Fundamental Space Research Articles

Global knowledge–action networks at the frontlines of sustainability: Insights from five decades of science for action in UNESCO's World Network of biosphere reserves

Abstract Generating actionable knowledge to meet current sustainability challenges requires unprecedented collaboration across scales, geographies, cultures and knowledges. Intergovernmental programmes and place‐based knowledge–action networks have much potential to mobilize sustainability transformation. Although many research fields have benefited from research networks and comparative sites, the potential of site‐based research networks for generating knowledge at the people–nature interface has yet to be fully explored. This article presents the World Network of biosphere reserves (WNBR) of UNESCO's Man and Biosphere Programme, intentionally established for generating actionable knowledge through comparative sites envisioned as learning spaces for sustainable development. Drawing on experiences over five decades, and we offer six categories of insights. Our intent is to share the story of this network widely, distil the learnings from the network to enhance its potential to support both knowledge co‐production and collaborative action for sustainability and inform wider efforts to establish place‐based sustainability networks aimed at improving human–environment relations through knowledge and action. The WNBR has generated insights on the challenges of creating and supporting an international and inter‐governmental sustainability network to generate and mobilize place‐based interdisciplinary knowledge in the long term. Despite the challenges, site‐ and place‐based research facilitated by this network has been fundamental in creating space for sustainability science, knowledge co‐production and transdisciplinary research at the human–nature interface. We share insights on pathways to the implementation of global sustainability agendas through local networks, and the role of research in supporting learning and experimentation in local sites as they work to adapt global sustainability goals. Research in the WNBR has generated deeper understanding on social–ecological complexity and resilience in place‐based sustainability initiatives, and how collaborative platforms might facilitate collective action across landscapes. The network continues to offer a fundamental learning space on operationalizing pluralistic approaches to biodiversity conservation, for example, through its focus on biocultural diversity, offering a key opportunity for the implementation of the post‐2020 Global Biodiversity Framework. We conclude by arguing that WNBR, and similar place‐based knowledge–action networks, can support interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary research related to human–nature relationships and provide opportunities for comparative research that may yield more explanatory power than individual case studies. Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog.

Global patterns and mechanisms shaping dimensionality diversity in sharks

An adequate description of biodiversity patterns requires an integration of different biological dimensions, including phylogenetic, functional, and taxonomic patterns. In this sense, dimensionality is defined as the number of complementary dimensions represented by metrics necessary to describe diversity in a non-redundant and effective way, with a correlation component (Evenness of Eigenvalues- EE) and the variation component (Importance Values- IV). Here we describe the dimensionality of global diversity patterns for sharks, based on several metrics of taxonomic, functional, and phylogenetic dimensions and the spatial patterns in dimensionality across marine biogeographic realms. We also investigated the relationship between dimensionality and emergent characteristics of each realm, including total richness, body size, area, latitude, and environmental dimensionality. Realm area and latitude were important ecological predictors of the dimensionality correlation component in realms. Phylogenetic diversity was the metric that contributed most to variation in the fundamental space of biodiversity, globally and within realms, highlighting the importance of evolutionary history in structuring shark communities. This is the first work on the diversity dimensionality of sharks, revealing important diversity patterns of the taxon and potential biological and ecological mechanisms related to the phenomenon of dimensionality.

