Fundamentals Of Ethics Research Articles

The Essence of Integrity in Chinese Traditional Culture

Integrity, as a fundamental moral principle, has been deeply ingrained in Chinese traditional culture for thousands of years. This paper explores the historical evolution of the concept of integrity in China, its philosophical underpinnings, and its practical applications in governance, education, and social conduct. By examining ancient texts, philosophical thoughts, and historical anecdotes, this study aims to shed light on the enduring values of integrity and their relevance in contemporary society.

The constitutive values of fair play

Fair play as a phenomenon of sporting life is present even if only in the form of small acts or gestures in most competitions; its absence is present in cases of foul play. The daily press comments its presence or absence every day in, and not only in the sports sections. Both the public and experts discuss acts from so called grey zone (forms of gamesmanship). Deciding unequivocally on the moral quality of a diverse range of actions, attitudes or statements requires clarity about the values underpinning fair play. Our aim is therefore to find the constitutive values of fair play by examining a set of values from the field of sport, rel¬evant offerings from fundamental ethics, using Abraham Maslow’s meta-value system and selection from the fundamental values of fair play considered so far. Organizing the selected values into a meaningful system is the final aim. We used a hermeneutic method to interpret the role of values within fair play. We identify five values and five meta-values as constitutive of fair play, the meta-values of goodness, truth, and transcendence as the basis of the entire system. We identify character (of athletes) and ethos (of sports communities) as both initiators of activities within the system and recipients of benefits.

Fundamental Ethics of P. A. Kropotkin and L. N. Tolstoy and the “New Ethics” of Postmodernism

The purpose of this article is to analyze the moral and ethical concepts of Kropotkin and Tolstoy, that became the fundamental ethics of Russian social thought in the early twentieth century. The significance of these ethics is essential for the resolution of contemporary socio-cultural problems pressing on Russian statehood in the post-Soviet era. The crisis in the spiritual sphere of Russian society has forced the issues of preserving traditional values through legislative acts and decrees. The aim of this study is to identify the cultural and philosophical foundations of ethical concepts of Russian thinkers using established paradigmatic approaches. The division of ethics into fundamental and applied, i.e. professionally oriented, is the methodological basis of our study. The novelty of the article lies in the fact that the thesis of super-relevance of Kropotkin’s and Tolstoy’s fundamental ethics today in the context of the crisis of traditional values that has embraced the whole post-Soviet space, including Russia, is argued. One of the leading developers of the concept was the postmodernist Michel Foucault, who argued that freedom is an ontological condition of ethics. Ethics is the form that freedom takes in different socioeconomic and political contexts. The general conclusion is that the main line for the ethical outlook of Kropotkin and Tolstoy was their social sharpening, which today can be seen as the antithesis of postmodernist values. For Kropotkin, the social orientation of ethics was ensured by the universality of the principle of mutual help and support in Nature and Society. For Tolstoy, it is rationalistically justified and based on the principles of solidarity and justice, based on the Christian precepts of the beatitudes. Tolstoy’s moral utilitarianism rested on the idea of the universality of the principle of non-violence in social life, on the philosophy of the social good.

Moral injury and the four pillars of bioethics.

Healthcare providers experience moral injury when their internal ethics are violated. The routine and direct exposure to ethical violations makes clinicians vulnerable to harm. The fundamental ethics in health care typically fall into the four broad categories of patient autonomy, beneficence, nonmaleficence, and social justice. Patients have a moral right to determine their own goals of medical care, that is, they have autonomy. When this principle is violated, moral injury occurs. Beneficence is the desire to help people, so when the delivery of proper medical care is obstructed for any reason, moral injury is the result. Nonmaleficence, meaning do no harm, has been a primary principle of medical ethics throughout recorded history. Yet today, even the most advanced and safest medical treatments are associated with unavoidable, harmful side effects. When an inevitable side effect occurs, the patient is harmed, and the clinician is also at risk of moral injury. Social injustice results when patients experience suboptimal treatment due to their race, gender, religion, or other demographic variables. While minor ethical dilemmas and violations routinely occur in medical care and cannot be eliminated, clinicians can decrease the prevalence of a significant moral injury by advocating for the ethical treatment of patients, not only at the bedside but also by addressing the ethics of political influence, governmental mandates, and administrative burdens on the delivery of optimal medical care. Although clinicians can strengthen their resistance to moral injury by deepening their own spiritual foundation, that is not enough. Improvements in the ethics of the entire healthcare system are necessary to improve medical care and decrease moral injury.

