Fundamental Movement Patterns Research Articles

Teaching the Middle School Grade-level Outcomes with Standards-based Instruction

This article focuses on the grade-level outcomes to be assessed on middle school (grades 6–8) physical education. Specifically, the article describes how to teach basic tactics and strategies while applying fundamental movement patterns to the various game and movement categories (invasion, net/wall, target, fielding/striking, dance/rhythms, & outdoor pursuits). The emphasis is on teaching for transfer and the application of movement skills and knowledge (National Standard 2), as well as on the establishment of a mastery climate where the emphasis is on individual improvement in small-group activities and deliberate practice tasks. In addition, sample formative assessments are provided related to the grade-level outcomes discussed.

Integration of the functional movement screen into the National Hockey League Combine.

The sport of ice hockey requires coordination of complex skills involving musculoskeletal and physiological abilities while simultaneously exposing players to a high risk for injury. The Functional Movement Screen (FMS) was developed to assess fundamental movement patterns that underlie both sport performance and injury risk. The top 111 elite junior hockey players from around the world took part in the 2013 National Hockey League Entry Draft Combine (NHL Combine). The FMS was integrated into the comprehensive medical and physiological fitness evaluations at the request of strength and conditioning coaches with affiliations to NHL teams. The inclusion of the FMS aimed to help develop strategies that could maximize its utility among elite hockey players and to encourage or inform further research in this field. This study evaluated the outcomes of integrating the FMS into the NHL Combine and identified any links to other medical plus physical and physiological fitness assessment outcomes. These potential associations may provide valuable information to identify elements of future training programs that are individualized to athletes' specific needs. The results of the FMS (total score and number of asymmetries identified) were significantly correlated to various body composition measures, aerobic and anaerobic fitness, leg power, timing of recent workouts, and the presence of lingering injury at the time of the NHL Combine. Although statistically significant correlations were observed, the implications of the FMS assessment outcomes remain difficult to quantify until ongoing assessment of FMS patterns, tracking of injuries, and hockey performance are available.

English

Skill practitioners such as coaches, judges, and rehabilitation specialists rely heavily on the visual observation of movement to analyse performance, concomitantly performers of movement rely heavily on kinaesthetic sensitivity to produce movements of desired precision. The observation of movement errors (by coaches or therapists) and the correction of movement errors (by performers or patients) depend on fundamentally different perceptual systems that may differ in their sensitivity, units of control and trainability. This paper first examines the skill of perceiving fundamental movement characteristics and patterns (i.e., movement kinematics) by reviewing sport expertise literature that has investigated the capabilities of both expert performers and expert observers. Important expertise related differences in visual perceptual skill are discussed with a focus on perceptual and motor contributions to perceptual skill. Theories related to the perception of others movement patterns such as common coding are reviewed with a focus on implications for skill practitioners. Limitations in the current visual observation literature are considered, in particular the need to more directly examine the perceptual capabilities of skill practitioners to reliably differentiate changes in kinematics. The critical parallel issue of the kinaesthetic sensitivity of the patient or athlete is also reviewed, highlighting the need to know the magnitude of the differences between visual and kinaesthetic sensitivities for changes in movement kinematics in order to understand some of the challenges involved in matching detection of movement pattern errors to correction of these errors. Future research directions are discussed; particularly key methodological issues which may help directly establish perceptual sensitivity.

保育者によって観察された基礎的運動パターンと幼児の運動能力との関係

保育者によって観察された基礎的運動パターンと幼児の運動能力との関係

Changes in functional movement screen scores over a season in collegiate soccer and volleyball athletes.

Changes in many aspects of physical capacity and athletic performance have been documented through the course of a competitive season in collegiate athletes. Movement pattern quality as measured by the functional movement screen (FMS) has recently been linked to performance and injury risk. The purpose of this study was to document the changes in functional movement patterns over a competitive season. Fifty-seven National Collegiate Athletic Association Division II athletes were screened using the FMS as part of the pre and post participation examination for their competitive seasons in 2012. Composite and individual FMS test scores for the preseason and postseason were compared with identified significant changes. The scores were also analyzed for changes in the number of asymmetries present and the frequency of a score of 1 in any of the tests. There were no significant interactions in the main effects for time or sport in the composite FMS scores. However, 4 individual tests did show significant change. The deep squat (Z = -3.260, p = 0.001) and in-line lunge scores (Z = -3.498, p < 0.001) improved across all athletes, and the active straight leg raise (Z = -2.496, p = 0.013) and rotary stability scores (Z = -2.530, p = 0.011) worsened across all athletes. A reduction in the number of asymmetries (χ = 4.258, p = 0.039) and scores of 1 (χ = 26.148, p < 0.001) were also found. Changes in individual fundamental movement patterns occur through the course of a competitive season.