ДО ПИТАННЯ ПРО ВИЗНАЧЕННЯ ОБ’ЄКТНОПРЕДМЕТНОГО СКЛАДУ ЕКОЛОГІЧНОГО КОНСТИТУЦІОНАЛІЗМУ

The article examines the theoretical issues and problems of defining the object-subject composition of ecological constitutionalism, as an actual, qualitatively new phenomenon of international legal life and national constitutional-legal reality, systemic and complex phenomenology, which is the result of an integrative and synthetic combination of various factors-tendencies of national constitutional and international legal regulation in conditions of legal globalization. Such an approach is seen as a rather difficult task within the limits of both the modern theory of constitutional law and the modern theory of international law, which operates with a number of new concepts and definitions that indicatively and identifiably reflect the latest trends in state and international development - "human rights in their national and international measurement" , "international legal standards of human rights and freedoms", "global legal trends - trends of state and international development", "soft law", "fundamental principles of international public law and the expansion of their number", "dichotomy of local and global development", finally, "constitutionalization of international law and internationalization of the constitutional legal order of states." It is noted that this is determined, first of all, by powerful horizontal-vertical connections of a managerial nature that arise within the state and its society, functioning in the conditions of global constitutionalism, that is, in the conditions of the presence of general methodological approaches, principles and norms, management paradigms that determine the prospects for the general and further development of the fundamental subjects of general international law, as well as the same functional and methodological approaches to the implementation of domestic and international legal activities of public authorities in relation to the fundamental dominants of the development of statehood - the priority of human rights over the rights of the state, recognition of human rights as fundamental indicators democratic activity of the state and the international community, the principle of the rule of law as the fundamental basis of the connection of the state and its public authority by law, etc. It is proved that solving the question of determining the object-subject composition of ecological constitutionalism is characterized by a number of methodological difficulties. These include, first of all, the issue of clear understanding, interpretation and identification of the categories "object of legal regulation" and "subject of legal regulation". It is also complicated by the innovative and synthetic nature of environmental constitutionalism, which is independently determined by international legal institutions on the basis of relevant identification features. Taking into account the system-complex nature of profile phenomenology, its object is a set of social relations related to the protection and protection of the environment, as well as the rights of a person to the environment, which has an appropriate and safe condition for his life activities. The subject of legal regulation of environmental constitutionalism is social relations that are directly or indirectly related to the environment. Based on the fact that the environment is the fundamental natural space of human life, such relations can be characterized as global, but with the obligatory local, local-regional, regional, state-wide, interstate, macro-regional, global understanding, measured and implemented.

Rip current knowledge: do people really know its danger? do lifeguards know more than the general public?

IntroductionDrowning is a global problem. This so-called “silent killer” claims hundreds of thousands of lives every year around the world. Despite this, beaches are a fundamental space in the lives of many people throughout the world. The scant knowledge regarding aspects of safety, accident prevention and the identification of risks in these natural aquatic environments, all contribute to the number of aquatic accidents that happen. The objective of this study was to establish the reality about the Spain population's knowledge of risks on the beaches. MethodsA study was carried out using a questionnaire, generated through Google Forms©. The questionnaire was available for 7 days, from May 12 to 19, 2022. 289 responses were selected. The Chi-square statistic was used to analyze the associations while Cramér's V statistics and the Odds Ratio were applied to analyze their strength. The significance level was p < 0.05 for the entire study. Results50.5% of the participants knew how to correctly identify a rip current. In terms of definition, identification and response to a current, those who were lifeguards were more likely than the general population to answer correctly. ConclusionsSex, age or place of residence do not seem to explain knowledge about rip currents in an active population group. Finally, as a factor in avoiding possible accidents related to currents, the importance of having professional lifeguards in natural aquatic environments is confirmed.

Space weather investigation Frontier (SWIFT)

The Space Weather Investigation Frontier (SWIFT) mission will aim at making major discoveries on the three-dimensional structure and dynamics of heliospheric structures that drive space weather. The focus will be on Interplanetary Coronal Mass Ejections (ICMEs) that originate from massive expulsions of plasma and magnetic flux from the solar corona. They cause the largest geomagnetic storms and solar energetic particle events, threatening to endanger life and disrupt technology on Earth and in space. A big current problem, both regarding fundamental solar-terrestrial physics and space weather, is that we do not yet understand spatial characteristics and temporal evolution of ICMEs and that the existing remote-sensing and in-situ observatories are not suited for resolving multi-layered and evolutionary structures in these massive storm drivers. Here, we propose a groundbreaking mission concept study using solar sail technology that, for the first time, will make continuous, in-situ multi-point observations along the Sun-Earth line beyond the Lagrange point L1 (sub-L1). This unique position, in combination with L1 assets, will allow distinguishing between local and global processes, spatial characteristics, temporal evolution, and particle energization mechanisms related to ICMEs. In addition, measurements of the magnetic field in earthbound ICMEs and their sub-structures from the SWIFT location will double the current forecasting lead-times from L1. This concept also paves the way for missions with increasingly longer forecasting lead-times, addressing NASA and NOAA’s space weather goals, as set forth by the Decadal Survey. The objective of this communication is to inform the community of the ongoing effort, including plans to further develop the mission concept, supported by the Heliophysics Flight Opportunities Studies (HFOS) program under NASA’s Research Opportunities in Space and Earth Sciences (ROSES).