Magical Thinking and Appearance-based Recusal

Abstract This article is a critical analysis of a fundamental judicial ethic, the appearance of impartiality, an increasingly important public issue that is poorly understood and woefully underexamined in jurisprudence and academic literature. The ethic is pivotal to the determination of judicial disqualification, a/k/a recusal, and the public's fragile trust in the rule of law. The article explains how a mysterious metaphorical device, the “reasonable observer” (a descendant of the common law's “reasonable man”) has been subjectively applied in a confusing and inconsistent manner in judicial disqualification cases. The unexamined approach has unwittingly undermined the plain text and the mandatory ethical obligation of recusal (i.e., a judge must disqualify when his or her impartiality might reasonably be questioned). The discussion: (a) analyzes the theoretical underpinnings of the reasonable person-observer analytical tool (“heuristic”); (b) explains how American jurisprudence has glibly transmogrified the appearance-recusal precept; (c) provides a unique and starkly contrasting analytical perspective demonstrating how select common law-based jurisdictions (Australia, Canada, Singapore, South Africa, United Kingdom) have painstakingly examined and applied the widely-recognized norm of appearance-based impartiality; and (d) synthesizes the preceding theoretical and jurisprudential information to support a proposal for a recalibrated metric and a pragmatic, clarifying heuristic. The article concludes with a model provision, in the form of a guiding “commentary,” that summarizes the essential aspects of the appearance of bias precept. The article provides an interpretative approach that attempts to be faithful to the letter and spirit of the foundational judicial ethic.

Moral injury and the four pillars of bioethics

Health care providers experience moral injury when their internal ethics are violated. The routine and direct exposure to ethical violations makes clinicians vulnerable to harm. The fundamental ethics in health care typically fall into the four broad categories of patient autonomy, beneficence, nonmaleficence, and social justice. Patients have a moral right to determine their own goals of medical care, that is, they have autonomy. When this principle is violated, moral injury occurs. Beneficence is the desire to help people, so when the delivery of proper medical care is obstructed for any reason, moral injury is the result. Nonmaleficence, meaning do no harm, has been a primary principle of medical ethics throughout recorded history. Yet today, even the most advanced and safest medical treatments are associated with unavoidable, harmful side effects. When an inevitable side effect occurs, the patient is harmed, and the clinician is also at risk of moral injury. Social injustice results when patients experience suboptimal treatment due to their race, gender, religion, or other demographic variables. While minor ethical dilemmas and violations routinely occur in medical care and cannot be eliminated, clinicians can decrease the prevalence of a significant moral injury by advocating for the ethical treatment of patients, not only at the bedside but also by addressing the ethics of political influence, governmental mandates, and administrative burdens on the delivery of optimal medical care. Although clinicians can strengthen their resistance to moral injury by deepening their own spiritual foundation, that is not enough. Improvements in the ethics of the healthcare system as a whole are necessary to improve medical care and decrease moral injury.

Children deny that God could change morality

Can moral rules change? We tested 129 children from the United States to investigate their beliefs about whether God could change widely shared moral propositions (e.g., “it’s not okay to call someone a mean name”), controversial moral propositions (e.g., “it’s not okay to tell a small lie to help someone feel happy”), and physical propositions (e.g., “fire is hotter than snow”). We observed an emerging tendency to report that God's ability to change morality is limited, suggesting that children across development find some widely shared aspects of morality to be impossible to change. Some beliefs did shift over development, however: 4- to 6-year-olds did not distinguish among God’s ability to change widely shared moral, controversial moral, and physical propositions, whereas 7- to 9-year-olds became increasingly confident that God could change physical and controversial moral propositions. Critically, however, younger children and older children alike reported that widely shared aspects of morality could not be altered. According to participants, not even God could change fundamental moral principles.

