Fundamental Source Research Articles

Investigation on NO and N2O emissions characteristics in deep peak regulation circulating fluidized bed boilers

Abstract To adapt to the increasing proportion of new energy power generation capacity, coal power must transition from its traditional role as the primary power source to serving as a fundamental backup and system regulation energy source. The circulating fluidized bed technology is known for its wide range of load regulation capabilities; however, emissions of pollutants during load regulation can exhibit significant variability. This study utilized Aspen Plus software to develop a circulating fluidized bed combustion model based on a gas-solid fluid dynamics model, an equivalent coal pyrolysis model, and a multi-phase macroscopic combustion reaction dynamics model of pyrolysis products. This model was used to predict both the temperature distribution within the furnace chamber and the distribution of pollutant concentrations. Predictions of pollutant emissions from 100 % load to 30 % load of the circulating fluidized bed were explored under the original combustion condition and 5 % proportion of recirculated flue gas. Under the primary combustion condition, the emission concentration of NO x showed a decreasing and then increasing trend with decreasing load, while the concentration of nitrous oxide, in contrast to NO x , showed an increasing and then decreasing trend. The effect of recirculated flue gas on pollutant emissions was not significant at reduced loads. This study aims to provide technical support and theoretical guidance for the management of pollutant emissions from the deep peak regulation of actual circulating fluidized beds.

Development of the Upper Don region in the first quarter of the XVII century: rural settlements of Yelets and Voronezh counties in 1615

Introduction. The article is devoted to rural settlements of the Upper Don region in the first quarter of the XVII century. The geographical features of the foundation of the first rural settlements of Yelets and Voronezh counties are considered, as well as their social composition is presented. Methods and materials. The methodological basis of the research is represented by the fundamental principles of historical cognition, which is used in Russian historical science in the study of socio-economic processes of society and its structural components: historicism, objectivity and consistency. General scientific, comparative-historical, typological, structural-functional and probabilistic-statistical methods, as well as the principle of objectivity, are used to consider issues related to the development of rural settlements of the counties under consideration and their social composition. The fundamental source for our research was the Watch Books on the Yelets and Voronezh counties of 1615. Results. The author of the study concludes that despite the adjacent location of the territories under consideration, it cannot be said that their development was identical. The characteristic feature of the "cluster" principle of settlement, which became widespread in the Yelets district, was extremely poorly expressed in Voronezh. However, it is also necessary to note a number of common features, primarily related to the predominance of the largest administrative units, such as villages and villages, compared with smaller repairs and wastelands. In addition, the social composition of the first settlements was approximately homogeneous in its composition and included the main categories of the population, such as landowners with and without peasants, clergymen, service people and patrimony. Conclusion. The main distinguishing feature of the social composition of the first rural settlements was the small number of peasants. This was due to the fact that the first settlers practically did not have their own peasants, since they were still quite young and did not own land and estates.

An Evaluation on the Effect of Differences in Recitations on Islamic Law: Within the Context of Intercourse with a Woman After Menstruation

