Fundamental Number Research Articles

Cytogenetic characterisation and chromosomal mapping of microsatellite and telomeric repeats in two gecko species (Reptilia, Gekkonidae) from Thailand.

Studies of chromosomes of Cyrtodactylus jarujini Ulber, 1993 and C. doisuthep Kunya et al., 2014 to compare microsatellite and TTAGGG sequences by classical and molecular techniques were conducted in Thailand. Karyological typing from a conventional staining technique of C. jarujini and C. doisuthep showed diploid chromosome numbers of 40 and 34 while the Fundamental Numbers (NF) were 56 in both species. In addition, we created the chromosome formula of the chromosomes of C. jarujini showing that 2n (40) = Lsm1 + Lsm2 + Lt3 + Mm1 + Mt4 + Sm2 + Sa2 + St5 while that of C. doisuthep was 2n (34) = Lsm3 + Lm2 + Lt3 + Mm1 + Mt2 + Sm4 + Sa1 + St1. Ag-NOR staining revealed NOR-bearing chromosomes in chromosome pairs 13 and 14 in C. jarujini, and in chromosome pairs 9 and 13 in C. doisuthep. This molecular study used the FISH technique, as well as microsatellite probes including (A)20, (TA)15, (CGG)10, (CGG)10, (GAA)10, (TA)15 and TTAGGG repeats. The signals showed that the different patterns in each chromosome of the Gekkonids depended on probe types. TTAGGG repeats showed high distribution on centromere and telomere regions, while (A)20, (TA)15, (CGG)10, (CGG)10, (GAA)10 and (TA)15 bearing dispersed over the whole genomes including chromosomes and some had strong signals on only a pair of homologous chromosomes. These results suggest that the genetic linkages have been highly differentiated between the two species.

Cytogenetic characterisation and chromosomal mapping of microsatellite and telomeric repeats in two gecko species (Reptilia, Gekkonidae) from Thailand

Studies of chromosomes of Cyrtodactylus jarujini Ulber, 1993 and C. doisuthep Kunya et al., 2014 to compare microsatellite and TTAGGG sequences by classical and molecular techniques were conducted in Thailand. Karyological typing from a conventional staining technique of C. jarujini and C. doisuthep showed diploid chromosome numbers of 40 and 34 while the Fundamental Numbers (NF) were 56 in both species. In addition, we created the chromosome formula of the chromosomes of C. jarujini showing that 2n (40) = Lsm1 + Lsm2 + Lt3 + Mm1 + Mt4 + Sm2 + Sa2 + St5 while that of C. doisuthep was 2n (34) = Lsm3 + Lm2 + Lt3 + Mm1 + Mt2 + Sm4 + Sa1 + St1. Ag-NOR staining revealed NOR-bearing chromosomes in chromosome pairs 13 and 14 in C. jarujini, and in chromosome pairs 9 and 13 in C. doisuthep. This molecular study used the FISH technique, as well as microsatellite probes including (A)20, (TA)15, (CGG)10, (CGG)10, (GAA)10, (TA)15 and TTAGGG repeats. The signals showed that the different patterns in each chromosome of the Gekkonids depended on probe types. TTAGGG repeats showed high distribution on centromere and telomere regions, while (A)20, (TA)15, (CGG)10, (CGG)10, (GAA)10 and (TA)15 bearing dispersed over the whole genomes including chromosomes and some had strong signals on only a pair of homologous chromosomes. These results suggest that the genetic linkages have been highly differentiated between the two species.

