Fundamental Sense Research Articles

Existential sense of trust

Investigating the lack of trust in the contemporary society, researchers tend to use various definitions of trust in their social and cultural studies. Hence difficult is to compare the results of such surveys and to understand the essence of the studied phenomenon clearly. In this regard, the search for the fundamental sense of trust seems to be an urgent task. However, philosophical literature allows to conclude that the category was used as something obvious throughout the history of thought. Philosophers appeared to focus on analyzing phenomena either opposite (lie and deceit), or related but not identical (faith, fidelity, certainty, etc.). Thus, this study is reasonable at the ontological level, using hermeneutic and existential analysis, as a result of which, on one hand, it is possible to show the relation between trust and etymologically related truth, and, on the other hand, to understand its nature and to formulate a definition that reflects it’s basic sense. Trust is designated as a “switch” into the mode of openness to the light of truth, which does not change either words or state of affairs, but allows to check our own constructs for falsity and unproductiveness. Therefore, trust is offered to be studied not as a characteristic of the relationship to others: the basic background of any relationship is found to be the opening of human being to the “level” of truth as the full scale of reality. In this light, the article demonstrates the existential aspects of trust giving examples of life situations and investigates fears that lead to mistrust. Some recommendations are also formulated for overcoming these fears and for building the most reliable, non-conflict, trustworthy relationships.

The Romani Woman and the (non)Wandering Jew: Immigration, Dissociation, and The Search for Belonging

The author writes about growing up with her complex and enigmatic immigrant father, who lived many years as a stigmatized other, a Russian Jew in northern China. She focuses on the impact this personal family history has on her treatment with a female Romani patient from Eastern Europe, a more recent immigrant, who also lived many years as a stigmatized other. The author differentiates between the experience of one-time immigrants and migrants, the latter being haunted by generations of dislocation, which causes them to question their fundamental sense of safety and belonging. The author discusses the ways the personal and professional threads become interwoven in the work, impacting the bi-directional conscious and unconscious flow of the treatment. Together patient and analyst build toward a mutually transformative moment, following a clinical impasse.

‘From Where Are These Words?’ The Reception of the Bible in the Babylonian Talmud

AbstractThis article addresses the paradox of the Bible’s reception in the Babylonian Talmud: that despite the Bible’s centrality to many of the discussions and stories in the Talmud, the Talmud ultimately recontextualizes the Bible by creating a new version of the Jewish study canon. It argues that this paradox cannot be understood without recognizing that there are essentially two different concepts of the Bible held by the late rabbis; that is, a material Bible and a memorized Bible. The Bible makes an appearance in the Talmud as a physical object or set of objects, composed of words on parchment, and consisting of a specific collection of works, which are accorded special status. However, the Bible as a memorized study text plays a different role in Talmudic hermeneutics, in which the redactors of the Talmud present the Bible in atomized form as one of many sources that are all subject to the same type of discussion and interpretation. By analyzing the complexity of the Bible’s role in the Talmud, this article stakes a middle ground between the argument that the Talmud and other works of rabbinic literature are in some fundamental sense part of a continuous line of revision and commentary that dates back to the earliest forms of inner-biblical exegesis; and, on the other hand, the position that the rabbis either are uninterested in or represent an active rupture from modes of reading the Bible.

Superweapons and the myth of technological peace

In this article, I trace and critique the discourse of “The Superweapon Peace”—the long-standing and enduring idea that weapons of radical destructiveness, both nuclear and non-nuclear, can force an end to war by rendering it too destructive to contemplate. The Superweapon Peace, I argue, is constituted by three elements. The first is an assumption of war as a controllable and resolvable problem. Within this formulation, superweapons function as disincentivizers, “solving” war by raising its destructive cost to an unendurable level. For all its intuitive appeal, this logic is flawed, grounded in a certitude of control that fails to comport with empirical reality. The second element of The Superweapon Peace is utopian ambition. Its proponents hold that through the threat of mass violence, war can be overcome in a fundamental sense. This, I argue, gives license to a ruthless consequentialism at odds with conventional morality, which restricts the use or threatened use of violence against those not liable to such an end. The third and final element of The Superweapon Peace is silver-bullet thinking, which frames the superweapon as the most effective, and likely only, method by which to eliminate or significantly mitigate large-scale armed conflict. This mode of thinking has overly narrowed the scope of possibility regarding alternative remedies to war. The Superweapon Peace, I ultimately conclude, is a false promise, giving license to modes of thinking and action that imperil rather than facilitate peace.