The main source of Islam is the Holy Qur'ān. Qirā’a is the branch of science that deals with the different ways of reciting the words of the Qur'ān. For this reason, the science of qirā’a has a special place and importance among the basic Islamic sciences. The fact that the Qur'ān ranks first among the primary evidences in Islamic jurisprudence methodology has made it directly related to the science of qirā’a. At the beginning of Islam, the verses revealed were transmitted firsthand by the Prophet (PBUH) to his companions, who in turn would teach these verses to others. The differences in reciting that existed in this process led to the types of qirā’a called 'seven ahruf/letters'. Believers would first learn the different qirā’āt that they heard from the Prophet (PBUH) and then pass them on to the others. However, in addition to the authentic qirā’āt, the unauthentic qirā’āt that emerged over time directly affected the Islamic legal doctrine. Especially the differences in the most accurate understanding of the divine word led to the emergence of differences of opinion among Islamic jurists. This, in turn, was the source of the divergence of jurisprudential groups. These divergences between the groups based on the differences in qirā’a have come to the agenda depending on the issues of Islamic law, sometimes usūl and sometimes furū’. These debates have led to different jurisprudential approaches depending on the different interpretations of the verses, which has led to mental turmoil among Muslims. In this study, the impact of qirā’a differences on Islamic legal doctrine is analyzed. In this context, the issue of intercourse with a woman after menstruation, one of the issues of jurisprudence, is discussed., Regarding this, in the text the concept of qirā’a, its types, and the reasons for the emergence of qirā’a differences are first evaluated. For a better understanding of the issue, the approaches of the four fiqh schools to the differences of qirā’a are also examined in a general way. Then, the jurisprudential aspect of the concept of menstruation, the way it is expressed in the verse, and the differences of qirā’a on the related verse are examined, and the legal consequences that arise due to these different qirā’āt are explained. As far as can be detected in the process, most of the studies in the field of basic Islamic sciences are carried out in the form of subject analysis under a specific discipline. Unlike the general studies in the literature, in this research, a fundamental issue related to Islamic law and qirā’a, which is among the basic disciplines of Islamic sciences, has been addressed, which reveals the strong bond and interaction between the two disciplines. In order to have a better understanding of the subject of the present research, special attention has been given to include the fundamental sources of the science of qirā’a along with Islamic law.

Singing the same environmental song: transmission of green HR signals from supervisors to subordinates through multilevel modeling

PurposeTo comprehend the influence of green HR practices (GHRM) on employee outcomes, strategic HRM researchers are gradually adopting an employee-centric approach, a subject that has sparked recent discussions among scholars in the field of green HR. These scholars have emphasized the need for studies that shed light on the reasons behind the differences in employees' perceptions of GHRM. To address this concern, we investigated (1) supervisors perceived GHRM (SUP-GHRM) and subordinates perceived GHRM (SUB-GHRM) as the fundamental source of variation in employee eco-friendly behavior and green performance, (2) the association between SUP-GHRM and SUB-GHRM, (3) the mediation role of SUB-GHRM toward green performance and eco-friendly behavior, and (4) the moderation of perceived HRM system strength (HRMSS) on supervisor-subordinate perceived GHRM.Design/methodology/approachApplying a survey approach, we collected data from 217 supervisors and 624 subordinates from Large-Scale Manufacturing Organizations in the Textile sector of Pakistan. Since the data is hierarchical, we applied the Hierarchical Linear Model (HLM) and bootstrapping techniques to examine the hypothesized relationship.FindingsThe results of HLM revealed that (1) the SUP-GHRM and SUB-GHRM were key in determining green performance and eco-friendly behavior, (2) the SUP-GHRM significantly influenced SUB-GHRM, (3) the SUP-GHRM indirectly affected the eco-friendly behavior and green performance through SUB-GHRM, (4) the HRM system’s strength positively moderated the association between the SUP-GHRM and SUB-GHRM.Practical implicationsThe corporations need to ensure that both supervisors and subordinates have a consistent understanding of GHRM practices and foster positive relationships between them. It is also important for companies to actively enhance supervisors' knowledge of GHRM and encourage them to effectively communicate the company’s GHRM practices to their subordinates. This is vital for improving employee job-related outcomes. Furthermore, corporations should emphasize developing a strong HRM system designed to create a climate where employees understand the behaviors and responses that are valued and recognized, leading them to perceive situations in line with their managers.Originality/valueThis study suggests SUP-GHRM and SUB-GHRM as critical factors that influence eco-friendly behavior and green performance, and HRMSS is key to aligning the perception gaps between subordinates and supervisors about what GHRM is in place in their organization, which is empirically analyzed in a developing country context.

Moral Distress as Moral Heuristic Missing the Mark.

I propose that moral distress may function as a moral heuristic, and one that misses its mark in signifying a fundamental source for nurses' moral suffering. Epistemic injustice is an insidious workplace wrongdoing that is glossed over or avoided in explicit explanations for nurse moral suffering and is substituted by an emphasis on the nurse's own wrongdoing. I discuss reasons and evidence for considering moral distress as a moral heuristic that obfuscates the role of epistemic injustice as a fundamental constraint on nurses' moral reasoning underlying moral suffering.

