Fundamental Law Of Hungary Research Articles

Arrest practice and habeas corpus principle

The legal history of habeas corpus goes back to the period of the 'Golden Bull' issued by King Andrew II of Hungary. In the development of English law, the Magna Carta Libertatum marked the emergence of the principle before that. The essence of the principle is that deprivation of liberty may be pronounced by a person vested with judicial power and that the person concerned must be brought before a judge in order to be heard by the accused before an arrest can be ordered. The judicial order for arrest is also provided for in the Fundamental Law of Hungary. The principle raises a number of questions of law enforcement in domestic court practice, but also in the context of EU cooperation.

Preambulum az idegenjogi szakigazgatás rendszerében

Aim: The aim of this paper is to present - in addition to the preambles of the legislation on alien policy from 1903 to the present day - the preamble of Act XC of 2023 on the General Rules for the Entry and Residence of Third-Country Nationals. Methodology: This study considers the practice of the specifications of the preambles of the legislations on the entry and residence of foreigners, and compares, according to grammatical and logical criteria, the certain sentences of the introductory text of Act XC of 2023 on the General Rules for the Entry and Residence of Third-Country Nationals with the normative provisions of this Act and other legislations, in particular the Fundamental Law of Hungary. Findings: The preamble of Act XC of 2023 on the General Rules for the Entry and Residence of Third-Country Nationals introduces the normative provisions of the Act with an unusual content compared to the legislation so far. This content cannot, however, be examined in isolation, but only in the light of the specific legal provisions (constitutional, statutory, regulatory) establishing rights and obligations. Value: The value of the study is to draw attention to the fact that in the system of legislation, only the specific provisions of individual pieces of legislation have normative force, and that the texts and preambles introducing individual pieces of legislation can contribute to the interpretation of these legislative provisions.

Protection of the Environment in National Constitutional Law in Light of the Jurisdiction of the ECtHR – A Hungarian Perspective

The article gives a comparative analysis of the protection of the environment in the European human rights framework and at the constitutional level through the example of Hungary. The contribution analyses two judgments of the ECtHR in connection with the country and presents the Hungarian constitutional framework for the protection of the environment. The starting point of the analysis is the fact that the different levels of regulations – international and national – tend to focus on different aspects of protection, yet they significantly influence each other. The presentation of the two Hungarian cases is particularly topical in light of the fact that the Fundamental Law of Hungary, which introduced several unique provisions for the protection of the environment, was adopted between the finalisation of the two judgments.

Hungarian Army Role 2 Capability

The Fundamental Law of Hungary and the National Military Strategy both state that the Hungarian Defence Forces are responsible for the defence of the independence of the state, and its citizens and enforcement of the state’s interests. Thus, the Hungarian Government decided to extend the capabilities of the Hungarian Defence Forces with a Role 2 field hospital. Being a NATO member country Hungary has decided to join NATO and other joint missions providing both with military force, and logistical and medical support. However, until now, Hungary was not able to support its troops or NATO allied forces with an independent Role 2 level medical facility, which would beable to provide life-saving, limb-saving and function saving surgeries, and short term intensive and postoperative care outside Hungary’s borders as a deployed field hospital. According to the instruction of the Hungarian Government, the planning stage has begun and the first steps of the acquisition process was made. This article guides the reader through the doctrinal and legislative frameworks, the organisational structure, and the facilities and capabilities of the Role 2 field hospital unit.

Missed Constitutional Moments and Real Constitutional Conflicts in Hungary 1989 v. 2011

This paper, examining the Hungarian example argues that that the price is high if a constitutional moment to adopt a constitution based on wide societal compromise has been missed. The constitution-making process might then be completed either by activist courts or by activist political forces. Hungary experienced two major constitutional reforms, both missing a consensual constitutional momentum. The first transformation in 1989–90, which replaced the socialist authoritarian system by democracy, was brought about by political elites, lacking democratic legitimacy, keeping the formal legal framework of the socialist constitution. The second reform in 2011 brought a formally new constitution (Fundamental Law of Hungary), initiated and adopted solely by the governing party (FIDESZ) with a constitutional majority, without consensus. The Constitutional Court both times attempted to play an active, corrective role in the aftermath of the constitution-making.