Fiqh Peradaban and the Actualization of Religious and State Life in the Modern Society

<p><span lang="EN-US">This paper discusses <em>fiqh peradaban</em> (Islamic jurisprudence for civilization) as a concept that emphasizes the importance of resolving conflicts and prioritizes fundamental ethics as an aspect of morality in order to create peace in living religious and state life. More specifically, it highlights the importance of <em>fiqh peradaban</em> in maintaining social cohesion and national unity in a bhinneka-nuanced society. In this sense, <em>fiqh peradaban</em> functions as a framework for building unity and harmony amidst diversity. This research is library research; it reviews library resources related to the concept of <em>fiqh peradaban</em>. This research uses a qualitative approach and presents data descriptively. The data collected in this research includes the intersection between the UN Charter and Islamic law; the relationship between Islam, the state, and democracy; the role of Islam in modern society and state; and the concept of <em>fiqh peradaban</em> as a balanced control between the state and religion. In general, the results of this study show that <em>fiqh peradaban</em> has a crucial role in overcoming conflicts and problems that arise in religious and state life. These conflicts and problems must be resolved by the state because they can threaten religious harmony and national unity. However, the state's involvement in religious and spiritual affairs may create its own problems. It is here that <em>fiqh peradaban</em> is present as a solution because it offers foundational ethics for modern society.</span></p>

Moral injury and the four pillars of bioethics

Health care providers experience moral injury when their internal ethics are violated. The routine and direct exposure to ethical violations makes clinicians vulnerable to harm. The fundamental ethics in health care typically fall into the four broad categories of patient autonomy, beneficence, nonmaleficence, and social justice. Patients have a moral right to determine their own goals of medical care, that is, they have autonomy. When this principle is violated, moral injury occurs. Beneficence is the desire to help people, so when the delivery of proper medical care is obstructed for any reason, moral injury is the result. Nonmaleficence, meaning do no harm, has been a primary principle of medical ethics throughout recorded history. Yet today, even the most advanced and safest medical treatments are associated with unavoidable, harmful side effects. When an inevitable side effect occurs, the patient is harmed, and the clinician is also at risk of moral injury. Social injustice results when patients experience suboptimal treatment due to their race, gender, religion, or other demographic variables. While minor ethical dilemmas and violations routinely in medical care and cannot be eliminated, clinicians can decrease the prevalence of a significant moral injury by advocating for the ethical treatment of patients, not only at the bedside but also by addressing the ethics of political influence, governmental mandates, and administrative burdens on the delivery of optimal medical care. Although clinicians can strengthen their resistance to moral injury by deepening their own spiritual foundation, that is not enough. Improvements in the ethics of the healthcare system as a whole are necessary to improve medical care and decrease moral injury.

Partiality, Asymmetries, and Morality's Harmonious Propensity

AbstractWe argue for asymmetries between positive and negative partiality. Specifically, we defend four claims: i) there are forms of negative partiality that do not have positive counterparts; ii) the directionality of personal relationships has distinct effects on positive and negative partiality; iii) the extent of the interactions within a relationship affects positive and negative partiality differently; and iv) positive and negative partiality have different scope restrictions. We argue that these asymmetries point to a more fundamental moral principle, which we call Morality's Harmonious Propensity. According to this principle, morality has a propensity toward preserving positive relationships and dissolving negative ones.