Colour image encryption based on hybrid bit-level scrambling, ciphering, and public key cryptography

This paper proposes an image encryption technique using three stages algorithms based on hyper-chaotic maps. In the first scenario, bit-level scrambling (BLS) using a 2D coupled chaotic map (2D-CCM) is used to encrypt the bits of the basic colour image. In the second strategy, the scrambled bit level is XORed with pseudo random bit generator (PRBG). The PRBG is designed using a combination of chaotic maps, including, logistic map (LM), sine map (SM), 5D chaotic map (5D-CM), enhanced quadratic map (EQM), and 2D henon SM (2D-HSM). The pubic key based on the Chebyshev polynomial chaotic map is used as the final phase of the encryption algorithms. The performance analysis of the proposed image encryption technique is validated through various criteria such as fundamental space analysis, correlation coefficient, entropy, the number of pixels changes rate (NPCR), and unified average-changing intensity (UACI). Also, the obtained results are compared with other recent studies. The simulation results demonstrated that the proposed technique has robust security and it provides the image with high protection against various attacks.

Semi-analytic solutions to edge singularities of three-dimensional axisymmetric bodies

Axisymmetric geometries, such as cylindrical elements, are widely used in offshore structures. However, the presence of sharp edges in these geometries introduces challenges in numerical simulations due to singularities. To address this issue, one possible solution is to represent the singularities using analytic eigenfunctions. This approach can provide insights into the essence of the problem and has successfully applied to two-dimensional (2D) corner problems. However, finding appropriate eigenfunctions for the three-dimensional (3D) edges remains an open challenge. This paper proposes a semi-analytic scheme for 3D axisymmetric problems utilizing a scaled boundary finite element method (SBFEM). A dimensional reduction is introduced to the 3D Laplace equation, and a 3D edge is handled on the generatrix plane while governed by a complicated equation. The algorithm for resolving the SBFEM fundamental space is improved, and the singularities are approximated using a fractional-order basis. The effectiveness of the proposed method is demonstrated through its application to solve the radiation problem of a heaving cylinder. The method accurately captures the singular velocity field at the edge tip, ensuring that the boundary condition on the body surface is strictly satisfied in the neighborhood of the singularity. Accuracy of the mean drift force is ensured by performing direct pressure integrations over the body surface using a near-field formulation, which becomes as accurate as the middle-field formulation.

Modeling Quantum Particles Falling into a Black Hole: The Deep Interior Limit

In this paper, we construct a solvable toy model of the quantum dynamics of the interior of a spherical black hole with falling spherical scalar field excitations. We first argue about how some aspects of the quantum gravity dynamics of realistic black holes emitting Hawking radiation can be modeled using Kantowski–Sachs solutions with a massless scalar field when one focuses on the deep interior region r≪M (including the singularity). Further, we show that in the r≪M regime, and in suitable variables, the KS model becomes exactly solvable at both the classical and quantum levels. The quantum dynamics inspired by loop quantum gravity is revisited. We propose a natural polymer quantization where the area a of the orbits of the rotation group is quantized. The polymer (or loop) dynamics is closely related to the Schroedinger dynamics away from the singularity with a form of continuum limit naturally emerging from the polymer treatment. The Dirac observable associated with the mass is quantized and shown to have an infinite degeneracy associated with the so-called ϵ-sectors. Suitable continuum superpositions of these are well-defined distributions in the fundamental Hilbert space and satisfy the continuum Schroedinger dynamics.