Węgierski parlament. Tradycje, dylematy i współczesne zmiany

The article deals with the origin, history and present of the Hungarian Parliament. Its roots go back to the Middle Ages, but the main focus is on the last two centuries. The foundations of modern parliamentarism were laid in the revolutionary year of 1848. Since then, the parliamentary system has undergone many metamorphoses. Particular attention is paid to the developments and changes after the adoption of the new Fundamental Law of Hungary in 2011. Since then, the Parliament has been operating in a regime where the dominant force has a qualified majority, which has naturally been reflected in its concrete activities and work.

Shaping Presidential Powers in Hungary: Convention, Tradition and Informal Constitutional Amendments

Abstract There was no tradition of a republican president in Hungary before the fall of communism, and the transitory constitution of 1989 was unclear about the exact role the President should play in the constitutional system of Hungary. Some provisions even resembled those of presidential or semi-presidential systems; some ambiguities were clarified during the first two decades after the transition. Conventions, however, were established to some extent and sometimes very quickly. This period gave rise to guidelines as to how the powers of the President should be exercised. Some other powers were concretized and interpreted foremost by the Constitutional Court. These conventions and judicial interpretations formed the character of the Presidency to the extent of informal constitutional change. Some of these elements have even been incorporated into and formalized by the new Fundamental Law of Hungary. The present contribution will point out how the originally broad competencies of the President have been narrowed in the practice, and what role the Constitutional Court and political actors played in this process.

The Symptoms of Distrust in the Fundamental Law of Hungary and in its 7th Amendment

The Symptoms of Distrust in the Fundamental Law of Hungary and in its 7th Amendment

Hungary’s Christian Culture as Subject of Constitutional Protection

Since 2018 the Fundamental Law of Hungary (the Constitution) has provided for the protection of the Christian culture of Hungary as an obligation of all organs of the State. The Fundamental Law does not commit the Hungarian State to Christian religion or to Christian culture in general, but specifically to the cultural tradition of the country. Despite the recognition of the cultural role of Christianity, the Constitution remains neutral with regard to religion and the freedom of religion is recognised. The constitutional provision discussed in this study, i.e. Article R) para. 4, expressly identifies the culture of Hungary as a culture shaped by Christianity. Culture was born from faith, but faith cannot be born from a historic legacy and even less from a constitutional provision. Thus, the aim of the constitutional legislator was undoubtedly to place a stronger emphasis on the identity of the nation.

Interests of Future Generations, Environmental Protection and the Fundamental Law

The Fundamental Law of Hungary has a special focus on sustainable development, the protection of the interests of future generations and the common heritage of the nation. The ombudsman for future generation is a special and unique institution, responsible for the safeguard of these issues. The primary mission of the ombudsman is to remind the state, including all the state organs and levels, of this task and responsibility, also to propose legislation and to examine individual complaints. In this article we provide a breif overview of those part of the Fundamental Law, which are well-equipped by the decisions of the Constitutional Court. Among others is is clear from the above cases, that everyone has a three-fold obligation towards the interest of the future generation: conservation of options, conservation of quality, and conservation of access. These are supported by the principle of non-derogation and also by the wide interpretation of precautionary principle, in connection with the fundamental right to the environment.

The protection of human rights in connection with working possibilities of special group of employees

The author intends to analyse the special protection of disadvantage people – in particular to disabled people and people with changed working ability. These people are often cut off from the labour market, therefore, they can not participate there and even in the society. However, human rights, regulated in the Fundamental Law of Hungary, provide the opportunity for these people as well to work. Thus, these rights are essential for these people in order to ensure their employment. Labour law and social law protection confirms this constitutional protection. The study examines these three areas of protection.