The Impact of Blue Light Exposure on Public Health and Protective Strategies

This review offers an in-depth analysis of the implications of blue light exposure on public health, encompassing ocular diseases, such as ocular surface inflammation and retinal damage, alongside its potential impact on circadian rhythms, mood, and skin health. Amidst technological advancements and lifestyle changes, particularly during the COVID-19 pandemic, there has been a significant surge in indoor activities and the utilization of visual display terminals, thus highlighting the mounting concern over blue light exposure. The current study delineates the fundamental concepts, sources, and pathways of blue light exposure, and delves into the mechanisms underlying its health effects. Furthermore, it proposes a comprehensive array of protective strategies, encompassing adjustments in personal habits, dietary interventions, and medical safeguards. Future research endeavors should further elucidate the mechanisms of action of blue light to facilitate the development of more effective protective measures.

Word-Building Potential and Morphological Peculiarities of the Suffix -ča in Modern Tajik Literary Language

The article dwells on the issue concerned word-building potential and morphological peculiarities of the suffix -ča in modern Tajik literary language on the example of “A Brief Word-Building Dictionary of Tajik Literary Language” (1983) [4] “Ghulomon” by S. Aini (2019) [1]. These works are considered to be one of the priceless and fundamental sources contained a numerous literary facts and evidences belonging to modern Tajik literary language. It is concluded that the relevant word-building element is considered to be one of productive ones contributed into new nouns derivation.

A TVP-VAR assessment of the spillover effects of geopolitical risk shocks on macroeconomic variability: a study of the Ghanaian economy

Our study verified the implications of the spillover of geopolitical risk (GPR) shocks to the economic crisis in Ghana. Our analysis employed the VAR-based spillover models by Diebold and Yilmaz (Int J Forecast 28:57–66, 2012; J Econ 182:119–134, 2014) and the Time-Varying Parameter Vector Autoregressive (TVP-VAR) connectedness approach by Gabauer and Antonakakis (Munich personal RePEc archive refined measures of dynamic connectedness based on TVP-VAR refined measures of dynamic connectedness based on TVP-VAR*, 2017). We scrutinized the interconnections and transmission mechanisms among key macro-financial variables spanning from 2000 to 2022. Our findings indicate that GPR is a fundamental source of shocks to the foreign exchange reserve (FXI), real exchange rate (REER), consumer price index (CPI), and debt. Other significant contributors include export (EXP) and import (IMP), with EXP standing out as the main shock transmitter. On the receiving end, CPI is most impacted by transmissions from IMP and GPR. Our study demonstrates that EXP and IMP are the top shock contributors, while FXI and CPI are the major recipients of these shocks. Such findings provide policymakers with valuable insights into the ramifications of geopolitical risk on the macroeconomic environment. Hence, policymakers are expected to provide necessary buffers to curb the influence of geopolitical risks on the economy.

The Origin of Esotericism: An Analysis of the Ismaili Esoteric Approach to Qur’anic Interpretation

This study examines the Ismaili method of interpreting Qur’anic verses, focusing on their esoteric hermeneutics. The Quran serves as a fundamental legislative source for various theological factions, each seeking to substantiate their claims by referencing its verses. It also stands as a principal source for muhaddithin, fuqahā (jurisprudents), and others, contributing to the emergence of tafsir, a discipline aimed at elucidating the Quran's meanings and intentions. Consequently, different schools of interpretation, or tafsir, have developed over time. One strand of interpretation adheres to the literal meaning of the text, known as Zāhir, while another explores mystical or esoteric meanings, termed Bātin, occasionally without strong support from Arabic language or Qur’anic and Hadith evidence. Among Shiite sects, the Ismailis distinguish themselves as one of the most enduring, recognizing Ismail bin Ja'far al-Sādiq as their Imam and establishing influential states in Islamic history, such as the Qarmatian state in Bahrain (899–1077) and the Fatimid Caliphate in North Africa (909/1171). To thoroughly investigate this subject, a qualitative research approach is proposed. Given the historical and theological nature of the topic, qualitative methods, such as textual analysis and historical research, facilitate a comprehensive exploration and interpretation of complex phenomena. The findings of this research indicate that Ismailism has heavily relied on the esoteric interpretation of Qur’anic verses since its inception, aligning with Ismaili belief systems, with Qur’anic verses assuming a more significant role than Hadith in their doctrinal framework. The essence of this article lies in delving into the Ismaili approach to esoteric hermeneutics, predominantly drawing from the sect's primary sources.