Passion, Parliament, and the Pen: Articulations of Female Citizenship in Britain, c.1790–1890

AbstractAmong the plethora of political shifts that defined the Age of Reform, this article will uncover a female narrative of changing conceptions of citizenship, asserting that, despite their formal exclusion, women articulated a distinctly female understanding of citizenship through writing. Furthermore, it will explore the significance of parliament to women's experiences. The spaces in which citizenship was performed are integral to understanding its conception, and the significance of the franchise in 19th‐century political culture made parliament a fundamental space for those pursuing citizenship rights. Women from a diverse range of backgrounds articulated their inherently female experiences in their writing as they engaged with the discourses of citizenship that surrounded them. A collection of central themes and issues characterised their writing: honour and legality; representation and the franchise; local and municipal politics; marriage; education; and professional and employment opportunities. These texts illuminate the emerging self‐conception of female citizenship by women whose lived experiences were coloured by the historical shifts of reform. Consequently, the tapestry of these texts is formed of an intricately connected web of threads that both merge and deviate from one another around their individual focus, intention, or argument. However, collectively they suggest a resoundingly harmonious image, demonstrating that, although varying between individuals, a whole multitude of women from across society were experiencing this realisation of their right to equal citizenship.

The Worlds on the Other Side of the Big Bang

Taking the Big Bang as an established fact, the question inevitably arises about what exactly caused it, in what environment could it have happened and what happened before it. The developed approach allows us to shed light on many raised questions and to establish what universal laws and structures formed what happened before the Big Bang, to understand its cause and the dynamic processes that led to it. This required a radical revision of many views, giving them a new meaning and content. This approach has led to a consistent and conceptually new understanding of these phenomena, which allowed correctly formulate questions to which there are still no clear answers. Based on this formulation of the problem, we came to new ideas about the nature of Dark energy, Dark matter and the region of their birth, formulated and described the mechanism of the formation of worlds and their hierarchy on the other side of the Big Bang and the mechanism of this explosion itself. The Primary Parent Particle was introduced into the concept, which was the basis of everything and is the carrier of the fundamental Primary space introduced by us, which had at least two phase states. This particle consists of Beginnings united in the form of Borromeo rings. This made it possible to calculate the structure and primary spectrum of elementary particles that arose on the other side of the Big Bang, the mechanisms of their formation and the resulting fundamental interactions that lead to the existence of vortices before the Big Bang; the mechanisms of the birth of multiple universes and much more are also considered. The concept of the “cosmic genetic code" is introduced, the characteristics and mechanism of its formation before the Big Bang are presented.

Square- and Rectangular-Ring Vertex-Bar Slow Wave Structures for High-Efficiency Wide Bandwidth TWTs

In this article, novel square-ring vertex-bar (SRVB) and rectangular-ring vertex-bar (RRVB) slow wave structures (SWSs) are proposed to develop high-efficiency wide bandwidth traveling wave tubes (TWTs). High-frequency characteristics including dispersion, interaction impedance, and transmission of these novel slow wave circuits are analyzed. It is shown that both the SRVB and RRVB possess the advantages of flatter dispersion and higher interaction impedance of the fundamental space harmonic of the forward wave in comparison with the traditional circular ring-bar (RB) SWS. Beam–wave interaction study of SRVB TWT with a pencil beam and RRVB TWT with a sheet beam is carried out. The particle-in-cell (PIC) simulations predict that with the beam voltage of 15.7 kV and beam current of 0.23 A, the maximum output power of the SRVB TWT and the RRVB TWT can reach 616 and 695.6 W, respectively. Both the SRVB TWT and RRVB TWT can produce larger output power, higher differential small-signal gain, and wider 3-dB bandwidth than the RB counterpart. The SRVB TWT is superior to the RRVB TWT for its stability against backward-wave oscillations but with relatively small output power.

The World in the Wave Function

<i>The World in the Wave Function</i>

Remedy Strategy for Five-Phase FTPMMs Under Single-Phase Short-Circuit Fault by Injecting Harmonic Currents From Third Space

This article proposes a new fault-tolerant control for five-phase fault-tolerant permanent-magnet motors under single-phase short-circuit fault. In the proposed method, the effect on torque performance caused by a short-circuit fault is attributed into two parts: the loss of the short-circuited phase, which is equivalent to a phase open-circuit fault, and the resultant short-circuit current. The remedial action for loss of a phase is realized in the fundamental space, while the torque ripple caused by the short-circuit current is compensated by the harmonic currents in the third space. To decouple the control of the fundamental and third space, the reduced-order Clarke and Park transformation matrixes for the two spaces are obtained separately under single-phase short-circuit fault. Afterward, the fundamental currents with minimum joule losses or equal joule losses for loss of a phase, and the harmonic currents in the third space for torque ripple reduction are derived. Hence, the proposed method can realize torque ripple-free operation under single-phase short-circuit fault. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed method is verified by experimental results under various operational conditions.