Secularism and Ethical Issues in Media Practice as a Bane for National Development

This paper addresses secularism and ethical issues in media practice as a bane for national development. In communication studies, ethics is central and critical to the overall process of journalistic engagement, especially to the credibility in the gathering, processing, and delivery of information for believability. Every profession has acts, codes, ethics, or laws guiding its activities. Whether these codes are backed by effective sanctions is also another issue. Media as a very vital sector of the society guided by certain fundamental law and ethics, which guides every action of journalists. While the laws are no doubt legal issues, which can lead to litigation and subsequent prosecution, many have argued that ethics are moral standards whose violations are not backed by sanctions. Within this context, this paper examined secularism in the Nigerian context, the forces that threaten the growth of secularism in Nigeria, ethical issues in Nigerian media and how it affects national development, and factors affecting ethical media practice and how it halted development in Nigeria. Development Media Theory serves the goal of the paper. The paper is predominantly based on information derived from the qualitative data using secondary sources such as relevant texts, journals, official publications, historical documents, and the Internet, which served as tangible sources of insight into the analysis. The paper argued that the media are very important subsystem in the social system that helps cajole and coordinate the other subsystems in the social system to enhance effective development. While the media cannot work independently to bring about development, other institutions also need the media for information dissemination, and sensitization via various mediums to actualize developmental objectives.

Мифология технологий в российском правовом дискурсе: аналитика нормативного регулирования в сфере искусственного интеллекта

Introduction. The intensification of technological progress in the modern world has led to the emergence of various discourses related to the capabilities of artificial intelligence systems. This process was accompanied by the creation of a technological myth that continues to take root in the digital space at the present time. Theoretical analysis. Technological myth reveals the cultural context from which it is formed, shows secondary meanings and connotations (R. Barth), performs a predictive function. The research methodology is based on a content analysis of the regulatory framework of the Russian Federation in the field of artificial intelligence. Empirical analysis. Consideration of the problem allowed us to identify the frequency of a Russian legislator’s appeal to the idea of “balance” in relation to pessimistic and optimistic trends in technological discourse. Technoprogressive markers manifested themselves in the form of a desire to spread artificial intelligenc e systems on the world market, and technopessimistic ones – in establishing the principles of “supervision” and “transparency”. Conclusion. A legislator sees the search for balance and the solution of contradictions in the penetratio n of ethical foundations into the development of artificial intelligence systems, in the formulation and establishment of fundamental moral and legal principles in the field of technology use. The key point in studying this issue is reflection and the use of methods of a constructive and critical approach to technomythology.

Sense of moral and legal principles in the process of formation and development of the roman law system

Purpose. The purpose of the article is to analyze the philosophical and legal basis of the emergence of Roman Law, to reveal its axiological elements, as well as to show the systemic connection between the theoretical justification of these principles and the process of their implementation in legal practice. Methodology. The methodology includes a complex philosophical and legal analysis of the axiological basis of the Roman law system in the process of its formation and historical evolution. Such methods of scientific knowledge were used: terminological, axiological, logical-semantic, functional, systemic-structural, comparative. Results: It was determined, that due to its moral and ethical nature, the system of Roman law acquired a supranational character, creating the proper foundation for the effective functioning of European legal systems. After all, thanks to the fundamental moral and ethical principles developed by Roman jurists, modern European legal systems have acquired an axiological determination, which is determined by a humanistic approach to the administration of justice. Scientific novelty. According to the results of the study, it was established that the fundamental moral and ethical principles of Roman Law exert a positive influence on modern concepts of legal understanding and law-making under the conditions of their proper transformation and adaptation to today's civilizational challenges. Practical significance. The results of the research can be used in legislation and law- enforcement activities during the philosophical-legal justification of the need to humanize the legal system.