Elevation Accuracy of Forest Road Maps Derived from Aerial Imaging, Airborne Laser Scanning and Mobile Laser Scanning Data

Forest road maps are a fundamental source of information for the sustainable management, protection, and public utilization of forests. However, the precision of these maps is crucial to their use. In this context, we assessed and compared the elevation accuracy of terrain on three forest road surfaces (i.e., asphalt, concrete, and stone), which were derived based on data from three remote sensing technologies (i.e., aerial imaging, airborne laser scanning, and mobile laser scanning) using five geospatial techniques (i.e., inverse distance; natural neighbor; and conversion by average, maximal, and minimal elevation value). Specifically, the elevation accuracy was assessed based on 700 points at which elevation was measured in the field, and these elevations were extracted from fifteen derived forest road maps with a resolution of 0.5 m. The highest precision was found on asphalt roads derived from mobile laser scanning data (RMSE from ±0.01 m to ±0.04 m) and airborne laser scanning data (RMSE from ±0.03 m to ±0.04 m). On the other hand, the lowest precision was found on all roads derived from aerial imaging data (RMSE from ±0.11 m to ±0.23 m). Furthermore, we found significant differences in elevation between the measured and derived terrains. However, the differences in elevation between specific techniques, such as inverse distance, natural neighbor, and conversion by average, were mostly random. Moreover, we found that airborne and mobile laser scanning technologies provided terrain on concrete and stone roads with random elevation differences. In these cases, it is possible to replace a specific technique or technology with one that is similar without significantly decreasing the elevation accuracy (α = 0.05).

The influence of economic policies on social environments and mental health.

Despite increased advocacy and investments in mental health systems globally, there has been limited progress in reducing mental disorder prevalence. In this paper, we argue that meaningful advancements in population mental health necessitate addressing the fundamental sources of shared distress. Using a systems perspective, economic structures and policies are identified as the potential cause of causes of mental ill-health. Neoliberal ideologies, prioritizing economic optimization and continuous growth, contribute to the promotion of individualism, job insecurity, increasing demands on workers, parental stress, social disconnection and a broad range of manifestations well-recognized to erode mental health. We emphasize the need for mental health researchers and advocates to increasingly engage with the economic policy discourse to draw attention to mental health and well-being implications. We call for a shift towards a well-being economy to better align commercial interests with collective well-being and social prosperity. The involvement of individuals with lived mental ill-health experiences, practitioners and researchers is needed to mobilize communities for change and influence economic policies to safeguard well-being. Additionally, we call for the establishment of national mental wealth observatories to inform coordinated health, social and economic policies and realize the transition to a more sustainable well-being economy that offers promise for progress on population mental health outcomes.

Efforts for Energy-Based Regionalisation in the Turkic World: The Organization of Turkic States

The main objective of this article is to analyse the energy policies of partner countries of the Organization of Turkic States (OTS), established over two energy regions, within the context of “energy regionalism.” The study, based on the premise that energy is one of the fundamental sources of motivation for the organisation, discusses the contributions of energy to the development and deepening of cooperation among the Turkic States. The paper explores the expectations of member countries from the organisation in terms of energy within the context of energy regionalism analysis criteria and seeks to answer questions regarding the level of fulfillment of these expectations. The findings suggest that the organisation has special importance in energy issues, with energy being a prominent subject in its written materials. The analysis reveals that the union broadly satisfies the criteria of energy regionalism, indicating the potential for implementing concrete cooperation projects related to energy among member countries in the medium term.