Research on Open-circuit Fault Tolerant Control of Six-phase Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machine Based on Fifth Harmonic Current Injection

This paper proposes a novel control approach for fault-tolerant control of dual three-phase permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) under one-phase open-circuit fault. A modified six-phase static coordinate transformation matrix and an extended rotating coordinate transformation matrix are investigated considering the influence of the fifth harmonic space on fault-tolerant control. These mathematical models are further analyzed in the fundamental space and the fifth harmonic space after the fault and to eliminate the coupling between the d-q axis voltage equation in the fundamental wave space and the d-q axis voltage equation in the fifth harmonic space, a secondary rotation coordinate transformation matrix is proposed. To achieve the purpose of reducing torque ripple, the fault-tolerant control method proposed in this paper not only takes the minimum copper loss as the constraint condition, but also injects the fifth harmonic current. The experimental result of current and torque is used to verify the accuracy of fault-tolerant control.

TikTok and Child Hypersexualization: Analysis of Videos and Narratives of Minors

The objective of this study is to analyze the degree of sexualization observed in TikTok videos and to compare it with the narratives of young people about the social network. A mixed-methods research design was used combining (1) a quantitative observational study based on measuring indicators of sexualization in 648 videos published by the 12 TikTokers most followed in Spain and (2) a qualitative study with 12 in-depth interviews to TikTok users (6 male, 6 female) between 8 and 17 years old from Spain. The video analysis reveal hypersexualized behaviors in 10/12 accounts, without statistically significant gender differences. Narratives about the social network showed ambivalent ideas, considering it a fundamental space for fun and socialization while being aware of numerous risks and threats. Sexualization is described with the expression “being loose” and is recognized as an intrinsic characteristic of the network. The discourses on hypersexualization are markedly gendered, recognizing sexualization almost exclusively in women. Some young people perceive self-sexualization as a form of self-empowerment, while when they describe it in other women, it is penalized and negatively valued as a form of objectification that favors bullying. They also warn about its impact on self-esteem and mental health, especially in terms of those bodies that do not fit into body hierarchies. The climate of the network facilitates criticism and insult, the dissociation between the real and virtual self, and that public exposure increases their vulnerability. It is urgent to advance digital affective-sexual education that addresses these problems.

Design of ultra wideband power amplifier based on a refining of exact harmonic impedance space

SummaryThis paper introduces a new theory which can be applied for the design of over‐octave ultra‐wideband power amplifier (PA). In this methodology, the impedance space of the ultra‐wideband PA can be refined, and the fundamental and various harmonic impedances have the same impedance space. This theory solves the problem that the harmonic impedance is not located in the fundamental impedance space because of its pure reactance form in the traditional hybrid continuous mode. To verify this theory, an ultra‐wideband PA with operating frequency range of 0.5–3.0 GHz (relative bandwidth of 143%) has been designed and fabricated. The experimental results show that the saturated output power over the entire operating band is 38.6–42.4 dBm, the power gain is 10.2–14.6 dB, and the corresponding saturated drain efficiency is between 50.1% and 65.1%.

Seniority and configurations in neutron-rich Nickel isotopes * *Supported by the Interdisciplinary Scientific and Educational School of Moscow University "Fundamental and Applied Space Research"

Excited states in low-energy spectra of Ni are considered. Accordingly, pairing forces in the form of surface delta interaction are employed to account for the formation of the ground state multiplet with seniority states. The multiplet splitting is described with mass relationships of masses of neighboring nuclei. Subsequently, the seniority model is adopted to reproduce or predict the states in odd-even isotopes and in even-even isotopes. The correct account of the state should allow for the description of the reversed order of states with and observed in experiments. The results obtained are compared with the structure of similar multiplets in isotones.