Singularity-free stable black holes, holding the baryon conservation law in the periodic waveguided multiverse

Black holes (BHs) are three-dimensional (3D) singularity-free macroscopic defects in the superfluid-crystal-like four-dimensional (4D) periodic waveguided multiverse (PWM) concept by the author, like edge-dislocations in 3D smectic-A liquid crystals. The PWM-co-emergent intrinsically identical ordinary matter (OM), antimatter (AM), dark matter (DM), dark antimatter (DAM) arise in the nearest 3D-waveguids–3D-universes with the co-emergent special relativity, weak Newtonian gravity, the expanded equivalence principle–the expanded general relativity (PWM-GR) foundation, predicting gravity mass symmetry–matter-antimatter antigravity. The PWM-BHs have identical Schwarzschild radii, outer gravity potentials as the GR-BHs, but flat-singularity-free gravity potentials inside. Microscopic PWM-fermions—singularity-free defects-holes in the weightless superfluid PWM-vacuum-medium–form singularity-free, intrinsically physically identical macroscopic defects: OM-BHs, DM-BHs, AM-BHs, DAM-BHs in the nearest 3D-waveguides. The smallest free PWM-BHs have 4.3 solar masses (excluding microscopic Hawking’s GR-BHs never experimentally detected), they are stable—too heavy for gravitational Schwinger-like virtual electron-positron pairs decoupling—unable emit gravitationally repulsive virtual positrons; they also unable emit repulsive PWM-antiphotons, electrostatically confined in the gravitationally polarized PWM-vacuum, preserving its decay, holding the fundamental baryon number conservation law, prohibiting Hawking’s-GR-BHs evaporation. Only plasma-eating, growing PWM-BHs emit thermal positrons, simultaneously absorbing attractive virtual particles. The dominating PWM-DM-pulsars explain relativistic galactic positrons flows excess over electrons.

Simplified evaluation aided by mathematical calculation for characterization of polyols by hydroxyl value determination

Hydroxyl value is a fundamental characterization number that is extensively applicable in polymer science. The American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) has described several methods to determine the hydroxyl value. However, the routinely practiced ASTM method requires noxious chemicals and involves laborious procedure to determine the hydroxyl value. The described method in this study is based on the reaction of p‐toluenesulfonyl isocyanate and polyol, followed by neutralization titration to calculate the hydroxyl number. Mathematical calculation has been employed to derive an equation for determining the hydroxyl value, which provides user-friendly approach. The method has been validated by comparing the hydroxyl value determined by using ASTM standards. The proposed method proved to be accurate, reproducible. Also, it is rapid, simple, easily accessible, and low-cost method to determine hydroxyl groups.

Cytogenetic characterization and mapping of the repetitive DNAs in Cycloramphus bolitoglossus (Werner, 1897): More clues for the chromosome evolution in the genus Cycloramphus (Anura, Cycloramphidae).

Cycloramphus bolitoglossus (Werner, 1897) is a rare species with a low population density in the Serra do Mar region of Paraná and Santa Catarina, in southern Brazil. Currently, it has been assigned to the Near Threatened (NT) category in the Brazilian List of Endangered Animal Species. Here, we described the karyotype of this species for the first time and investigated the patterns of some repetitive DNA classes in the chromosomes using molecular cytogenetic approaches. We isolated, sequenced and mapped the 5S rDNA and the satellite DNA PcP190 of C. bolitoglossus, as well as mapped the telomeric sequences and seven microsatellites motifies [(GA)15, (CA)15, (GACA)4, (GATA)8, (CAG)10, (CGC)10, and (GAA)]10. Cycloramphus bolitoglossus has 2n = 26 chromosomes and a fundamental number (FN) equal to 52, with a highly conserved karyotype compared to other genus members. Comparative cytogenetic under the phylogenetic context of genus allowed evolutionary interpretations of the morphological changes in the homologs of pairs 1, 3, and 6 along with the evolutionary history of Cycloramphus. Two subtypes of 5S rDNA type II were isolated in C. bolitoglossus genome, and several comparative analysis suggests mixed effects of concerted and birth-and-death evolution acting in this repetitive DNA. The 5S rDNA II subtype "a" and "b" was mapped on chromosome 1. However, their different position along chromosome 1 provide an excellent chromosome marker for future studies. PcP190 satellite DNA, already reported for species of the families Hylidae, Hylodidae, Leptodactylidae, and Odontophrynidae, is scattered throughout the C. bolitoglossus genome, and even non-heterochromatic regions showed hybridization signals using the PcP190 probe. Molecular analysis suggests that PcP190 satellite DNA exhibit a high-level of homogenization of this sequence in the genome of C. bolitoglossus. The PcP190 satDNA from C. bolitoglossus represents a novel sequence group, compared to other anurans, based on its hypervariable region. Overall, the present data on repetitive DNA sequences showed pseudogenization evidence and corroborated the hypothesis of the emergence of satDNA from rDNA 5S clusters. These two arguments that reinforced the importance of the birth-and-death evolutionary model to explain 5S rDNA patterns found in anuran genomes.