Portrayals of Women in Commercial Advertising: A Comparative Study Based on Contemporary Advertisements

Both Social Progress Index (SPI) and Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) have given importance to gender equality and inclusiveness in their agendas as it is considered one of the primordial struggles essential to bring balance to the social sphere. On the other hand, advertising has been one of the primary modes of transforming and transporting these messages to the audiences seeded across the furthest corners of the remotest locations. While in the beginning, advertisements were used to serve simple requirements of sharing information among multiple receivers, over the hundreds of years of socioeconomic, cultural, political, and economic changes, made it complicated. Among many roles that an advertisement plays as a non-personal mode of communication, bringing social changes is one of them that has the power even to form values and opinions and sometimes brings phenomenal changes into behavior. The commercial form of advertainments is often found in favor of such portals that discreetly britches a few fundamental values and ethics set by the governing bodies and may lead to spreading misinformation and misconceptions. Similarly, women have been subjectified in advertisements from the very beginning with different objectives, however, for this research, the portrayals of women in commercial advertisements have broadly segregated into conventional and non-conventional categories. To analyze the distinctive differences between the two categories, the advertisements from 2015 to 2022 have been considered as the SDGs enacted by the United Nations with a prominent goal ’gender equality’ aims to bring down the conventional categorization and portrayals of gender in all forms.

Why Monarchy Should Be Abolished

AbstractMonarchy is a form of government that, roughly, dictates that the right to rule is inherited by birth by a single ruler. But monarchy (absolute or constitutional) breaches fundamental moral principles that undergird representative democracy, such as basic moral equality, dignity and desert. Simply put, the monarchs (and their family) are treated as morally superior to ordinary citizens and as a result ordinary citizens are treated in an unfair and undignified manner. For example, monarchs are respected, enjoy dignity, income, opportunity, public office and exalted social status just because of their inherited office, which is due to the mere historical accident of family lineage. Hence, we have good moral reason to abolish monarchy. Finally, I briefly reply to the pragmatic argument for constitutional monarchy, namely, the argument that monarchy can be allowed to play a largely ceremonial role in the context of democracy because it is beneficial for the function of society. As I argue, societies run by presidential democracies can function equally well and, what is more, no matter what the pragmatic reasons for constitutional monarchy are, we still have stronger moral reasons against it. Therefore, it should be abolished.

Training needs of health researchers in research ethics in Cameroon: a cross-sectional study

BackgroundResearchers are responsible for the protection of health research participants. The purpose of this study was to identify and prioritize the training needs of researchers involved in human health research in Cameroon.MethodsIt was a cross-sectional study conducted in all the Cameroon regions in the last quarter of 2020. It targeted researchers involved in human health research selected by systematic stratified sampling from health and training institutions, and health facilities. Data were collected using a face-to-face administered questionnaire deployed in Smartphones via the ODK-collect. The distribution of participants’ exposure to research ethics training was described as well as their knowledge on the related regulatory texts. A score was used to rank the training needs identified by the participants.ResultsOf 168 reached participants, 134 (79.76%) participated in the study. A total of 103 (76.87%) researchers reported having received training in human health research ethics and 98 (73.13%) perceived need of training in research ethics. Of those involved in clinical, vaccine, and field trials, 63.64, 33.33, 52.53% have been exposed respectively to related training regarding participants’ protection. Having received at least one training in research ethics significantly increase the proportion of researchers systematically submitting application for ethical evaluation prior to implementation (OR = 3.20 (1.31–7.78)). Training priorities identified by researchers include: guidelines and regulations on health research ethics and research participant’s protection in Cameroon, procedures for evaluating research protocols, protection of research participants in clinical trials, and fundamental ethics principles.ConclusionThe coverage of researchers in training regarding research participant protection remains limited in a number of areas including those related to clinical trial participant protection and research participant protection in Cameroon. Improving this coverage and addressing perceived needs of researchers are expected to contribute in improving their ability in playing their role in research participant protection.

Frequency and outcomes of workplace incivility in healthcare: A scoping review of the literature.