Entrechtung erfahren

Abstract Texts that bear witness to the extremes of the 20th century, from the Shoah to imprisonment in camps, to the experience of torture, or the Gulag, describe the individual experience and, at the same time, a process that points beyond one’s own fate and has something to do with the essence of law. The authors describe a concrete and fundamental sense of the legal status of an individual. Simultaneously, the legal principle is touched, violated, and destroyed, on which selfhood, and with it, an interpersonal sense of being human is based.

In Conversation with Jeanne-Marie Jackson

In Conversation with Jeanne-Marie Jackson Novuyo Rosa Tshuma (bio) April 14, 2022 jeanne-marie jackson: Thank you so much for taking the time to come down to Baltimore from Boston at the end of what I'm sure has been an exhausting semester. novuyo rosa tshuma: It's such a pleasure. It's a pleasure and an honor. Thank you. jmj I hope it is not the last time you come down and see us here. As you know, we're reading House of Stone in the context of a class called "Introduction to Literary Study." This is not a class on any particular literary tradition. Instead, it is sort of a wide-open aperture for thinking about what makes literature "literature," in the most fundamental sense. I personally was very excited to teach a novel that a lot of students, if they encountered it, would encounter only in a class on African literature. In this class you're being read alongside E. M. Forster, Sarah Rule, and James Baldwin, to take a few examples from the syllabus—your work is positioned among a whole range of authors that give us a broad set of formal terms to work with. And so I thought I would start by saying that if House of Stone is a part of any literary tradition beyond the obvious one of Zimbabwe's, it is the tradition of the unreliable narrator. I want to ask you, then, whether there are particular examples of that trope or device that made an especially strong impression on you as a reader. nrt Fantastic. A novel that immediately comes to mind is The Tin Drum by Günter Grass, which features this first-person narrator called Oskar Matzerath, who is a dwarf. When the novel opens, he's in a psychiatric ward and he's recounting the chronicles of his life. That book was so fascinating because it really innovated at the level of language. This is the English translation, but I'm told even in German it innovated the language. And [End Page 107] why was that innovation necessary? Because he was trying to go back and explore what the Holocaust had meant in German society. And not just the facts of it, but the experience of living through a historical moment that in retrospect becomes a surreal, nightmarish experience. Just to give one small example of this, there is a scene where there's an inn with these nightly get-togethers, where patrons from the upper classes, in general, come and peel onions so that they can cry. That's the only way they can deal with this history, by not discussing the history, but crying and dancing on the tables. It feels very honest. jmj That's a great example. For me, it's often the Nabokovian unreliable narrators that have stuck with me for similar reasons of perversion and surrealism. And maybe thinking about the unreliable narrator tradition going from Günter Grass in the Holocaust to House of Stone and Gukurahundi is one way to build that bridge. But I'm also curious, on a broader scale, what makes Zimbabwe so ripe for the reinvigoration of the unreliable narrator, through your character Zamani? What does Zimbabwe specifically contribute to the history of that trope? nrt That is fascinating. I think, as a postcolonial nation, our experiences have felt surreal. We gained independence in 1980, but the colonial and post-colonial periods continue to overlap and inform one another in Zimbabwe. I can give my mother as an example. She lived through the Liberation War, Gukurahundi, and the Third Chimurenga, which included the famous invasions of white-owned farms. This is what precipitated the food shortages—we had a 100 trillion-dollar bill at one point, just to give you a sense of this surreal existence. I think that's staggering. And then there is this idea of history as a contested space in Zimbabwe. History becomes a hall of mirrors: Whose history? Who said what? What is history? What happened? This is what we say happened. Who can say what happened, right? So many contested versions. I think the unreliable narrator comes in...

Analysis of Healthy Food Menu at SaladBar by Hadikitchen, Mall Kelapa Gading

Purpose : The menu is a list of human foods that are displayed, healthy food aims to make the body feel comfortable, have more energy for activities and avoid disease, indicators of healthy food, namely, a plant-based diet, high antioxidants and animal protein, food is a basic need that is needed at all times . This study will discuss the potential contained in healthy food menus in restaurants and draw conclusions from the results, to find out healthy food is a trend icon for one of the consumers and the SaladBar by Hadikitchen conceptualizes a healthy food menu for consumers.
 Research methods: Research method uses a qualitative descriptive analysis method with an interactive data analysis technique approach, from observation, interviews, documentation, data reduction, presentation, drawing conclusions and is included with the validity of the data, namely validity and reliability tests.
 Results and Discussions: A healthy lifestyle is something that cannot be abandoned by everyone, this lifestyle is a trend in the present time, because in this era there continue to be many new diseases, healthy in the fundamental sense is all the things that are trying to share good results or consequences for our body, a healthy lifestyle is something that is very suitable for doing our life, on the contrary, a healthy lifestyle is a path that must be taken to get a healthy body physically and spiritually.
 Implication: The healthy food menu is a consumer icon trend because of its unique use of raw materials.
 