Classical and molecular cytogenetics of Belontia hasselti (Perciformes: Osphronemidae): Insights into the ZZ/ZW sex chromosome system

Abstract. Chaiyasan P, Mingkwan B, Jantarat S, Suwannapoom C, Cioffi MDB, Liehr T, Talumphai S, Tanomtong A, Supiwong W. 2021. Classical and molecular cytogenetics of Belontia hasselti (Perciformes: Osphronemidae): Insights into the ZZ/ZW sex chromosome system. Biodiversitas 22: 546-554. Karyotype of Java combtail fish, Belontia hasselti, from To Daeng peat swamp forest, Narathiwat Province, southern Thailand, was studied for the first time. Mitotic chromosome preparations were prepared directly from kidney cells from ten male and ten female fish. Conventional staining, NOR banding, and molecular cytogenetics with fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) using 5S and 18S rDNAs, as well as microsatellites d(CA)15 and d(CAC)10 as probes were applied. The diploid chromosome number (2n) was 48 and a female heterogametic sex chromosome system (ZZ/ZW) is suggested. The fundamental numbers (NF) were 48 and 49 in males and females, respectively. The karyotype of males comprised 48 telocentric chromosomes while the female ones were composed of one metacentric and 47 telocentric chromosomes. A single Ag-NOR-bearing chromosomal pair was identified. The NOR positions were characterized at the interstitial sub-centromeric region of pair 13, which coincided with signals of 18S rDNA and d(CAC)10 probes. The 5S rDNA signals were located at interstitial sites of the largest telocentric pair. Microsatellite d(CA)15 repeats were highly distributed throughout almost all entire chromosomes except for centromeric regions on some chromosome pairs, including sex chromosomes. The present study is a novel report for a ZZ/ZW sex chromosome system of this fish family in Thailand.

Chromosome Study of Ethiopian Bat Species (Order Chiroptera)

In this study, chromosome numbers and karyotypes of 11 bat species were analyzed. The animals were captured alive by using nets and handpicking and then chromosome preparations were made from bone marrow cells with colchicines method. Bats were collected from nine localities in Ethiopia, namely: Arbaminch, Batu/Ziway, Waliso, Fiche, Bishoftu/Debre-Zeit, Sof-Umar, Koka, Merehabete and Adaba. The species name and the chromosome number (2n) with their corresponding autosomal fundamental number (FN) obtained are: Hipposideros caffer (2n = 32, FN = 60/62) and Triaenops persicus (2n = 36, FN = 60) are belong to family Hipposideridae; Chaerephon pumilus (2n = 48 and FN = 54/56) with metacentric, acrocentric and acrocentric chromosomes, Chaerephon leucogaster (2n = 48, FN = 54), and Mops condylura (2n = 48, FN = 54) are members of the family Molossidae; Pipistrellus pipistrellus (2n = 36, FN = 52) with metacentric and acrocentric chromosomes, Neoromicia nanus (2n = 36, FN = 48), Miniopterus africanus (2n = 46, FN = 54) and Scotophilus dingani (S. viridis) 2n = 36, FN = 54) with metacentric and acrocentric chromosomes are members of the family Vespertilionidae; Micropteropus pusillus (2n = 35/36, FN = 68) with all the chromosomes being biarmed belongs to family Pteropidae; Nycteris thebaica (2n = 42, FN = 78/80) with 40 biarmed and two acrocentric chromosomes is member of family Nycteridae. Totally, 15 different types of chromosome number, fundamental number and morphology were identified. C. leucogaster has not been recorded in the Ethiopian bats list before. All of these species are karyologically described for the first time from Ethiopia. Some of the karyotypic findings in the present study are in agreement with previous reports from other countries, except for the lack of report on one species (C. leucogaster). In our study, the encountered problems include: lack of karyotypic literatures on Ethiopian bats and taxonomic identification. It is recommended that more karyotypic study of bat species in the country should be done using additional techniques and due attentions should be given to the conservations of this threatened groups of animals because they are declining in diversity as well as in density.

