the Ebola Virus: Effects of Quarantine and Vaccination

Quarantine and vaccination of individuals suspected of exposure to infectious agents are fundamental public health strategies that have historically been employed to mitigate the transmission of contagious diseases within human populations. This study introduced a modified SEIVQRD deterministic model to evaluate the population-level effects of quarantine and vaccination on individuals potentially exposed to the Ebola virus. The study showed that the Model exhibits backward bifurcation when . This implies that even when the reproductive number An unstable endemic and a stable disease-free equilibrium can coexist in less than one. This phenomenon arises from imperfect quarantine and indicates that while is necessary for adequate infection control; it is no longer sufficient and creates additional challenges for effectively controlling Ebola. Furthermore, the sensitivity analysis revealed that the quarantine effectiveness parameter and the parameter related to the isolation of vulnerable individuals had less influence on the incidence of new Ebola cases. However, vaccinating non-quarantined susceptible individuals significantly affects the infection burden and can lower the reproductive value to less than one. Overall, the Model emphasizes the critical role of vaccination in reducing Ebola virus transmission. Although quarantine measures alone may not be sufficient, their combination with vaccination can significantly reduce infection rates.

Unveiling the origin of metal contact failures in TOPCon solar cells through accelerated damp-heat testing

Tunnel oxide passivated contact (TOPCon) solar cells are expected to dominate the global photovoltaic market in the coming decade thanks to rapid advancements in power conversion efficiency (PCE). However, there are concerns about the reliability of TOPCon modules, particularly in hot and humid conditions. The current module-level fundamental analysis strategies for TOPCon solar cells provide too slow feedback for rapid process development. This study explores the degradation of metal contacts in TOPCon solar cells under accelerated testing conditions of 85 °C and 85 % relative humidity (DH85). The degradation was induced by two commonly used sodium-related salts, sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) and sodium chloride (NaCl), in the testing of the solar cells. When applied to the front side, NaHCO3 caused a ∼5%relPCE reduction after 100-h DH85 exposure, while NaCl leads to a more significant ∼92%relPCE reduction. The primary cause of degradation is a considerable increase in series resistance (Rs), likely due to electrochemical reactions within the Ag/Al paste. When the salts are applied to the rear of the TOPCon solar cell, the degradation becomes more complex. NaHCO3 increases recombination and results in a deterioration of the contact, resulting in a ∼16%relPCE reduction after 100-h DH85 testing. Conversely, NaCl primarily causes a decline in open-circuit voltage (Voc) and a ∼4%relPCE loss. This manuscript primarily investigates degradation mechanisms related on the rear side, with a focus on significant oxidation occurring at the interface between Ag and Si. These findings highlight the susceptibility of TOPCon solar cells to contact corrosion, emphasizing the electrochemical reactivity of metallisation as a potential risk for long-term TOPCon module operation. This study provides crucial insights into TOPCon cell degradation mechanisms, which are essential for optimising performance and enhancing the long-term reliability of TOPCon modules.

Microwave biosensors utilizing metamaterial enhancement: Design and application

Microwave sensing technology has become increasingly widely applied in the biomedical field, playing a significant role in medical diagnosis, biological monitoring, and environmental warning. In recent years, the introduction of metamaterials has brought new possibilities and opportunities to microwave biosensors. This paper aims to explore the applications of microwave sensors in biosensing, with a particular emphasis on analyzing the crucial role of metamaterials in enhancing sensor performance and sensitivity. It provides a thorough examination of the fundamental principles, design strategies, fabrication techniques, and applications of microwave biosensors leveraging metamaterial enhancement. Moreover, it meticulously explores the latest applications spanning biomedical diagnostics, environmental monitoring, and food safety, shedding light on their transformative potential in healthcare, environmental sustainability, and food quality assurance. By delving into future research directions and confronting present challenges such as standardization and validation protocols, cost-effectiveness and scalability considerations and exploration of emerging applications, the paper provides a roadmap for advancing microwave biosensors with metamaterial enhancement, promising breakthroughs in multifaceted bioanalytical realms.

Design and batch fabrication of anisotropic microparticles toward small-scale robots using microfluidics: recent advances.