 Keywords: restaurant, menu, healthy food.

Needs and problems related to sociodemographic factors of informal caregiving of people with heart failure: A mixed methods study in three European countries.

AimsTo explore caregivers' needs and problems in three European countries and associate the clusters of caregivers' needs with their sociodemographic characteristics.DesignA qualitative focused mixed methods design was used.MethodsIn total, 52 caregivers of heart failure (HF) people were interviewed in three European countries between March 2017 and December 2018. Transcripts were analysed using the seven‐phase method of the exploratory multidimensional analysis according to Fraire with Reinert lexical classes findings were organized in dendrograms. Mayring's content analysis was also performed.ResultsThree clusters of caregivers were identified: spouses, adult children and non‐family members. Caregivers not only provide HF patients with vital unpaid support for their physical and emotional needs, but they are continually trying to cope with their social isolation and deteriorating health.ConclusionsInformal caregiving emerged as a complex process influenced by various sociodemographic factors. Gender, relationship type and economic status are the important factors to be considered planning to develop approaches to address the needs of caregivers serving people with heart failure.ImpactA comprehensive understanding of the nature of informal caregiving of individuals with heart failure, the complexity of the real‐world sociodemographic and cultural factors is warranted. The use of the EMDA method gave us the possibility of processing large masses of qualitative data through rapid, complex calculations. In detail, AATD allowed us to study in deep the significant fuzziness of what caregivers expressed and to analyse the content of the entire interviews and to produce global knowledge by using multi‐dimensional statistical methods to grasp the fundamental sense of the interviews, beyond the simple words.Three clusters were identified in the samples, including spouses, adult children and non‐family members. This study demonstrated that some sociodemographic characteristics could lead to everyday needs. Therefore, these demographic characteristics should be considered in developing targeted interventions. The research was conducted in Europe, but the technique shown can be replicated everywhere. The findings not only impact nursing but can be extended to all those stakeholders who concur with a public health educational mission.Patient or Public ContributionCarers were involved in this study after the discharge of their loved ones or at the time of the outpatient visit. They were involved after they had been observed in their dynamics of involvement in caring of the familiars or friends with heart failure.

Learning Jazz Language by Aural Imitation: A Usage-Based Communicative Jazz Theory (Part 2)

Abstract How can imitation lead to free musical expression? This article explores the role of auditory imitation in jazz. Even though many renowned jazz musicians have assessed the method of imitating recorded music, no systematic study has hitherto explored how the method prepares for aural jazz improvisation. The article uses Berliner's assumption that learning jazz by aural imitation is “just like” learning a mother tongue. The article studies three potential stages in the method, comparing them to the imitative, rhythmic, multimodal, and protosymbolic behavior of infant perception (building on the works of Stern, Trevarthen, and Merleau-Ponty). The demonstrations of the aural imitation method draw on pedagogic experiences accumulated since 1979 at the Jazz Program at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology. By analyzing structures of behavior suggested by the method, the article indicates key traits that render aural jazz improvisation possible, such as a fundamental sense of rhythm, formation of symbolic behavior, joint musical attention, and the facility to “hear via the other.” In conclusion, we critically address a frequent theoretical model describing musical improvisation as a synthesis of discrete elements or building blocks.

Senses of Touch: The Absence and Presence of Touch in Health Care Encounters of Patients with Mental Illness.

Touch is a fundamental sense and the most unexplored of the five senses, despite its significance for everything we do in relation to ourselves and others. Studies have shown that touch generates trust, care and comfort and is essential for constituting the body. Based on ethnographic fieldwork, this study explores the absence and presence of touch in interactions between people with mental illness and professionals, in health care encounters with general practitioners, neurologists and physiotherapists, as well as masseurs. We found that touch and physical examination of patients with mental illness is absent in health care encounters, leaving the patients with feelings of being out of place, misunderstood, less socially approved and less worthy of trust. Drawing on Honneth and Guenther, we conclude that touch and being touched is an essential dimension of recognition-both of the patients' bodily sensations and symptoms and of them as human beings, detached from the psychiatric label-as well as contributing to the constitution of self and personhood. These findings confirm that touch works as an existential hinge that affirms a connection between the patient, the body and others and gives a sense of time, space and existence.