Karyotype of Myotis lavali (Chiroptera, Vespertilionidae)

Myotis lavali is an insectivorous bat that occurs along the South American Dry Diagonal, extending from the Brazilian Caatinga southward to Paraguayan Alto Chaco. This species was described recently and there is little information about its biology. Herein, we describe the conventional karyotype from three males captured in an arboreal savanna from Vale do Jequitinhonha, State of Minas Gerais, Brazil. The diploid number (2n) and the fundamental number of autosomes (FNa) were 44 and 50, respectively. Its karyotype, in Giemsa staining, is similar to others described for Neotropical Myotis, and it is not useful to identify specimens.

Karyotypic polymorphism ofCrocidura tanakae(Eulipotyphla: Soricidae) and revision of the karyotype ofC. attenuatain mainland China

AbstractConventional karyotypes of Crocidura tanakae and C. attenuata collected from mainland China were examined by bone marrow and cell culture methods along with identification to species using molecular data. In contrast to C. tanakae from Taiwan, populations from mainland China were karyotypically polymorphic, varying in diploid number (2n) from 24 to 40 and fundamental number (FN) from 45 to 56. Autosomes are composed of 6–20 metacentric or submetacentric chromosomes, 0–8 subtelocentric chromosomes, and 0–24 telocentric chromosomes. These polymorphic karyotypes indicate the presence of two geographically separated races. The ancestral karyotype of C. tanakae potentially is the same as currently found on Taiwan: 2n = 40 and FN = 56. In contrast to C. tanakae, C. attenuata had a uniform karyotype (2n = 40, FN = 54) in mainland China, suggesting that previously reported karyotypic polymorphism in this species was an error due to the morphological crypsis between C. tanakae and C. attenuata in mainland China. The intricate karyotypic polymorphism of C. tanakae may be indicative of this species undergoing speciation.

Non-volant small mammals (Rodentia and Didelphimorphia) diversity in an isolated area of the Serra da Mantiqueira, Minas Gerais state, Brazil

The southeastern Atlantic Forest of the Zona da Mata Mineira is located in the extreme north of Minas Gerais state, Brazil. The Serra da Mantiqueira, is a mountainous region with a high diversity of small non-volant mammal species, several of which are rare species or endemic lineages. The presence of cryptic species in small mammals makes the karyotype an excellent tool for identification and detection of new lineages. We analyzed the karyotype of 14 species: 11 rodents – Abrawayaomys ruschii, Akodon cursor, Blarinomys breviceps, Delomys sublineatus, Juliomys ossitenuis, Oligoryzomys nigripes, Oligoryzomys flavescens, Oxymycterus dasytrichus, Rhipidomys tribei, Sooretamys angouya, and Thaptomys nigrita; and three marsupials – Monodelphis scalops, Philander quica, and Marmosops incanus. We described for the first time the fundamental autosomal number and the morphology of sex chromosomes of Abrawayaomys ruschii, a rare sigmodontine species, and described a new karyotype for Blarinomys. The revision of published karyotypes of the species herein studied enabled the expansion of the geographic distribution of Oligoryzomys nigripes and Delomys sublineatus.

Concept of Orbital Entanglement and Correlation in Quantum Chemistry.