Президент Угорщини та органи державної влади: механізми взаємодії

Метою статті є аналіз механізмів взаємодії Президента Угорщини з органами державної влади, які закріплені в Конституції Угорщини та інших нормативно-правових документах.
 Наукова новизна. Особливий акцент зроблено на місці та ролі Президента в системі державної влади в аспекті конституційного визначення його повноважень та обов’язків.
 Висновки. Угорщина за формою правління є парламентською республікою, де Державні збори є повновладним органом, формують політично відповідальний перед ними Уряд й обирають Президента, який у системі державних органів є конституційним главою держави. Встановлено, що роль інституту президентства в організації державної влади в Республіці будується на закріпленні його статусу як арбітра, що врівноважує гілки державної влади. Це положення диктує місце Президента в системі державних органів, обсяг його повноважень, систему виборів, специфіку взаємин з іншими державними органами. Обґрунтовується, що Статус та обов’язки Президента Республіки майже не змінилися під час конституційного процесу. Норми Основного Закону Угорщини 2011 р., що регулюють інститут президентства, засновані на попередніх нормах Конституції 1949 р. Уряд і його діяльність не входять до сфери керівництва Президента. Главою виконавчої влади в Республіці є Прем’єр-міністр, який і здійснює урядову політику. Конституційним обов’язком Президента Угорщини є забезпечення балансу гілок влади. Саме ця діяльність, відповідно до Конституції, захищає демократичне функціонування державної організації. Якість функціювання Президента, як балансуючого чинника, пов’язана з його особистими якостями. За активної участі Президент має вплив на законотворчу діяльність, але тільки у сенсі запобіжника можливих, на його думку, порушень. У практичній площині законотворча діяльність регулюється рішеннями Конституційного Суду.

The Precautionary Principle in the Fundamental Law of Hungary

The Precautionary Principle in the Fundamental Law of Hungary

A szociális biztonság alkotmányos védelme az Alaptörvény hatálybalépése előtt és után

This paper explores and compares the jurisprudence of the Hungarian Constitutional Court regarding social security before and after the new Constitution entered into force in 2012. The wording of the new Fundamental Law of Hungary was said to be more restrained and modest regarding social rights, as it does not explicitly stipulate such rights. In this paper I try to come up with a conclusion as to whether the level of protection of social security in the case law of the Hungarian Constitutional Court also became lower after 2012. From our analysis of the practice of the Constitutional Court we can conclude that despite the fact that the wording of the new Constitution seemed to be more restrained and modest regarding social security, the constitutional protection of social security has not declined drastically in the jurisdiction of the Constitutional Court, because the Constitutional Court did not interpret the right to social security as a real constitutional right before 2012, but only as a state obligation.

The realisation of the constitutional principles - the right to good administration and the right to legal remedy - in Hungary

The paper aims to present the realisation of two procedural principles – the right to good administration and the right to legal remedy – regulated also in the Fundamental Law of Hungary, which entered into force on 1st January 2012. The right to legal remedy has been a constitutional principle since the change of regime (in 1989) and the right to good administration has been constitutionally named only by the Fundamental Law of Hungary. The actuality of the paper is the fact that in Hungary from the 1st of January 2018 completely new codes regulate the general public administrative procedures and the administrative justice. Based on these Acts, a new legal remedy system has been introduced regarding administrative decisions in which the judicial review procedures became – instead of the internal administrative appeal procedures – in most of the cases the firstly used legal remedy possibility regarding administrative decisions. After a short overview of the new legal remedy system which has been introduced regarding administrative decisions, the paper presents the constitutional basis of the right to good administration and the right to legal remedy. Finally, we analyse in detail the latest and most relevant decisions of the Constitutional Court of Hungary and some cases of the Curia of Hungary about the practice of the direct enforcement of the constitutional principles: the right to good administration and the right to legal remedy regarding administrative decisions.

Rule-Based Budgeting: The Road to Budget Stability1. The Hungarian Solution

Starting from the macro-economic processes of public finance, this article examines the road to reaching financial stability and sustainable economic growth. It outlines the role played by rule-based budgeting in this process. It introduces the regulatory and institutional solutions and explains how, as a logical consequence of being part of a framework, this service can become a useful aspect of financial policy by implementing the respective regulations of the system and of annual budgetary practice. It reaches the conclusion that “elevating” the major stipulations of the rule-based budget framework and the operational rules of the institution safeguarding the implementation into the Fundamental Law of Hungary in 2001 was unavoidable from the aspect of strengthening fiscal responsibility. The article deals with the linkages of the Stability Act, the major characteristics of the work done by the Fiscal Council and the body’s recommendations made in the last few years. Finally, it illustrates with some data the improvement of fiscal (public finance) stability supported by rule-based budgeting.