Association of the Functional Movement Screen with injuries in division I athletes.

The Functional Movement Screen (FMS) evaluates performance in 7 fundamental movement patterns using a 4-point scale. Previous studies have reported increased injury risk with a composite score (CS) of 14/21 or less; these studies were limited to specific sports and injury definition. To examine the association between FMS CS and movement pattern scores and acute noncontact and overuse musculoskeletal injuries in division I college athletes. An exploratory objective was to assess the association between injury and FMS movement pattern asymmetry. Prospective cohort. College athletic facilities. 167 injury-free, college basketball, football, volleyball, cross country, track and field, swimming/ diving, soccer, golf, and tennis athletes (males = 89). The FMS was administered during pre-participation examination. Noncontact or overuse injuries that required intervention from the athletic trainer during the sport season. FMS CS was not different between those injured (n = 74; 14.3 ± 2.5) and those not (14.1 ± 2.4; P = .57). No point on the ROC curve maximized sensitivity and specificity; therefore previously published cut-point was used for analysis with injury (≤ 14 [n = 92]). After adjustment, no statistically significant association between FMS CS and injury (odds ratio [OR] = 1.01, 95% CI 0.53-1.91) existed. Lunge was the only movement pattern that was associated with injury; those scoring 2 were less likely to have an injury vs those who scored 3 (OR = 0.21, 95% CI 0.08-0.59). There was also no association between FMS movement pattern asymmetry and injury. FMS CS, movement patterns, and asymmetry were poor predictors of noncontact and overuse injury in this cohort of division I athletes.

EVALUATION OF FUNCTIONAL LIMITATIONS IN FEMALE SOCCER PLAYERS AND THEIR RELATIONSHIP WITH SPORTS LEVEL – A CROSS SECTIONAL STUDY

BackgroundLittle is known about the impact of functional muscle restrictions on the level of functional performance among female soccer players.ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to analyze: a) abnormalities in...

Prediction of Injury by Limited and Asymmetrical Fundamental Movement Patterns in American Football Players

Previous injury is the strongest risk factor for future injury in sports. It has been proposed that motor-control changes such as movement limitation and asymmetry associated with injury and pain may be perpetuated as part of an individual's movement strategy. Motor control of fundamental 1-×-body-weight tasks can reliably and efficiently be measured in the field. To determine whether the motor control of fundamental movement patterns and pattern asymmetry have a relationship with time-loss injury over the course of the preseason in professional football. Injury-risk study. American professional football facilities. 238 American professional football players. To measure the motor control of 1-×-body-weight fundamental movement patterns, Functional Movement Screen scores were obtained before the start of training camp. The previously established cutoff score of ≤14 and the presence of any asymmetries on the FMS were examined using relative risk to determine if a relationship exists with time-loss injury. Time-loss musculoskeletal injury defined as any time loss from practice or competition due to musculoskeletal injury. Players who scored ≤14 exhibited a relative risk of 1.87 (CI95 1.202.96). Similarly, players with at least 1 asymmetry displayed a relative risk of 1.80 (CI95 1.112.74). The combination of scoring below the threshold and exhibiting a movement asymmetry was highly specific for injury, with a specificity of .87 (CI95 .84.90). The results of this study suggest that fundamental movement patterns and pattern asymmetry are identifiable risk factors for time-loss injury during the preseason in professional football players.