A recent development in quantum chemistry has established the quantum mutual information between orbitals as a major descriptor of electronic structure. This has already facilitated remarkable improvements in numerical methods and may lead to a more comprehensive foundation for chemical bonding theory. Building on this promising development, our work provides a refined discussion of quantum information theoretical concepts by introducing the physical correlation and its separation into classical and quantum parts as distinctive quantifiers of electronic structure. In particular, we succeed in quantifying the entanglement. Intriguingly, our results for different molecules reveal that the total correlation between orbitals is mainly classical, raising questions about the general significance of entanglement in chemical bonding. Our work also shows that implementing the fundamental particle number superselection rule, so far not accounted for in quantum chemistry, removes a major part of correlation and entanglement seen previously. In that respect, realizing quantum information processing tasks with molecular systems might be more challenging than anticipated.

The First Karyological Analysis of the Sixbar Grouper Epinephelus sexfasciatus (Valenciennes, 1828) (Perciformes, Epinephelinae)

This study examines for the first time of karyotypic analysis and chromosomal characteristic of nucleolar organizer regions/NORs of Epinephelus sexfasciatus. The fish samples were collected from Andaman Sea, Phuket province, southern Thailand. The chromosomes were investigated using conventional Giemsa’s staining and Ag-NORs banding techniques. Fish chromosome preparations were conducted by squash technique from kidney. The results showed that the diploid chromosome number of E. sexfasciatus was 2n=48 and the fundamental number (NF, number of chromosome arms) was 48. The type of chromosomes included 24 large telocentric and 24 medium telocentric chromosomes. After Ag-NOR banding technique, single pair of NORs was observed on the short arm of medium telocentric chromosome pair 23. The idiogram shows gradually decreasing length of the chromosomes. A size difference of the largest and the smallest chromosomes is approximately two folds. The karyotype formula could be infered as: 2n(48) = 2n(48)= Lt24+Mt24.

Polymer Complexes.LVII. Structures of Supramolecular Assemblies of Polymer Complexes of Dioxouranium(VI) with some Substituted Allyl Azodyes (Dept.P)

Novel five polymeric dioxouranium(VI) of bidentate allyl azo homopolymer compounds derived from allyl rhodanine were prepared for the first time. The infrared spectra of the samples were recorded and their fundamental vibrational wave number was obtained. The resulting polymeric uranyl complexes have been characterized on the basis of elemental analyses, conductance and spectral (IR, NMR, and electronic spectra) data. The nature of bonding has been further discussed based on IR spectral data. The theoretical aspects are described in terms of the well-known theory of 5d-4f transitions. The coordination geometries and electronic structures are determined from a framework for the modeling of novel polymer complexes. The values of us of the prepared polymer complexes containing UO22+ were successfully used to calculate the force constant, Fuo (In mdyn/A) and the bond length Ruo (in Ao) of the U-O bond. Wilson's, matrix method, formula, and and equations were used to calculate the U-O bond distances from the values of the stretching and interaction force constants. The most probable correlation between U-O force constant to U-O bond distance were satisfactorily discussed in term of Badger's rule, Jones and El-Sonbati equations. The Hammett constant is also discussed.

Unpacking Mathematics Pedagogical Content Knowledge for Elementary Number Theory: The Case of Arithmetic Word Problems

“Number” is an important learning dimension in primary mathematics education. It covers a large proportion of mathematical topics in the primary mathematics curriculum, and teachers use most of their class time to teach fundamental number concepts and basic arithmetic operations. This paper focuses on the nature of mathematics pedagogical content knowledge (MPCK) concerning arithmetic word problems. The aim of this qualitative research was to investigate how well the future primary school teachers in Hong Kong had been prepared to teach mathematical application problems for third and sixth graders. Nineteen pre-service teachers who majored in both mathematics and primary education were interviewed using two sets of scenario-based questions. The results revealed that innovative approaches were suggested for teaching third graders while the strategies suggested for teaching sixth graders were mostly based on a profound understanding of mathematical content knowledge. Many participants demonstrated sound knowledge about the sixth grader’s mathematical misconception, but most of them were unable to precisely indicate the third grader’s error in presenting a complete solution for a typical mathematics word problem. A deep understanding of elementary number theory seems to be a precondition for developing pre-service teachers’ MPCK in teaching arithmetic word problems.