An ameliorated localization algorithm for compensating stratification effect based on improved underwater salp swarm optimization technique

SummaryThe underwater acoustic sensor network is a fundamental source for ocean exploration. The potential applications of underwater acoustic sensor network (UASN) include seismic imaging, disaster prevention, mine reconnaissance, pollution monitoring, exploration of natural resources, and military surveillance. To acquire accurate results, implementing all applications of underwater sensor networks requires an adequate network connection and communication technology. The precise placement of underwater sensor nodes needs to be identified in order to achieve effective communication. To accomplish the requirement, the paper presents an efficient localization algorithm to compensate the stratification effect based on an improved underwater salp swarm optimization technique (LAS‐IUSSOT). To compute the location of sensor nodes with high accuracy, the nodes are initially randomly deployed in three‐dimensional underwater acoustic sensor network (3D‐UASN). After that, the hybridization of centroid‐based localization and the ray theory technique is used, and then, the degree of coplanarity is analyzed among the underwater sensor nodes. Then, the computation of the location of unknown nodes is performed using improved underwater salp swarm optimization technique (IUSSOT) to obtain the optimized location and compensate the impact of the stratification. The comparison of the simulation results of the existing algorithm and the proposed algorithm is performed. The LAS‐IUSSOT achieves 40.46% and 28.00% accuracy in terms of localization of underwater sensor nodes for both the sparse and dense regions in 3D‐UASN. The LAS‐IUSSOT achieves 49.39% and 62.57% accuracy in terms of ranging of underwater sensor nodes for both the sparse and dense regions in 3D‐UASN. Simulation results illustrate that the proposed algorithm outperforms the existing algorithm in terms of localization and ranging accuracy in both sparse and dense regions in 3D‐UASN, root mean square error (RMSE), normalized localization error (NLE), computation time, and convergence rate.

Population Prediction and Evaluation of Impact Factors of Dandelions

Seeds are the fundamental source of dandelion life on earth, and their germination process is the first step towards plant growth. The seed germination process involves activating a complex series of biochemical reactions that transform the dandelion seed into an active and viable organism. The germination process is crucial for producing plants and flowers, and dandelions require specific environmental conditions for successful growth. In this article, we will explore the growing process of dandelion seeds, the spread of dandelions during their growth, and the impact factors for invasive species, including dandelions. In Problem 1, we answer the question from two perspectives. We first predict the population size of dandelions. We predicted the population of dandelions over the course of one, two, three, six, and twelve months in certain various climatic conditions. We first outlined the life cycle of dandelions in five stages: seed, germination, plant, flower, and seed dispersal. We defined three variables related to the dandelion life cycle as Seed (S), Germination (G), and Flowering (F); with two more additional variables, Resources (R) and Temperature (T) in a given environment, we constructed Dandelion Demography Model using the Ordinary Differential Equations (ODEs). The results showed that the number of dandelion populations gradually increased in summer, and with the advent of autumn and winter, the temperature decreased, and the number of dandelions gradually decreased to 0. After that, we set the average temperature for the whole year higher and carried out the sensitivity analysis of the model. The results showed that dandelion populations could increase more in one year and even in autumn and winter as the temperature increased. We then used Gaussian equations in conjunction with the wind to predict the extent of dandelion coverage. The results show that in the absence of wind, the population will spread outward uniformly. Under windy conditions, the population will concentrate more in the direction of the wind, but the population density decreases as the distance from the mother plant increases. In Problem 2, we continued to study three plant species, including dandelions. We applied the hybrid entropy weight method EWM-TOPSIS model to develop an index-based measurement to determine impact factors for three invasive species: Taraxacum officinale, Amaranthus palmeri, and Alternanthera philoxeroides. EWM is used to calculate the weight of each index and reduce the disadvantages of TOPSIS, which adopts equal weights. The results showed that the influence factors of the three plants were 0.51, 0.69, and 0.71, respectively. After that, we verified the reasonableness of the model by querying the distribution of the plants worldwide.