Small-scale robots with shape anisotropy have garnered significant scientific interest due to their enhanced mobility and precise control in recent years. Traditionally, these miniature robots are manufactured using established techniques such as molding, 3D printing, and microfabrication. However, the advent of microfluidics in recent years has emerged as a promising manufacturing technology, capitalizing on the precise and dynamic manipulation of fluids at the microscale to fabricate various complex-shaped anisotropic particles. This offers a versatile and controlled platform, enabling the efficient fabrication of small-scale robots with tailored morphologies and advanced functionalities from the microfluidic-derived anisotropic microparticles at high throughput. This review highlights the recent advances in the microfluidic fabrication of anisotropic microparticles and their potential applications in small-scale robots. In this review, the term 'small-scale robots' broadly encompasses micromotors endowed with capabilities for locomotion and manipulation. Firstly, the fundamental strategies for liquid template formation and the methodologies for generating anisotropic microparticles within the microfluidic system are briefly introduced. Subsequently, the functionality of shape-anisotropic particles in forming components for small-scale robots and actuation mechanisms are emphasized. Attention is then directed towards the diverse applications of these microparticle-derived microrobots in a variety of fields, including pollution remediation, cell microcarriers, drug delivery, and biofilm eradication. Finally, we discuss future directions for the fabrication and development of miniature robots from microfluidics, shedding light on the evolving landscape of this field.

The JA-to-ABA signaling relay promotes lignin deposition for wound healing in Arabidopsis

Plants are frequently exposed to herbivory and mechanical damage that result in wounding. Two fundamental strategies, regeneration and healing, are employed by plants upon wounding. How plants make different decisions and how wound healing is sustained until the damaged tissues recover are not fully understood. In this study, we found that local auxin accumulation patterns, determined by wounding modes, may activate different recovery programs in wounded tissues. Wounding triggers transient jasmonic acid (JA) signaling that promotes lignin deposition in the first few hours after wounding occurs. This early response is subsequently relayed to ABA signaling via MYC2. The induced JA signaling promotes ABA biosynthesis to maintain the expression of RAP2.6, a key factor for sustained lignin biosynthesis and the later wound-healing process. Our findings provide mechanistic insights into how plants heal from wounding and clarify the molecular mechanisms that underlie the prolonged healing process following wounding.

Today's cancer research and treatment - highly sophisticated and molecularly targeted, yet firmly bolstered in the classical theories.

Cancer research is linked to modern life-sciences, encompassing achievements in virology, yeast-biology, molecular-biology, genetics, systems-biology, bioinformatics, and so on. With these fascinating developments, it's easy to overlook that the fundamental theories and treatment strategies were established in the early 20th century and have remained valid ever since. Therefore, tribute must be paid to the founders of the field. The main hypotheses on carcinogenesis, the genetic model and the metabolic model, and the concept of cancer-treatment with cytotoxic, targeted or metabolic drugs were proposed more than 100 years ago by great minds such as T. Boveri, O. Warburg, and P. Ehrlich. Hence nothing about these cancer concepts is really new. Through development of powerful new technologies, we have been able to decipher the mechanisms of malignant transformation, thus significantly advancing the field. Our own studies have been focused on the cross-talk between cell-growth-signaling and lipid-metabolism in ovarian cancer to find crossover-points for co-targeting in order to achieve synergistic treatment effects. Notably, a side-effect of the application of current methods of molecular-cell-biology is a deeper knowledge of the laws of normal cell-biology and cell-life. Thus we anticipate the field will advance rapidly in the near future.

Whole-body linear momentum control in two-foot running jumps in male basketball players

Running jumps that depart the ground from two feet require momenta redirection upward from initial momenta that are primarily horizontal. It is not known how each leg generates backward and upward impulses from ground reaction forces to satisfy this mechanical objective when jumping to maximize height. We examined whole-body linear momentum control strategies during these two-foot running jumps by uncovering the roles of each leg in impulse generation. 3D motion capture and force plates were used to record 14 male basketball players performing two-foot running jumps towards an adjustable basketball hoop. Total ground contact phase started from the first leg ground contact and ended at takeoff and was divided into center of mass descent and ascent subphases. During the total ground contact phase, all participants generated significantly more upward impulse with the first leg and ten participants generated significantly more backward impulse with the first leg compared to the second leg. During the descent subphase, all participants generated significantly more upward and backward impulses with the first leg. During the ascent subphase, all but one participant generated significantly more backward impulse with the second leg. In addition to group-level statistics, participant-specific strategies were described. Overall, this study revealed the fundamental whole-body momentum control strategies used in two-foot running jumps and supports future research into optimal jump techniques and training interventions that respect the need to satisfy the mechanical objectives of the movement.