CHROMOSOMAL ANALYSIS OF PEROMYSCUS GRATUS (CRICETIDAE) OF TECAMACHALCO, PUEBLA, MEXICO

<p>The description was made of the karyotype of <em>Peromyscus gratus</em> (Cricetidae) in the municipality of Tecamachalco, Puebla. Performing the technique of bone marrow extraction, in the obtention of chromosome, G bands was used Trypsin and for C bands a Barium Hydroxide solution was employed. <em>P</em>. <em>gratus</em> presents a diploid number of 2n = 48 and a fundamental number of NF = 54, the autosomes correspond to one metacentric, one submetacentric, two subtelocentric and 19 pairs telocentric from large to small. The sex chromosome X was subtelocentric and the Y was submetacentric unlike other populations of the species. The chromosomal banding pattern G was obtained. As for chromosome C banding, it was found that the constitutive heterochromatin was in the centromeric regions of the chromosomes.</p>

New Caputo-Fabrizio fractional order [formula omitted] model for COVID-19 epidemic transmission with genetic algorithm based control strategy

Fractional derivative has a memory and non-localization features that make it very useful in modelling epidemics’ transition. The kernel of Caputo-Fabrizio fractional derivative has many features such as non-singularity, non-locality and an exponential form. Therefore, it is preferred for modeling disease spreading systems. In this work, we suggest to formulate COVID-19 epidemic transmission via SEIASqEqHR paradigm using the Caputo-Fabrizio fractional derivation method. In the suggested fractional order COVID-19 SEIASqEqHR paradigm, the impact of changing quarantining and contact rates are examined. The stability of the proposed fractional order COVID-19 SEIASqEqHR paradigm is studied and a parametric rule for the fundamental reproduction number formula is given. The existence and uniqueness of stable solution of the proposed fractional order COVID-19 SEIASqEqHR paradigm are proved. Since the genetic algorithm is a common powerful optimization method, we propose an optimum control strategy based on the genetic algorithm. By this strategy, the peak values of the infected population classes are to be minimized. The results show that the proposed fractional model is epidemiologically well-posed and is a proper elect.

First chromosome analysis of Thai pufferfish Pao cochinchinensis (Steindachner, 1866)

Abstract. Pissaparn M, Phimphan S, Chaiyasan P, Tanoamtong A, Liehr T, Suwannapoom C, Reungsing M, Supiwong W. 2020. First chromosome analysis of Thai pufferfish Pao cochinchinensis (Steindachner, 1866). Biodiversitas 21: 4309-4316. Here first analysis of chromosomes and nucleolar organizer region (NOR) pattern in pufferfish Pao cochinchinensis (Steindachner, 1866) was undertaken. Chromosomal preparations were obtained from kidney of P. cochinchinensis from Chi River basin in Thailand. Chromosomal characteristics were analyzed by Giemsa staining, Ag-NOR banding as well as fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) using microsatellites d(CA)15 and d(CGG)10 probes. P. cochinchinensis had 2n = 40 with the fundamental number (NF) 74, both in male and female. The karyotype exhibited 12 metacentric (m), 10 submetacentric (sm), 12 acrocentric (a) and 6 telocentric (t) chromosomes. No differentiated heteromorphic sex chromosomes were observed. NORs were located on short arms adjacent to telomere of the metacentric chromosome pair 4, which coincide with signals of d(CGG)10 probe. FISH with d(CGG)10 sequences were also displayed at the telomeres of most other chromosomes, whereas d(CA)15 repeats highly accumulated throughout almost all entire chromosomes except for centromeric regions. The results of conventional Giemsa staining presented the differentiation even the same genus. The localization of NORs on one pair of chromosomes only is a common characteristic found in many fish groups as well as other vertebrates. Mapping of two distinct microsatellites demonstrated the remarkable chromosomal diversification that characterizes evolution in the genus Pao. Both, conventional and molecular cytogenetics are excellent tools to study, and better understand chromosomal evolution, as well as to uncover biodiversity among fishes.