Chitosan-based materials for heavy metal adsorption: Recent advancements, challenges and limitations

The advancement of industrialization has put the environment at risk of getting saturated with different contaminants. Heavy metals (HMs) emerging from industries, reaching the water bodies expose marine biota to these stressors, leading to negative effects on growth and development. Thus, it is imperative to detoxify the environment from these HM contaminants through degradation, and adsorption. Several mechanical and chemical methods have been developed and implied for the purpose of minimizing HM contamination, but they often give rise to certain by-products that are toxic in nature. Over the years, chitosan has emerged as a potent adsorption material for reducing HM contamination. Chitosan is obtained from multiple natural sources, and owing to its versatile nature, it shows significant capacity for adsorbing different HMs and HM ions. Chitosan is used in synergy with some of the agents to increase its adsorption efficiency. The preparation of graft, beads, functionalized chitosan, crosslinkers, nanoparticles, and nanotubes are some of the potential methods that have been used in modifying chitosan. This paper gives an overview of the ecotoxicological effects of HMs, besides mentioning the fundamental sources of chitosan. The individual role of chitosan and its synergistic role have been discussed in greater detail. Moreover, the limitations associated with chitosan as an HM adsorbent have been delineated.

Spatiotemporal Assessment of Surface Solar Dimming in India: Impacts of Multi-Level Clouds and Atmospheric Aerosols

Surface solar radiation (SSR) is a fundamental energy source for an equitable and sustainable future. Meteorology-induced variability increases uncertainty in SSR, thereby limiting its reliability due to its intermittent nature. This variability depends on several meteorological factors, including clouds, atmospheric gases, and aerosol concentrations. This research investigates the detailed impact of different levels of clouds and aerosols on SSR across India. Utilizing satellite data with reanalysis retrievals, the research covers a span of three decades (30 years), from 1993 to 2022. Aerosols contributed to an average attenuation of ~13.33% on SSR, while high, mid, and low cloud conditions showed much stronger impacts, with an attenuation of ~30.80%, ~40.10%, and ~44.30%, respectively. This study reveals an alarming pattern of increasing cloud impact (Cimpact) on SSR in the recent decade, with a significant increasing rate of ~0.22% year−1 for high cloud (HCimpact) and ~0.13% year−1 for mid cloud (MCimpact) impact, while low cloud impact (LCimpact) showed minimal change. The trend of aerosol impact (Aimpact) also showed an average increase of ~0.14% year−1 across all regions. The findings underscore the imperative of considering climatic variables while studying the growing solar dimming. Our findings also will assist policymakers and planners in better evaluating the solar energy resources across India.

Experience from radon in soil gas comparison measurements held in Czech Republic and in other countries, 1992–2022

Radon 222Rn, an inert natural radioactive gas, a daughter product in the 238U natural decay series, a source of alpha radiation, together with its short-lived decay products is a dominant source of absorbed radiation doses in the population. Rocks and building materials are fundamental sources of radon in dwellings. Elevated indoor radon activity concentration in houses and workplaces, surpassing recommended reference levels, is not desirable. Since radon penetrates into the houses from the geological basement, various technical aids for protection of houses have been developed. Their individual application derives from the radon potential of a building site. Radon risk mapping of building sites became a standard procedure for gauging the local radon potential. Various instruments and techniques of measurements of radon activity concentration in soil gas (Bq/m3) at building sites are available. Since radon in soil gas and radon measurement techniques are affected by several natural and technical conditions, resultant values of radon risk mapping by individual organizations vary, sometimes fundamentally. Radon comparison measurements at selected reference sites are an important tool for single organizations to verify their radon measuring procedures and reliability of their reported results. Based on legislative regulations, comparison measurements at established radon reference sites are a part of the obligatory activities for radon risk mapping at building sites in the Czech Republic. Experience and analyses of 30-year radon in soil gas comparison measurements in the Czech Republic show the dispersion of values reported by participating organizations and indicate that more than 10% of participants do not fulfill the established local criteria. This paper introduces requirements for the establishment of radon reference sites, documents their natural variability, recommends the procedure of radon comparison measurement, and analyses its results. A long-term experience was gained by testing organizations from the Czech Republic (1992–2022) as well as from the international comparison measurements organized in the Czech Republic and in several other countries (2010–2021).