환경변화에 대응하는 감성적 접근의 지속가능한 디자인방향 - 공동주택 단위세대 계획을 대상으로 -

Residential space is the most fundamental space for human life. Mutual influence among humans is important. The contemporary residential space operates as a system formed by close relationships while accommodating changes in the environment and influential social situations. A recent environmental change has led to an influential social situation called “Untact,” which has brought about a change in the residential space system. Therefore, this study aims to provide a more sustainable index to study the impact of the environmental change brought about by the “pandemic” on the social, economic, and physical environment using the architectural response method from an emotional perspective. The purpose of this study is to present a sustainable design method by addressing the relationship between the living space and the environment, which is the basis of human life. The sustainable design method that responds to environmental changes using an emotional approach has the following characteristics. First, it is a flexible structure that can be used for separation and integration. Second, it expands and separates the community through the terrace. Third, it restores access to the ground through the introduction of nature and landscape. Fourth, it secures a comfortable environment and safeguards from COVID-19.This study examined the residential space from a sustainable perspective, using an emotional approach that is difficult to define. It is meaningful as a practical study in suggesting various factors and ways to realize emotional space and respond to environmental changes.

The Effects of Intensive Voice Treatment in Mandarin Speakers With Parkinson's Disease: Acoustic and Perceptual Findings.

This study investigated the effects of intensive voice treatment on subjective and objective measures of speech production in Mandarin speakers with hypokinetic dysarthria. Nine Mandarin speakers with hypokinetic dysarthria due to Parkinson's disease received 4 weeks of intensive voice treatment (4 × 60 min per week). The speakers were recorded reading a passage before treatment (PRE), immediately after treatment (POST), and at 6-month follow-up (FU). Listeners (n = 15) rated relative ease of understanding (EOU) of paired speech samples on a visual analogue scale. Acoustic analyses were performed. Changes in EOU, vocal intensity, global and local fundamental frequency (f o) variation, speech rate, and acoustic vowel space area (VSA) were examined. Increases were found in EOU and vocal intensity from PRE to POST and from PRE to FU, with no change found from POST to FU. Speech rate increased from PRE to POST, with limited evidence of an increase from PRE to FU and no change from POST to FU. No changes in global or local f o variation or in VSA were found. Intensive voice treatment shows promise for improving speech production in Mandarin speakers with hypokinetic dysarthria. Vocal intensity, speech rate, and, crucially, intelligibility, may improve for up to 6 months posttreatment. In contrast, f o variation and VSA may not increase following the treatment. https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.19529017.

Magnetospheric response to solar wind forcing: ultra-low-frequency wave–particle interaction perspective

Abstract. Solar wind forcing, e.g., interplanetary shock and/or solar wind dynamic pressure pulses impacting Earth's magnetosphere, manifests many fundamental important space physics phenomena, including producing electromagnetic waves, plasma heating, and energetic particle acceleration. This paper summarizes our present understanding of the magnetospheric response to solar wind forcing in the aspects of radiation belt electrons, ring current ions and plasmaspheric plasma physics based on in situ spacecraft measurements, ground-based magnetometer data, magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) and kinetic simulations. Magnetosphere response to solar wind forcing is not just a “one-kick” scenario. It is found that after the impact of solar wind forcing on Earth's magnetosphere, plasma heating and energetic particle acceleration started nearly immediately and could last for a few hours. Even a small dynamic pressure change in interplanetary shock or solar wind pressure pulse can play a non-negligible role in magnetospheric physics. The impact leads to generation of a series of waves, including poloidal-mode ultra-low-frequency (ULF) waves. The fast acceleration of energetic electrons in the radiation belt and energetic ions in the ring current region response to the impact usually contains two contributing steps: (1) the initial adiabatic acceleration due to the magnetospheric compression, (2) followed by the wave–particle resonant acceleration dominated by global or localized poloidal ULF waves excited at various L-shells. Generalized theory of drift and drift–bounce resonance with growth- or decay-localized ULF waves has been developed to explain in situ spacecraft observations. The wave-related observational features like distorted energy spectrum, “boomerang” and “fishbone” pitch angle distributions of radiation belt electrons, ring current ions and plasmaspheric plasma can be explained in the framework of this generalized theory. It is worth pointing out here that poloidal ULF waves are much more efficient at accelerating and modulating electrons (fundamental mode) in the radiation belt and charged ions (second harmonic) in the ring current region. The results presented in this paper can be widely used in solar wind interacting with other planets such as Mercury, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune and other astrophysical objects with magnetic fields.