We aim to evaluate the frequency and outcomes of workplace incivility in healthcare for nursing management. Incivility in the workplace is a significant problem that is important to nurse managers, as it goes directly against the fundamental values and ethics of providing high-quality care to patients. The Joint Commission (2021) and the American Nurses Credentialing Center have called on healthcare organizations to identify and intervene in the problem of workplace incivility. Studies included in this scoping review were those that measured and analysed the frequency and outcomes of workplace incivility in healthcare. Four databases were searched, and 28 articles were reviewed. Evaluation was based on general quality, including study characteristics, instruments, and statistical analyses. Studies used a quasi-experimental design, and most focused on the Registered Nurse population. The Workplace Incivility Scale was the most commonly used instrument to measure workplace incivility frequency. The most frequently studied work-related outcomes were burnout, satisfaction, and turnover. Although the frequency of workplace incivility in healthcare is not clear, its consequences are substantial. Multiple studies have revealed significant relationships between workplace incivility and work-related outcomes that are important to nurse managers. Research is needed on non-nursing healthcare professionals, and validation studies are needed on instruments used to measure workplace incivility frequency. The findings of this review can help nurse managers better understand the phenomenon, frequency, and impact of workplace incivility in the healthcare setting and move toward addressing the problem of workplace incivility among nurses and other healthcare professionals.

Bioethical Education and Standardization of Sample Handling Procedures in Raman Spectroscopy Research Studies Involving Human Subjects

Novelty: Raman spectroscopy is extensively explored for the disease diagnostics in recent decade. There is limited literature available concerning the standardization of sample handling procedures in Raman spectroscopy research studies involving human subjects. In fact, the present study provided guidance for a harmonize data to conduct Raman spectroscopy research studies involving human subjects for better outcomes based on ethical principles. Objectives: Globally, multi-disciplinary research is conducted for better outcomes in the welfare of humankind. The present study was aimed to provide basic guidance of bioethical education for research students conducting research involving human subjects. Further, the present study was attempted to standardize sample handling procedure in Raman spectroscopy research involving human subjects for better outcomes in disease diagnosis. Materials and methods: We have provided bioethical recommendations based on fundamental ethics codes. The standardization of sample handling procedure was developed using human surgical samples of breast cancer patients. Findings: The researcher should justify the inclusion and exclusion criteria for biological samples to conduct the scientifically valid research study. Research studies involving biological samples shall develop research protocol for the preparation and handling of biological samples. The results of present study suggest that fresh clinically unprocessed tissue samples are superior to conduct research studies involving Raman spectroscopy for disease progression. In case the research is not concerned with positive net benefit for human participants with diagnosis of communicable diseases, the researcher shall exclude these patients from the research study. Informed consent, preferably in writing, has to be obtained from participants in a language in that participant comprehend. Conclusion: The present study described primary bioethical education and standardization techniques for research students to plan and conduct Raman spectroscopy research studies involving human biological materials. Keywords: Raman spectroscopy; Bioethics; Cancer; Diagnosis; Spectrum

Поэма «Ожидание (монолог женщины)» Р. И. Рождественского: философские категории любви и счастья

The aim of the study is to consider the poem “Waiting (Woman’s Monologue)” by R. I. Rozhdestvensky in the aspect of the philosophical categories of love and happiness. The scientific novelty lies in the fact that for the first time a literary analysis of the specified work of the poet of the “sixties” is introduced into scientific circulation from the viewpoint of the fundamental categories of human existence. The obtained results have shown that “Waiting (Woman’s Monologue)” became a kind of the poet’s revelation written on behalf of a woman about the importance of love and happiness in a person’s life. The text of the poem is an internal monologue of a woman who has come to a date and is waiting for her lover. The poem is conditionally divided into episodes-“arias” in which the themes of loneliness, death are revealed and love becomes salvation from all the troubles and misfortunes. The article considers the notion of “metaphysics of love” as a fundamental principle of morality for a lyrical heroine’s existence. The integrative value of love is revealed. The source of good for a woman is desire to find family happiness.

The Role of Maqasid Al-Shari’ah as a Fundamental Ethics in Social Media Use

The Role of Maqasid Al-Shari’ah as a Fundamental Ethics in Social Media Use