Article 7 TEU is a nuclear bomb — with all its consequences?

The present piece of writing analyses whether the “nuclear bomb” metaphor can be applied to Article 7 TEU. The theoretical framework applied belongs to the field of law and economics of criminal law. It will be presented a possible typology of international organisations which might explain the different measure of influence of different international bodies on the national legal orders. Besides the importance of reputation the study states that solely the mere sanctioning power of an international organ is insufficient in achieving significant results, however, if the sanctioning power goes together with a high probability of the application of the sanctions, the bigger consideration will be provided to the opinions or standards of the respective body. This hypothesis will be presented through the Fundamental Law of Hungary and its fifth amendment.

A köztársasági elnöki kegyelem a büntetőjog szempontjából

The individual pardon, exercised by the President of the Republic, has recently become the centre of attention in the media and among the lawyers in context of life imprisonment without parole eligibility. This prompts me to investigate the presidential pardon in this article.
 I am dealing with the origins and the standardization of pardon, then I move on to the conditions and criteria the Head of State can take into consideration when making the decision. Afterwards, I am presenting some statistics.
 The power of pardon is stipulated by the Fundamental Law of Hungary, and the specific rules can be found in the Criminal Code, the Criminal Procedure Act and the Punishment Executive Act.
 I am focusing on the last one, in which the Government and the Parliament have redressed the problems of life sentence, regarding human rights, with a compulsory procedure of pardon, thus giving the convict the hope of being released from prison. However, this solution raises a few questions, so arguments can be made both for and against it.

A hatalmi ágak megosztásának XXI. századi kérdései az Alaptörvényt követően


 
 
 
 Az államhatalmi ágak megosztásának kérdése az alkotmányjog és a jogelmélet egyik legtöbbet kutatott területe. Az Alaptörvény hatálybalépésével a közjogi berendezkedés olyan új alapokra helyeződött, amelyek egyértelműen indokolttá teszik a téma ismételt vizsgálatát. E tanulmány gondolati vezérfonala a következő. Kísérletet teszünk a „három hatalmi ág – egy-egy funkció” frázist árnyaló szempontok bemutatására. Azt vizsgáljuk, hogy a hatalommegosztás milyen hatalmi ágak között, illetőleg mely egyéb tényezők között és főképpen hogyan létesülhet. Azok egyensúlyával? Azok merev elválasztásával? Vagy akár az egyes hatalmi ágakon belül is? Hovatovább egyes szervek bizonyos egységei tekintetében is? E fogalmak elméleti elemzése során mindig kitérünk konkrét gyakorlati, különösen magyar példákra. Az egyes fogalmi alapokat követően áttekintjük a klasszikus triászon felüli esetleges hatalmi ágakat, majd összegezzük az Alaptörvény szerinti hazai rendszert. Végül (indirekt bizonyítással) a hatalommegosztás ellentéte, a hatalomkoncentráció rövid elemzésével zárjuk a tanulmányt.
 
 
 

The renewed constitutional level of environmental law in Hungary

Environmental law is encroaching into the legal system, because it orders the following of the imperative principle of integration, according to which it is necessary to build environmental considerations and priorities into all norms, plans and activities using or affecting the environment. The highest level of national environmental legislation is the Fundamental Law of Hungary (25 April 2011), which also has new environmentally relevant provisions, which are worth analysingas they serve to protect the natural foundations of life. This assured defence of the interest of future generations stems from the human right to a healthy environment, which is linked to the respect of human dignity and life. This human right belongs to the third generation, the solidarity or collective-developmental group of rights. The Fundamental Law also comprises several subfields of environmental law by mentioning their protected subjects and emphasizing their importance.