Recalibrating the historical imaginary: Haydar Haydar’s literary collage

ABSTRACT Labelled a novel (riwāya) on the cover, the text Marathi al-Ayyam: Thalath Hikayat ʿan al-Mawt (2001), the author Haydar Haydar tells us in the prologue, or what he calls ‘ishāra’ (gesture, sign), is a novel that structurally is not a novel. It is also, he writes, not a collection of stories united by the theme of death. This cryptic disavowal by one of Syria’s preeminent authors of short stories and novels is suspicious. This essay takes up the task of suggesting a reasonable classification as a means of understanding Haydar’s intervention in the literary field, one which he was instrumental in constructing. While intertextuality plays a significant role in one of the ḥikāyāt, there is also narrative prose, as well as cut and paste selections from historical documents. I argue that the text uses foundational tools of collage, such as juxtaposition, disruption, and a fundamental sense of anti-narrativity, and, as such, chips away at the calcified trajectory of Syrian political-literary discourse. As a foundational medium in radically shifting perceptions, collage questions existing modes of representation. Haydar’s selections, insertions, and placement of particular histories against Syrian narratives pose a corrective lens to the Syrian historical imaginary that has been locked in a determinist trajectory, and, as this essay will demonstrate, frees texts from the responsibility of narrativity to a more aesthetically-charged act of formal innovation.

Learning Jazz Language by Aural Imitation: A Usage-Based Communicative Jazz Theory (Part 1)

AbstractHow can imitation lead to free musical expression? This article explores the role of auditory imitation in jazz. Even though many renowned jazz musicians have assessed the method of imitating recorded music, no systematic study has hitherto explored how the method prepares for aural jazz improvisation. The article picks up an assumption presented by Berliner (1994), suggesting that learning jazz by aural imitation is “just like” learning a mother tongue. The article studies three potential stages in the method, comparing with imitative, rhythmic, multimodal, and protosymbolic behavior of infant perception (building on the works of Stern, Trevarthen, and Merleau-Ponty). The demonstrations of the aural-imitation method draw on pedagogic experiences accumulated since 1979 in the Jazz Program at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology. By analyzing structures of behavior suggested by the method, the article indicates key traits that render aural jazz improvisation possible, such as a fundamental sense of rhythm, formation of symbolic behavior, joint musical attention, and the facility to “hear via the other.” In conclusion, we critically address a frequent theoretical model describing musical improvisation as a synthesis of discrete elements or building blocks.

Functional Activities Detected in the Olfactory Bulb and Associated Olfactory Regions in the Human Brain Using T2-Prepared BOLD Functional MRI at 7T.

Olfaction is a fundamental sense that plays a vital role in daily life in humans, and can be altered in neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative diseases. Blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) using conventional echo-planar-imaging (EPI) based sequences can be challenging in brain regions important for olfactory processing, such as the olfactory bulb (OB) and orbitofrontal cortex, mainly due to the signal dropout and distortion artifacts caused by large susceptibility effects from the sinonasal cavity and temporal bone. To date, few studies have demonstrated successful fMRI in the OB in humans. T2-prepared (T2prep) BOLD fMRI is an alternative approach developed especially for performing fMRI in regions affected by large susceptibility artifacts. The purpose of this technical study is to evaluate T2prep BOLD fMRI for olfactory functional experiments in humans. Olfactory fMRI scans were performed on 7T in 14 healthy participants. T2prep BOLD showed greater sensitivity than GRE EPI BOLD in the OB, orbitofrontal cortex and the temporal pole. Functional activation was detected using T2prep BOLD in the OB and associated olfactory regions. Habituation effects and a bi-phasic pattern of fMRI signal changes during olfactory stimulation were observed in all regions. Both positively and negatively activated regions were observed during olfactory stimulation. These signal characteristics are generally consistent with literature and showed a good intra-subject reproducibility comparable to previous human BOLD fMRI studies. In conclusion, the methodology demonstrated in this study holds promise for future olfactory fMRI studies in the OB and other brain regions that suffer from large susceptibility artifacts.