Measures for Achieving Carbon Neutrality in Domestic Wastewater Treatment Plants

Objectives : In modern society, domestic wastewater treatment plants are essential infrastructure. However these facilities are also major sources of significant greenhouse gas emissions. To mitigate the climate crisis and move towards a sustainable society, reducing greenhouse gas emissions from domestic wastewater treatment plants is an urgent task. Achieving this requires the integrated application of technological improvements and institutional measures.Methods : Fundamental strategies for reducing greenhouse gas emissions from domestic wastewater treatment plants include detailed categorization and quantification of emission sources, the implementation of greenhouse gas reduction facilities, and the enforcement of water usage reduction policies. This study uses modeling software to estimate the detailed emissions of greenhouse gases generated during the domestic wastewater treatment process. Additionally, it establishes the baseline treatment process of the domestic wastewater treatment plant and analyzes the greenhouse gas reduction effects of each facility by incorporating technological methods such as anaerobic digesters and combined heat and power (CHP) systems. Furthermore, it evaluates the impact of reducing water usage through water footprint (WF) labeling on greenhouse gas emissions from the domestic wastewater treatment plant as an institutional approach.Results and Discussion : In scenario analysis, the implementation of anaerobic digesters results in a 6.7% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions compared to the baseline, while the addition of CHP systems to anaerobic digestion is predicted to reduce emissions by 29.1%. By integrating CHP systems with anaerobic digesters and applying WF labeling, a reduction of 38.3% in greenhouse gas emissions from the domestic wastewater treatment plant compared to the baseline is anticipated. These results demonstrate the significant role of implementing anaerobic digesters, CHP systems, and WF labeling in achieving the carbon neutrality goal of domestic wastewater treatment plants.Conclusion : The integrated application of technological methods, institutional approaches, and detailed emission calculations through process modeling can be considered crucial for reducing greenhouse gas emissions from domestic wastewater treatment plants.

Assessment of Soccer Teaching Ability Based on Deep Learning Algorithm

Soccer teaching involves imparting fundamental skills, tactics, and strategies related to the sport of soccer. Coaches and instructors focus on teaching players proper techniques for dribbling, passing, shooting, and defending, while also emphasizing teamwork, sportsmanship, and game awareness. Soccer teaching sessions typically include a combination of drills, scrimmages, and tactical discussions tailored to the age and skill level of the players. This paper proposed an effective soccer assessment technique for teaching ability with the Automated Probabilistic Deep Learning (APDL) model. The proposed APDL model comprises an automated model for the assessment of student performance. The proposed APDL model processes the input soccer images with the pre-processing of the features. With APDL model uses the probabilistic computation features for the computation of the variables in the soccer data. With the extraction of the features, the maximum likelihood is computed for the classification with the deep learning model features. The APDL model implements the classification-based deep learning model features with the examination of soccer teaching, instruction, development of skill, and players. Simulation results demonstrated that prediction with the APDL model estimates the probability of prediction as 0.91 with an estimated uncertainty value of 0.08. In the case of teaching and coaching assessment, the uncertainty is stated as 0.08 for both with the prediction assessment score of 0.92. The classification accuracy of the proposed APDL model is achieved as 0.95 with the precision value of 0.97. The findings of this research contribute to the advancement of coaching methodologies in soccer, providing coaches and educators with valuable insights into their teaching effectiveness and areas for improvement. Additionally, the automated nature of the APDL model offers scalability and efficiency in assessing coaching performance, paving the way for enhanced coaching practices and player development in soccer.

Metrology for sensor networks: metrological traceability and measurement uncertainties for air quality monitoring

Abstract In situ calibration of sensors delivering SI traceable measurement results still provides an open question to the design and operation of sensor networks. Particularly when addressing low-cost sensors, currently, the use of sensor networks for air quality monitoring is limited by the low or unknown accuracy of measurements that they can achieve, while the data quality of individual sensor networks is mainly derived by algorithms. Standardization bodies like DIN and CEN therefore announced the need for investigations of validation methods on gas phase species and particulate matter on the one hand side, and for the development of fully digitized quality assurance/quality control and calibration techniques for sensor networks on the other (CEN/CENELEC, Opportunity for Standardisation to Contribute to the European Partnership on Metrology EPM under Horizon Europe). This contribution concentrates on the metrological traceability of sensor networks for air quality monitoring to the international system of units (SI) based on FAIRified intra-network communications (M. Wilkinson, et al., “The FAIR guiding principles for scientific data management and stewardship,” Sci. Data, vol. 3, 2016, Art. no. 160018) and including delocalized Optical Gas Standards operated according to the digital TILSAM method (O. Werhahn, et al., The TILSAM Method Adapted into Optical Gas Standards – Complementing Gaseous Reference Materials, PTB Open Access Repository, 2021). Informed by related activities in EURAMET (Partnership project FunSNM, EMNs COO & POLMO, TC-IM 1551) (European Metrology Network Climate and Ocean Observation (COO), European Metrology Network Pollution Monitoring (POLMO), EURAMET Project TC-IM 1551, Project Database) this contribution discusses the importance of measurement uncertainties in the context of sensor networks, comprising different sensor principles and promoting an efficient uptake of state-of-the-art methods. We discuss how the sensor network case can be addressed with sensors individually using the GUM principles (Joint Committee for Guides in Metrology, Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement (GUM), JCGM 100: 2008 (E)). For sensor network measurements becoming metrologically traceable to the SI, documented and unbroken chains of calibrations need to be implemented each contributing to the measurement uncertainty. This applies to each individual sensor of the network including the potential gold standard among them, but also to the network’s output viewed as a single entity. The contribution provides first approaches to be tested and validated that are underpinned by fundamental design strategies for sensor networks. It follows on practical applications in real world scenarios aside from model uncertainties discussed in artificial intelligence prospects.