First cytogenetic information for five Nilotic elephantfishes and a problem of ancestral karyotype of the family Mormyridae (Osteoglossiformes).

The elephantfish family Mormyridae is the most diverse lineage of the primitive teleostean clade Osteoglossomorpha distributed in inland waters of all continents except Antarctica and Europe. The family Mormyridae is endemic to Africa and includes 22 genera and almost 230 species. The evolutionary radiation of mormyrids most probably should be attributed to their capability of both generating and receiving weak electric signals. Up-to-date cytogenetic studies have revealed substantial karyotype differentiation among the nine investigated elephantfish species and genera (a single species studied per each genus). In the present study, karyotypes of five species representing five mormyrid genera (four unexplored ones) collected from the White Nile system in southwestern Ethiopia are described for the first time. The results show substantial variety of the diploid chromosome and fundamental numbers: 2n = 48 and FN = 54 in Brevimyrus niger (Günther, 1866), 2n = 50 and FN = 72 in Cyphomyrus petherici (Boulenger, 1898), 2n = 50 and FN = 78 in Hippopotamyrus pictus (Marcusen, 1864), 2n = 50 and FN = 76 in Marcusenius cyprinoides (Linnaeus, 1758), 2n = 52 and FN = 52 in Mormyrops anguilloides (Linnaeus, 1758). Karyotype structure in the latter species seems to be close to the ancestral condition for the family. This hypothesis is discussed in the light of available data on karyotype diversity and phylogeny of mormyrids.

Intramuscular Dexmedetomidine Versus Midazolam as a Premedication Before Surgery

Getting comfort and solace is an increasingly important idea in 21st century. The getting of progressing development and capacities directly deals with an unrivaled choice for pediatric surgeries.It was a randomized, twofold outwardly disabled, comparable equivalent social affair study including 60 patients, spread also 30 each in Group 1 (concentrate calm Midazolam) and Group 2 (control pack Dexmedetomidine). Sedation achieved in the dexmedetomidine pack was more than that practiced in the midazolam gathering. Extremely (90% versus 56%) P regard 0.0074 was found. 21 out of 30 in the midazolam pack achieved honorable parent piece disquiet score took a gander at and 28 out of 30 in the dexmedetomidine gathering. 18 out of 30 in the midazolam pack achieved exceptional spread request score and 27 out of 30 in the dexmedetomidine achieved tasteful spread affirmation score. An unquestionably fundamental number of youths in pack Dexmedetomidine achieved beguiling spread validation score of 1 or 2 when isolated and bunch Midazolam. wake up score were desperate down where 14 out of 30 in the midazolam get cultivated great wake together score. A consistently noticeable number of children in wrap Dexmedetomidine achieved wake up score of 1 or 2 when isolated and pack Midazolam. Post usable absense of wretchedness was less required in the dexmedetomidine gathering. Study was viewed as that Dexmedetomidine can be used as an unmatched drug broke down than midazolam as an intramuscular premedication in pediatric age.

The somatic chromosomes of F1 hybrid male deer (Hyelaphus porcinus × Axis axis) by comparative banding techniques

The chromosome analyses of F1 hybrid male deer from the cross of Hyelaphus porcinus male and Axis axis female have been presented. Chromosomes were prepared from T-lymphocyte by conventional staining and GTC-banding techniques. The results showed that the diploid chromosome number of F1 hybrid male deer was 2n = 67, fundamental number was 70. The special karyotype consisted of 2 large metacentric, 1 large submetacentric, 13 large telocentric, 18 medium telocentric and 31 small telocentric chromosomes. The X-chromosome was large telocentric chromosome and Y-chromosome was small acrocentric chromosome. The amount of GTG-banding pattern on a set of haploid number (n) in the hybrid were 261 bands. The GTG-banding comparison of hybrid deer and the parents has been shown with the deduced karyotype formula as: 2n (67) = Lm2 + Lsm1 + Lt13 + Mt18 + St31 + sex chromosomes