Blackening Aesthetic Experience

AbstractContemporary philosophy of art generally assumes that aesthetic experience is constituted by a certain ontological-phenomenological structure: the apprehension by a subject of an object. This article explores an underexamined critique of this philosophical model found within the black intellectual and artistic tradition. I will specifically focus on the version of this critique proposed by the similarly underexamined black philosophers Adrian Piper and Fred Moten. This critique, which I dub the subjectivizing concern, takes issue with the notion of ontological distance that I argue defines the subject-object model. I define ontological distance as the removal and alienation of the subject’s fundamental sense of self from that of so-called objects. The subjectivizing concern holds that this distance is not value neutral. Rather, the subject-object model is considered to be directly entwined with projects and practices of aesthetic and extraesthetic racism and antiblackness. After offering Piper’s own model of aesthetic experience—which she dubs catalysis—as an alternative, I propose three possible ways in which the subject-object model can be conceived as tied to antiblack racism.

Purpose-driven leadership and organizational success: a case of higher educational institutions

PurposeThis paper aims to examine the relationships between organizational purpose, leadership practices and sustainable outcomes for universities in emerging economies. We propose that a strong sense of purpose is a fundamental and defining feature in the leadership practices of these institutions, which ultimately contributes to their success.Design/methodology/approachThe authors present a research model that defines the relationships between a sense of purpose, leadership practices, student success outcomes, alumni involvement outcomes and societal reputation outcomes. Over 200 higher education administrators in India participated in the study.FindingsThe institutions' sense of purpose directly relates to their leadership engagement practices and their student success outcomes. Student success outcomes are a crucial linkage between leadership engagement practices and alumni involvement outcomes to achieve their societal reputation.Practical implicationsAs competitiveness intensifies, educational institutions under resource constraints must differentiate their organizational practices. This paper demonstrates how their core purpose and leadership actions result in achieving effective outcomes and overall sustainable societal reputation.Originality/valueThere is a significant difference between having an organizational purpose and enacting that purpose through their leadership practices. These results highlight the cascading effect from the institution's fundamental sense of purpose to their leadership practices and the positive outcomes of student success, alumni involvement and societal reputation.

Development of Pisa 2015 Based Chemical Literacy Assessment Instrument For High School Students

Development of Pisa 2015 Based Chemical Literacy Assessment Instrument For High School Students

Collective Tissue

The trick about breath is that what goes in does not come out. Alveoli, dendritic sacs in the lungs, collect oxygen and exchange it for carbon dioxide, the fuel and waste of cells respiring at microscopic scale. Breath mediates in the word’s fundamental sense. In an unfolding ecological crisis and acute respiratory pandemic, twin technobiological catastrophes, we now face the question: What do media make us?Breath offers provisional models. In an inhale, we become storage media, collective tissue recording trace inscriptions. Take the ultrafine dust sloughed off a 3D printer, whose heady aromas testify to a technocultural vanguard. In the nozzle’s heat, thermoplastic metastasizes into vapor and particulate matter. Under a tenth of a micrometer—five times smaller than smoke—these particles pass through the lungs and into the blood. With each breath near a 3D printer, its users accrete a plastic materiality. Two decades of media materialism have taught us what media are made of: rare earth metals exhumed in Inner Mongolia, aluminum refined from Australian bauxite, all fated to the e-waste trash dumps littering the global South. Breath maps this circuit’s expansion. The mediated logics of its imperilment, as Jean-Thomas Tremblay forcefully argues, are “as much a phenomenological statement as a historical and cultural one.”1While multicellular life has always been an assemblage of matter, media technologies activate new dimensions of impurity. When standing near a 3D printer, each breath lodges the fine dust of progress deeper in the body. On a fundamental level, digital mediation relies on the careful management of gaseous impurity. Through an industrial technique called “vapor-phase epitaxy,” microprocessor manufacturers introduce arsenic or gallium gas to silicon, rendering it a semiconductor. Various combinations of thus-treated silicon comprise diodes, foundational technologies to modern computing architecture, including that of the 3D printer. But who poisons, and who is poisoned? The “clean rooms” of Silicon Valley, where microprocessors are born, filter and recirculate air to mitigate dust’s impact on chips. Yet the humans who work in those rooms, disproportionately women and ethnic minorities, suffer higher rates of cancer, aneurysms, and birth defects due to their proximity to toxic gas.2 Of course, these are “new” media relations only for some. Marx wrote of the “mephitic” atmospheres of cotton mills, Carolyn Steedman of anthrax spores in parchment sparking meningococcal “archive fevers.”3 Without (un)willing flesh, there are no media.There is a temporality to breath’s vulnerability. Over time the printer’s metal body will rust, its rubber wiring degrade, its silicon chips tarnish. Some of its plastics may biodegrade, while others, effectively immortal, may linger in sea and air, blood and cells. Even if the early twenty-first-century thrill of 3D printing wears off and we resign the technology, like so many before it, to the dust heap of gimmickry, our planet—and our selves—bear its signature. These are interlocking times of birth and decay, mediation piling on itself. Breath teaches us to hold on to simultaneity: a circle, a cycle, a somatic rhythm that requires attention and sustaining care.