Competitive strategy analysis on The Body Shop International plc

The article delves into the competitive strategy of The Body Shop International plc through the Positioning School. The Porter's Five Forces are applied to profile the company's environment. Before exploring the definition, function and application of this tool, the article pinpoints the Body Shop's strategic advantages by drawing on fundamental strategies from competitive advantage theory. The analysis outlines the company's unique positioning in the industry and how it has leveraged its strengths to thrive in a competitive market.

Raspberry Ketone Attenuates Hepatic Fibrogenesis and Inflammation via Regulating the Crosstalk of FXR and PGC-1α Signaling.

Hepatic fibrosis is a compensatory response to chronic liver injury and inflammation, and dietary intervention is recommended as one of the fundamental prevention strategies. Raspberry ketone (RK) is an aromatic compound first isolated from raspberry and widely used to prepare food flavors. The current study investigated the hepatoprotection and potential mechanism of RK against hepatic fibrosis. In vitro, hepatic stellate cell (HSC) activation was stimulated with TGF-β and cultured with RK, farnesoid X receptor (FXR), or peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha (PGC-1α) agonist or inhibitor, respectively. In vivo, C57BL/6 mice were injected intraperitoneally with thioacetamide (TAA) at 100/200 mg/kg from the first to the fifth week. Mice were intragastrically administrated with RK or Cur once a day from the second to the fifth week. In activated HSCs, RK inhibited extracellular matrix (ECM) accumulation, inflammation, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) process. RK both activated FXR/PGC-1α and regulated their crosstalk, which were verified by their inhibitors and agonists. Deficiency of FXR or PGC-1α also attenuated the effect of RK on the reverse of activated HSCs. RK also decreased serum ALT/AST levels, liver histopathological change, ECM accumulation, inflammation, and EMT in mice caused by TAA. Double activation of FXR/PGC-1α might be the key targets for RK against hepatic fibrosis. Above all, these discoveries supported the potential of RK as a novel candidate for the dietary intervention of hepatic fibrosis.

Rational Construction of Two-Dimensional Conjugated Metal-Organic Frameworks (2D c-MOFs) for Electronics and Beyond.

ConspectusTwo-dimensional conjugated metal-organic frameworks (2D c-MOFs) have emerged as a novel class of multifunctional materials, attracting increasing attention due to their highly customizable chemistry yielding programmable and unprecedented structures and properties. In particular, over the past decade, the synergistic relationship between the conductivity and porosity of 2D c-MOFs has paved the way toward their widespread applications. Despite their promising potential, the majority of 2D c-MOFs have yet to achieve atomically precise crystal structures, hindering the full understanding and control over their electronic structure and intrinsic charge transport characteristics. When modulating the charge transport properties of two-dimensional layered framework materials, decoupling the charge transport processes within and in between layers is of paramount importance, yet it represents a significant challenge. Unfortunately, 2D c-MOFs systems developed so far have failed to address such a major research target, which can be achieved solely by manipulating charge transport properties in 2D c-MOFs. 2D c-MOFs offer a significant advantage over organic radical molecules and covalent organic frameworks: polymerization through oxidative coordination is a viable route to form "spin-concentrated assemblies". However, the role of these spin centers in charge transport processes is still poorly understood, and the intrinsic dynamics and properties of these spins have seldom been investigated. Consequently, overcoming these challenges is essential to unlock the full potential of 2D c-MOFs in electronics and other related fields, as a new type of quantum materials.In this Account, we summarize and discuss our group's efforts to achieve full control at the atomic level over the structure of 2D c-MOFs and their applications in electronics and spintronics, thereby providing distinct evidence on 2D c-MOFs as a promising platform for exploring novel quantum phenomena. First, we unravel the key role played by the rational design of the ligands to decrease the boundary defects, achieve atomically precise large single crystals, and investigate the intrinsic charge transport properties of 2D c-MOFs. The advantages and disadvantages of the current structural elucidation strategies will be discussed. Second, the fundamental challenge in 2D c-MOF charge transport studies is to decouple the in-plane and interlayer charge transport pathways and achieve precise tuning of the charge transport properties in 2D c-MOFs. To address this challenge, we propose a design concept for the second-generation conjugated ligands, termed "programmable conjugated ligands", to replace the current first-generation ligands which lack modifiability as they mainly consist of sp2 hybridization atoms. Our efforts also extend to controlling the spin dynamics properties of 2D c-MOFs as "spin concentrated assemblies" using a bottom-up strategy.We hope this Account provides enlightening fundamental insights and practical strategies to overcome the major challenges of 2D c-MOFs for electronics and spintronics. Through the rational design of structural modulation within the 2D plane and interlayer interactions, we are committed to making significant steps forward for boosting the functional complexity of this blooming family of materials, thereby opening clear perspectives toward their practical application in electronics with the ultimate goal of inspiring further development of 2D c-MOFs and unleashing their full potential as an emerging quantum material.