Qualität grundlegender Bewegungsmuster bei Patienten mit chronischen lumbalen Rückenschmerzen

Chronic back pain may be associated with alterations of motor control and maladaptive movement. However, instruments that systematically screen fundamental movement patterns are rare. Using a newly developed functional movement analysis, this study aims to examine whether persons with chronic unspecific low back pain display altered quality of fundamental movement patterns and whether asymmetry exists between body sides. 20 patients with chronic back pain (♀ = 8, ♂ = 12; 49.4 ± 11.3 years) and 20 healthy controls (♀ = 12, ♂ = 8; 47.7 ± 10.7 years) completed the functional movement analysis. It consists of 11 items screening movements of daily life. Eight of them were to complete left and right. The overall score and the number of observed asymmetries (in items to complete left and right) constituted the primary outcomes. A preliminary analysis of reliability (four raters, four subjects) with pilot character was conducted using intraclass correlation (ICC). To compare differences in means, independent t-tests were performed. In case of significance, we calculated the effect size (Cohen's d). The reliability analysis showed an ICC (2.1) of 0.82 (95 % CI: 0.72 - 0.90). Patients with chronic low back pain (31.95 ± 5.82) scored significantly lower than healthy subjects (44.01 ± 5.27; p < 0.001, d = 2.17). Additionally, patients averaged 3.8 ± 1.28 asymmetries while pain-free participants only demonstrated 1.4 ± 0.94 (p < 0.001; d = 2.14). Faulty and dysbalanced movement patterns appear to be linked to chronic low back pain. Nonetheless, given an existing relation, it remains unclear whether the detected deficiencies are causes or consequences of pain. Further studies about the reliability of the presented screening tool are needed.

Evaluation of Functional Limitations in Female Soccer Players and Their Relationship with Sports Level – A Cross Sectional Study

The main objective(s) of the studyThe aim of this study was to analyze: a) abnormalities in the length of lower limb muscles, b) the correctness of movement patterns, and c) the impact of functional limitations of muscles on the correctness of fundamental movement patterns in a group of female soccer players, in relation to their skill level.Materials and Methods21 female soccer players from Polish Ekstraklasa and 22 players from the 1st Division were tested for lower limb muscle length restrictions and level of fundamental movement skills (with the Fundamental Movement Screen™ test concept by Gray Cook). Chi-square test was used for categorical unrelated variables. Differences between groups in absolute point values were analyzed using the non-parametric Mann-Whitney U test. Statistical significance was set at p<0.05.ResultsStatistically significant higher number of measurements indicating an abnormal length of rectus femoris was observed in the 1st Division group (p = 0.0433). In the group of Ekstraklasa the authors obtained a significantly higher number of abnormal hamstring test results (p = 0.0006). Ekstraklasa players scored higher in the rotational stability test of the trunk (p = 0.0008), whereas the 1st Division players scored higher in the following tests: deep squat (p = 0.0220), in-line lunge (p = 0.0042) and active straight leg raise (p = 0.0125). The results suggest that there are different functional reasons affecting point values obtained in the FMS™ tests in both analyzed groups.ConclusionsThe differences in the flexibility of rectus femoris and hamstring muscle observed between female soccer players with different levels of training, may result from a long-term impact of soccer training on the muscle-tendon system and articular structures. Different causes of abnormalities in fundamental movement patterns in both analyzed groups suggest the need for tailoring prevention programs to the level of sport skills represented by the players.

Use of the SFMA as a measure of overall functionality in patients undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT).

7119 Background: The 6 minute walk test (6MW) has been used in research as a measure of overall functionality and has been related to prognosis and quality of life (QOL) in cancer patients. For some clinics, the use of other functional tests may be a timely and space saving option. The selective functional movement assessment (SFMA) is a short, systematic evaluation of 7 fundamental movement patterns which can be conducted in patient rooms. The SFMA can make clinicians aware of deficient, painful movement patterns that may indicate impairment and motor control deficits. The SFMA may help identify functional impairments for pre- and peri-transplant interventions in patients undergoing HSCT. Methods: Patients were assessed prior to HSCT. A composite score (range: 19-38) was given to patients based SFMA performance. A lower score represented improved movement profiles. 6MW was tested by standardized protocol on an established route. Pearson correlations were calculated to evaluate the relationship between 6MW and SFMA. Results: We evaluated 32 patients (10 autologous, 11 myeloablative allogeneic, 11 reduced intensity allogeneic). One patient was unable to complete all portions of the SFMA due to physical limitations; all patients completed the 6MW. The mean SFMA composite score was 24.9± 3. ≥50% of patients exhibited deficient movement patterns during forward flexion and deep squat. Other patterns that showed a high level of deficiency (&gt; 30% of all patients) were back extension, single leg stance, shoulder mobility, and cervical rotation. The mean 6MW was 477± 94 m. There was a moderate negative correlation between 6MW and SFMA composite score (r =-0.46, p&lt;0.001), implying that a shorter 6MW was associated with more deficient movements. Conclusions: The SFMA could be useful for quantifying overall functionality in settings where the 6MW is not ideal. The SFMA may also be useful for identification of functional issues that may be addressed before or during HSCT by interventions to limit disability and maintain QOL. Further research should evaluate the SFMA results pre to post transplant to assess changes in fundamental movement deficits. The use of the SFMA’s prognostic ability should also be evaluated.