Dynamic Knowledge Injection for AIXI Agents

Prior approximations of AIXI, a Bayesian optimality notion for general reinforcement learning, can only approximate AIXI's Bayesian environment model using an a-priori defined set of models. This is a fundamental source of epistemic uncertainty for the agent in settings where the existence of systematic bias in the predefined model class cannot be resolved by simply collecting more data from the environment. We address this issue in the context of Human-AI teaming by considering a setup where additional knowledge for the agent in the form of new candidate models arrives from a human operator in an online fashion. We introduce a new agent called DynamicHedgeAIXI that maintains an exact Bayesian mixture over dynamically changing sets of models via a time-adaptive prior constructed from a variant of the Hedge algorithm. The DynamicHedgeAIXI agent is the richest direct approximation of AIXI known to date and comes with good performance guarantees. Experimental results on epidemic control on contact networks validates the agent's practical utility.

Biodegradable Mg-Mo2C MXene Air Batteries for Transient Energy Storage.

Primary batteries are the fundamental power sources in small electronic gadgets and bio/ecoresorbable batteries. They are fabricated from benign and biodegradable materials and are of interest in environmental sensing and implants because of their low toxicity toward the environment and human body during decomposition. However, current bio/ecoresorbable batteries suffer from low operating voltages and output powers because of the occurrence of undesired hydrogen evolution reactions (HERs) at cathodes. Herein, Mo2C MXene was used as a cathode to achieve high operating voltage and areal power. Mo2C provides energy barriers for HERs in alkaline solutions, and such barriers suppress HERs and allow the oxygen reduction reaction to dominate at the cathode. The fabricated battery exhibits an operating voltage and areal power of 1.4 V and 0.92 mW cm-2, respectively. Degradation tests show that the full cell completely degrades within 123 days, leaving only Mo fragments from the electrode and biodegradable encapsulation. This study provides insights into bio/ecoresorbable batteries with high power and operating voltage, which can be used for environmental sensing.

Extracting of prospective groundwater potential zones using remote sensing data, GIS, and multi-criteria decision-making approach in the Sub-Himalayan Dooars region of West Bengal, India

Groundwater is one of the fundamental sources of fresh water. Currently, the unequal distribution of groundwater poses a significant environmental crisis, leading to scarcity in certain regions and affecting the livelihood of living organisms worldwide. The present study introduces the Sub-Himalayan foothills Dooars, a highly populated and agriculturally based area. To delineate the groundwater potentiality eight different effective parameters have been employed such as slope, geomorphology, soil, LULC, lineament, rainfall, hydrogeology, and drainage density. For the process and development of these eight thematic layers, geographic information systems and satellite images (Landsat 8) have been used to give the normalized weight and rank value in each thematic layer and their sub-criteria. MCDA-AHP-based model is used for overlay analysis to delineate groundwater potentiality (GWPZ). After overlay analysis in ArcGIS 10.2.2 final groundwater potentiality map is further grouped into four potentiality zones, i.e., very high, high, moderate, and low potential zones. A very high potential zone encompasses 22.45 sq. km. in the southern portion of the selected study region. The high potential zone encompasses 1613.32 sq. km in the southeastern part, the moderate zone is covered by 1063.84 sq.km, and the 71.03 sq.km (2.56% area of the region) area is covered by the low potential zone. The available well data from CGWB have been utilized to assess the potential of groundwater in the district, ensuring originality and authentic validation. It is found that there is a correlation between the observed potentiality zone and existing well data. With the growing population in the Sub-Himalayan Dooars region, there has been a corresponding rise in the demand for water. Hence, this research would assist the authorities and policymakers in effectively managing the groundwater resources in the district.