Exploring technological and operational challenges in high-pressure: High-temperature drilling techniques

This comprehensive review explores the complex landscape of HPHT drilling, examining the underlying principles, innovative technologies, and operational strategies used to overcome challenges such as wellbore stability, fluid management, equipment reliability, and downhole conditions. By understanding and addressing these challenges, the oil and gas industry can advance HPHT drilling capabilities and unlock new sources of energy to meet growing global demand. High-pressure, high-temperature (HPHT) drilling techniques have become indispensable for the oil and gas industry to tap into deep hydrocarbon reservoirs located in challenging environments. Despite their significance, HPHT drilling operations pose a myriad of technological and operational challenges that demand meticulous attention to safety, efficiency, and success. This comprehensive review embarks on an exploration of the intricate landscape of HPHT drilling, delving into the fundamental principles, innovative technologies, and operational strategies pivotal in surmounting obstacles such as wellbore stability, fluid management, equipment reliability, and downhole conditions. The review begins by delineating the distinctive characteristics of HPHT environments, highlighting the formidable challenges inherent in drilling operations conducted under extreme pressures and temperatures. Subsequently, it elucidates the critical importance of maintaining wellbore stability amidst such conditions, elucidating the risks of collapse and blowouts and offering insights into mitigation strategies ranging from meticulous drilling fluid selection to advanced wellbore monitoring techniques. Fluid management emerges as a focal point, as the review navigates through the complexities of selecting, formulating, and managing drilling fluids tailored for HPHT environments. Innovative technologies such as nanotechnology applications and synthetic-based mud systems are explored for their efficacy in addressing fluid-related challenges and enhancing drilling performance. The reliability and integrity of equipment constitute another critical aspect examined in the review, with emphasis on mechanical challenges, material selection, and proactive maintenance strategies essential for safeguarding equipment performance and longevity in HPHT operations. Furthermore, the review presents case studies and best practices gleaned from successful HPHT drilling projects, offering valuable insights and lessons learned to inform future endeavors.

ضوابط آزادی بیان در ادبیات قرآن کریم با تأکید بر آرای مفسران فریقین

The Holy Quran, which is a comprehensive source of religious knowledge, regards "freedom of expression" as one of the basic human rights and has given it a high position . This is considered one of the fundamental strategies in the Islamic government. "Freedom of expression", like other phenomena, has limits and frameworks, which are necessary to be defined in the literature of the Holy Qur'an and the thought of Shia and Sunni commentators, considering the destructive and insulting productivity of those who are ignorant of it. The purpose of this article is to answer the question, what are the criteria of "freedom of speech" in the Holy Quran based on the viewpoint of the commentators of the two school of thoughts (Shai and Sunni)? In order to achieve its goal, the article is written in a qualitative manner and by using the descriptive-analytical method and inferential thematic interpretation and library and software tools, referring to the Holy Quran and exegesis sources, collecting and analyzing the verses regarding the limits of freedom of expression. Searching in the verses and interpretations shows that; The freedom to express beliefs can be proved as a principle of the Qur'an; But not absolutely and unconditionally; Rather, it is based on rulings such as observing divine limits, observing rational and logical quorums, observing the interests of Islamic society, prohibiting creating tension, breaking unity, rumor-mongering, insulting, mocking expressions and things that cause corruption. And it becomes personal or social ruin. Regulating "freedom of speech" while protecting the principle of freedom of expression, closes the path of destructive expressions and prevents destructive statements that are against personal and social interests.