مدى حجية العرف على مشروعية المال المشترك بين الزوجين

The idea of ​​this research revolves around the discussion of the evidence of those who say the legitimacy of joint money between spouses in the event of their marriage or separation through divorce or death as inferred to the prevailing custom in Malaysian society. The research concluded with several results, the most important of which are: The norms of custom in its fundamental sense are inconsistent with the custom of the Malay community and considering this as a corrupt custom that is not fit to be a legitimate evidence for the legitimacy of the money shared between the spouses. The researcher recommended that the money shared between the spouses be legitimate with a gift, company, or loan, with the application of the jurisprudential rulings pertaining to each transaction and the presentation of evidence proving the rights of each party in the case of a dispute before the court.

A Review on Effective Use of Daylight Harvesting Using Intelligent Lighting Control Systems for Sustainable Office Buildings in India

Lighting is a fundamental requirement of our daily life. A lot of research and development is carried out in the field of daylight harvesting, which is the need of the hour. One of the most desirable attributes of daylight harvesting is that daylight is available universally and it is a very clean and cost-efficient form of energy. By using the various methods of daylight harvesting, it is possible to attain the global Sustainable Development Goals. Daylight harvesting in the most fundamental sense is the lighting strategy control of the artificial light in an interior space where daylight is also present so that the required illumination level is achieved. This way, a lot of energy can be saved. Recently, in addition to energy efficiency, other factors such as cost-efficiency, user requirements such as uniform illuminance, and different levels of illuminance at different points are being considered. To simulate the actual daylight contribution for an office building in urban Chennai, India before construction, ECO TECH software is used by providing the inputs such as building orientation, and reflectance’s values of the ceiling, wall, and floor to analyze the overall percentage of daylight penetration available versus the percentage prescribed in the Indian Green Building Council to obtain the credit points. Thus, the impact of architectural design on daylight harvesting and daylight predictive technology has experimented with office building in Chennai, India. This article will give an insight into the current trends in daylight harvesting technology and intends to provide a deeper understanding and spark a research interest in this widely potential field.

교육의 자유와 국가의 역할 - 사립학교의 자유를 중심으로 -

Article 31 of the Constitution of the Republic of Korea stipulates the right of all citizens to receive an education. This generally encompasses the idea of this right being a fundamental social right. Considering that the principle of the social state is understood as a basic principle of the Constitution, that fundamental social rights are stipulated in the Constitution, and that education has significant realistic and normative implications, it is natural that the role of the state in education is deemed highly important. However, this does not mean that education should solely be under state responsibility. In the most fundamental sense, parental education of their children is an exercise of natural freedom, and the significance of the freedom of private schools can be recognized in this context. Today’s free and democratic state envisages the realization of a legal and political order that enables free individuals to coexist and prosper as the fundamental starting point of its existence. If education is understood to be only an obligation of a nation as a social state, it would be difficult for the state to act upon the original significance of its status as a guardian of the core values and order of the community that promotes the freedom of different individuals. Following the era when religion occupied the dominant position in education and since the adoption of modern constitutionalism, the cultivation of knowledge and qualifications by members of a political community formed at the national level has become the public goal of education. As the state carried out the task of establishing practical conditions for freedom and equality to thrive, the state’s role in education has been further expanded and justified. However, education is not merely a transfer of a certain consensus shared among members of a political community or a preparatory process that enables economic activity. It goes beyond such functions —it belongs to even a higher dimension in that it has profound significance extending to a very personal and intimate realm that includes exploring, challenging, reflecting on, and envisioning the reality and meaning of existence and life. As a result, it is outside the capacity of the state to provide diverse educational programs on a sufficient scale that meets the personality and judgment of different individuals; even if this were possible, it would not be appropriate. Through the diverse and creative education of private schools, a wide range of possibilities for the realization of individual character and development of personality can be guaranteed.