Modifiable risk factors predict injuries in firefighters during training academies.

To examine whether measures of physiologic function and fundamental movement are predictive of injury in firefighters during a training academy. 108 firefighter trainees enrolled in the training academy. Baseline measures of physical performance and fundamental movement patterns were obtained in firefighters entering a training academy to determine predictors of injury. The physical performance measures were standardized tests of individual maximum performance on a set of four different total body tests and one firefighter specific performance test, the tower test. Measurements of fundamental movement patterns consisted of the seven tests of the Functional Movement Screen (FMS) along with the composite score.Performance on each of the individual tests was examined to determine if any of the variables were predictive of injury. ROC curve analysis established that a FMS cut score of ≤ 14 was able to discriminate between those at a greater risk for injury. In addition, the deep squat and push up component of the FMS were statistically significant predictors of injury status along with the sit and reach test. Injury in firefighters during academy can be predicted by baseline measures of musculoskeletal movement and physiology.

Sportovní příprava moderních gymnastek v předškolním a mladším školním věku

The systematic and adequate physical preparation is an important basis for achieving physical literacy in sport branch rhythmic gymnastics. The further preparation at the top level can not successfully continue without the mastery of basic movements and sports skills with a specific technique of difficulties with and without hand apparatuses. In the area of the cultivation we choose fundamental movement patterns: training locomotors and non-locomotors skills, music and movement education, classical dance technique (ballet training), development of flexibility, which is a limiting factor in rhythmic gymnastics, mastery of basic difficulty elements according to the international rules and basic skills in handling of hand apparatuses and equipment. Gymnastics movements and exercises are characterized by gymnast´s body posture, keeping the body and body parts in space, rhythm of movement, and fluidity of movement, combining performance with music and aesthetic experience during composition. Specifically rhythmic gymnastics skills along with psychosocial aspects of training are connected with general physical training. We would like to encourage gifted children and youth in the gymnastics sport clubs with the systematic rhythmic gymnastics training, which is adapted to current conditions and characteristics of the women sport. The main point is to increase membership and interest in the clubs, restore presentation of the Czech gymnastics school in the top positions at the world competitions.

Avaliação da marcha em ambiente terrestre em indivíduos com síndrome de Down

INTRODUÇÃO: Indivíduos portadores da síndrome de Down (SD) apresentam atraso na aquisição dos padrões fundamentais de movimento, tendo como característica básica a dificuldade em formar e selecionar programas motores. OBJETIVO: Determinar as variáveis lineares da marcha em ambiente terrestre de indivíduos com SD e compará-las com os valores obtidos na literatura para indivíduos hígidos. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal realizado com 12 indivíduos (ambos os gêneros, 18 anos ± 2,8), submetidos à avaliação das variáveis lineares da marcha em ambiente terrestre, por meio da impressão das pegadas em uma passarela de papel pardo de 15 metros de comprimento e 0,6 de largura. RESULTADOS: O grupo analisado apresentou tamanho do passo de (41,62 ± 8,39), tamanho da passada (83,24 ± 16,78), velocidade da marcha (0,60 m/s ± 0,15) e cadência de (89,35 ± 14,33 passos/minuto). CONCLUSÃO: Os valores obtidos para as variáveis lineares (tamanho do passo e passada, cadência e velocidade da marcha), neste estudo, indicam diferenças com os valores encontrados na literatura em relação a indivíduos hígidos, os valores obtidos são menores aos referenciados na literatura.

Functional Movement Screen and Physical Performance Scores During a Firefighter Academy: Implications for Injury Screening

Firefighters have one of the highest rates of occupation related injury. Several studies have suggested that group interventions focused on improving cardiovascular and musculoskeletal health are effective in firefighters. However, few studies have examined changes physical performance scores over the course of academy training and whether differences exist in these measures in firefighters who become injured. PURPOSE: To examine changes in functional movement screen scores and physical fitness measures over the course of academy training and to determine if differences exist in pre-test scores between individuals who became injured and those who remained uninjured during their training. Methods Ninety-six firefighters, who participated in four subsequent academies, were measured on seven components of the Functional Movement Screen along with the composite score. In addition, physical fitness measures were collected for pushups, pull-ups, sit and reach, 1.5 mile run, and the firefighter specific tower test. Measurements were taken during the first and last week of academy training. In addition, injuries were tracked over the course of the academy. The dependent t-test was used to compare pre to post physical fitness measurements, and the independent t-test was used to compare pre-test scores of those who became injured to those who had no injury. RESULTS: Performance on all measured tests exhibited statistically significant improvements over the course of the academy with the exception of the pull up. Those who became injured had lower mean pre-test scores for the deep squat (2.0 ± 0.5 vs. 1.7 ± 0.5, p=0.04), push up (2.6 ± 0.5 vs. 2.2 ± 0.6, p<0.01) and composite of the Functional Movement Screen (14.9 ± 1.7 vs. 13.8 ± 2.3, p=0.01). CONCLUSION: Performance on physical fitness tests and subtests of the Functional Movement Screen as well as the composite improved over the course of a firefighter academy. Individuals who eventually sustained an injury during academy training exhibited lower scores on the Functional Movement Screen composite score, as well as deep squat and push up sub-tests. Our findings suggest that it may be important to have firefighters normalize their fundamental movement patterns prior to participating in the academy to reduce their injury risk.

A Neuromuscular Dentistry-Designed Mouthguard Does Not Alter Composite Scores on the Functional Movement Screen

Athletes primarily use mouthguards to reduce the risk for orofacial injuries. In recent years, specially designed mouthguards based on neuromuscular dentistry have been touted to increase performance in areas such as strength, flexibility, and balance. The functional movement screen (FMS) is a complex set of seven fundamental movement patterns utilized to assess range of motion, stability, and balance. The FMS has previously been shown to be a predictor of injury in professional football players and has been correlated with past musculoskeletal injury in firefighters. By maintaining proper jaw and neck alignment, a neuromuscular dentistry-based mouthguard may impact performance on the FMS. PURPOSE: To test the hypothesis that a neuromuscular dentistry-designed mouthguard (EXP) will alter the composite score of the FMS compared to a boil and bite mouthguard (BB) and no mouthguard (NO) condition. METHODS: This double-blind, cross-over design incorporated athletes with 2+ years of current involvement in a sport, 3+ days of training per week for the previous 3 months, 6+ hours a week of training time and at least one instance of competition a year (38M, 8F, 74.8±13.9kg, 1.75±0.09m) after providing IRB-approved informed consent. Several weeks prior to testing, subjects were fitted for both a lower-jaw BB and lower-jaw EXP by qualified dentists. Subjects were randomly assigned to order of use for each mouthguard condition (NO, BB, EXP). Each of the seven patterns of the FMS was scored in real time by a trained observer on a scale of 0-3 with a total possible composite score of 21. An unbalanced mixed-effects ANOVA (p<0.05) was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: Mouthguard condition was not a significant main effect for FMS composite score (p=0.7165). 95% CI for FMS score were NO:13.34-13.85; BB:13.48-14.00; EXP:13.49-14.00. CONCLUSION: Although jaw position has been shown to impact posture and stability, the utilization of a neuromuscular dentistry-designed mouthguard did not alter performance on the FMS. The FMS assesses dynamic movement ability at the whole body level utilizing a very basic scoring scale. Further investigations involving more sensitive measures may be needed to detect performance changes. Funded by Pure Power Athletics, Inc.

Results Of A Training Program Designed To Improve Fundamental Movement Patterns In Professional Football Players

Results Of A Training Program Designed To Improve Fundamental Movement Patterns In Professional Football Players

Estadios de los patrones motores fundamentales en una escuela regular

Objective To determine the status of the basic motor patterns of students in grades kindergarten, first, third and fourth in the city of Tunja School. Such educational institution is part of Cartagena's municipal district. Materials and Methods A descriptive study, which was carried out from direct observation of a total of 310 students using the “Format for the Evaluation of Fundamental Movement Patterns” by McClenaghan and Gallahue (1985). The final evaluation was developed from the analysis of the results from both: direct visual observations, and from the images obtained. Results The results showed that children ages 4 to 6 years exhibited delays in certain motor components: hand (25.7%), arm and trunk (69%), legs (54.9%) and trunk (62%) and find themselves at an initial stage of addressing the following patterns: grabbing, kicking, throwing and jumping respectively. As far as students 7 years and above; a group in which we would expect that basic patterns of movement are in a mature stage, they found 14 students (5.8%) in the initial stage and 51 students (21.2%) in elementary stage in the hand of the grab pattern components. Conclusions The findings suggest that the initial and elementary stages of the motor movement patterns may be present in children older than seven of ages.

Locomotion-Encoded Musical Movements (LEMMS): A Proposed Use for Four Categories of Vertebrate Locomotion in Music Medicine Application and Research

This article advances a descriptive model of the relationship between music played percussively and fundamental locomotor movement patterns that originate in the vertebrate phylum, including human motor development. The model incorporates four categories of developmental movement patterns, borrowed from classificatory schemes well established in the fields of movement education, training, and analysis. The model posits correspondences between these movement patterns and the movements used in playing percussion music, resulting in a system of Locomotion-Encoded Musical Movements (LEMMS) and an array of musical artifacts termed Locomotion-Encoded Musical Patterns (LEMPS). Examples of LEMMS and LEMPS illustrate the utility of the model in specifying inherent relationships between music and movement. Results and discussion center on the LEMMS scheme’s unique characterization of affective and formal aspects of music, its significance to current models of the body in music performance and cognition, and its potential value in music medicine. Keywords neurologic music therapy, music improvisation, music medicine, rhythmicity, locomotion, movement patterns

Functional Movement Test Score as a Predictor of Time-loss during a Professional Football Team's Pre-season

PURPOSE: Researchers have reported that athletes with poor dynamic balance or asymmetrical strength and flexibility (i.e. poor fundamental movement patterns) are more likely to be injured. There is no gold standard measurement tool available to assess these risk factors. The fundamental movement patterns tested in the Functional Movement Screen (FMS) place the athlete in positions where ROM, stabilization, and balance are assessed simultaneously. It has been reported that professional football players with a composite score of ≤ 14 on the FMS are more likely to be injured over the course of a season. The purpose of this study was to determine if fundamental movement characteristics and power have a relationship with time-loss injury over the course of the pre-season in professional football. METHODS: FMS scores and upper and lower body power were obtained prior to the start of training camp for one professional football team (n = 81). The previously established cut-off score of ≤ 14 on the FMS, the presence of asymmetries on the FMS, upper and lower body power, and rookie/veteran status were examined using odds ratio and logistic regression analyses to determine if a relationship exists with time-loss injury. RESULTS: Logistic regression models indicated that players with an FMS score ≤ 14 were approximately 11 times more likely to be injured and players with an asymmetry were 3 times more likely to be injured (p < 0.05). There was no significant relationship with rookie/veteran status or power. When diagnostic testing statistics were applied, having one risk factor was highly sensitive .80 (CI95 .64-.91) LR- = .37 (CI95 .16-.77) and having both risk factors was highly specific .98 (CI95 .93-.99) LR+ = 13.4 (CI95 2.3-84.2) to time-loss injury. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study suggest fundamental movement and movement asymmetry (as measured by the FMS) were independent identifiable risk factors for time-loss injury during the preseason in professional football players and that power and rookie/veteran status were not. These results are consistent with previous research in professional football demonstrating higher injury risk for individuals with inferior fundamental movement patterns. Future research should investigate whether these risk factors are modifiable and if modification results in reduced injury risk.