Fundamental Interactions In Nature Research Articles

Методичні особливості викладання природничих дисциплін засобами емерджентно-інтегративного підходу

The article is devoted to the search for the possibilities of implementing an emergent-integrative approach to the training of future teachers of natural sciences in the process of mastering the cycle of fundamental sciences: physics, astronomy, astrophysics, cosmology, cosmogony. The possibility of one of the variants of the system-integrative approach to the structuring and study of educational material about fundamental interactions in nature and the current state of the process of combining the physical theories that describe them is substantiated. As research methods, a comprehensive analysis of scientific and methodological sources was used, in which a unified approach to solving pedagogical problems is represented, and a synthesis of the relevant research results published in scientific and pedagogical publications, with the results of the author's work on their experimental implementation in educational practice. We practice teaching the integrative content of the material about fundamental interactions in nature consistently in the form of several stages. First, the nature of all fundamental interactions, their general characteristics, comparative data on the magnitude of numerical values, manifestation of fundamental interactions (forces) in physics, astronomy, chemistry, etc. are considered. The next stage consists in determining the influence of the change in the numerical values of the world constants on the evolution of the universe. After that, modern theories are considered at a qualitative level, which try to combine all fundamental interactions into a single system (scientific picture of the world). As a result of the conducted research, the possibilities of an integrative study of the material about fundamental interactions in nature and their quantum-statistical nature have been clarified. Their fundamentally opposite properties have been determined (long-range nature of gravitational and electromagnetic interactions and short-range – weak and strong), which in combination determine the structural unity and evolution of our universe, the possibility of the existence of a plurality of other universes, the property of inexhaustible «crushing» of matter into smaller and smaller particles, thereby confirming the dialectic of unity and the struggle of opposites.

The Unification of the Fundamental Interactions

The known fundamental interactions of nature are to be examined for mathematical connections existing among themselves. This would be a further indication that nature has a mathematical basic framework. The investigation shall show whether a unification of the fundamental forces is reasonable and possible.

Fundamental Interactions of Nature: Classical Unification of Gravitational and Electromagnetic Forces

We have looked at the four fundamental interactions, the interaction between imaginary energies. This been the electromagnetic (between electric charges), weak (between electric and colour charges), and strong (between colour charges) interactions. Among the four fundamental elements, there are ten (six real and four imaginary) fundamental interactions. We also have presented a Classical theory of unification of gravitational force and the electromagnetic force based on generalization of Newton’s law of gravitation to include a dynamic term inferred from the Lorentz force of electromagnetic interaction. This dynamic term alone in the gravitational force is enough to develop the entire dynamic theory of gravitation parallel to that of electrodynamics. This theory naturally solves the mystery of action-at-distance. It has been shown that the inverse square law of the static and the dynamic forces is the result of the conservation of mass (Gauss’s Law) and the total momentum (Wang’s Law). The Wang’s Law been a new discovery. The new theory also predicts that the gravitational force is transmitted through propagation of gravitational waves at the speed of light.

On the entropic nature of unified interactions

In this paper, we generalize Verlinde’s entropic gravity proposal on the other fundamental interactions of nature. We begin by introducing the entropic origin of the Coulomb’s electrostatic force, and then the magnetic force, by assuming the holographic principle holds when a charged particle approaches a screen enclosing the emerged part of the spacetime due to a source. We assume that the entropy of the screen changes when the charge approaches as in the Verlinde’s approach. Thereafter, we obtain the entropic Maxwell equations in both classical and covariant form by means of the holographic principle hold for the source. Considering the gauge covariant structure of the fundamental forces, we implicitly generalize the entropic origin of the electromagnetic force into the strong and weak nuclear forces. The possibility of the entropic origin of the all fundamental forces of nature is assumed to make a meaningful contribution to the unification scheme of the fundamental forces.

Introdução à Teoria de Gauge da Gravitação

The fundamental interactions of nature, the electroweak and the quantum chromodynamics, are described in the Standard Model by the Gauge Theory under internal symmetries that maintain the invariance of the functional action. The fundamental interaction of gravitation is very well described by Einstein's General Relativity in a Riemannian spacetime metric, but General Relativity has been over time a gravitational field theory apart from the Standard Model. The theory of Gauge allows under symmetries of the group of Poincar\'e to impose invariances in the functional of the action of the spinor field that result in the gravitational interaction with the fermions. In this approach the gravitational field, besides being described by the equation similar to General Relativity, also brings a spin-gravitational interaction in a Riemann-Cartan spacetime.

Effects of physiological integration on defense strategies against herbivory by the clonal plant Alternanthera philoxeroides

The plant–herbivore interaction is one of the most fundamental interactions in nature. Plants are sessile organisms, and consequently rely on particular strategies to avoid or reduce the negative impact of herbivory. Here, we aimed to determine the defense strategies against insect herbivores in the creeping invasive plant Alternanthera philoxeroides. We tested the defense response of A. philoxeroides to herbivory by a leaf-feeding specialist insect Agasicles hygrophila and a polyphagous sap-feeding insect Planococcus minor. We also tested the mechanisms triggering defense responses of A. philoxeroides by including treatments of artificial leaf removal and jasmonic acid application. Furthermore, we examined the effect of physiological integration on these defense strategies. The combination of artificial leaf removal and jasmonic acid application produced a similar effect to that of leaf-feeding by the real herbivore. Physiological integration influenced the defense strategies of A. philoxeroides against herbivores, and increased biomass allocation to aboveground parts in its apical ramets damaged by real herbivores. Our study highlights the importance of physiological integration and modular plasticity for understanding the consequences of herbivory in clonal plants.

Grand unified theories and proton decay

There exists four fundamental interactions in Nature: strong, weak, hypercharge, and gravity interactions.Based on the conjecture that all the fundamental interactions have the same origin,physicists have explored the Grand Unified Theories,which describes the most fundamental laws in the Universe. From the historical point of view,the first unification was done by Newton, who unified the celestial and terrestrial gravity.The second unification was done by Maxwell, who unified the electric and magnetic interactions into an electromagnetic interaction.Nordstrom, Kaluza, and Klein for the first time proposed the extra dimension(s),and tried to unify the known gravity and electromagnetic interaction into a five-dimensional gravity.This idea is indeed great, but unfortunately does not describe Nature.The third unification was done by Glashow, Salam, and Weinberg, who describedthe electromagnetic and weak interactions via an electroweak theory. Therefore,how to construct the Grand Unified Theories to describe all the fundamental interactions is a very importantand fundamental problem. As we know, strong, weak, and hypercharge interactionsare gauge interactions, whose gauge groups are $SU(3)_C\times~SU(2)_L\times~U(1)_Y$.Thus, we believe they have the same origin: a high scale Grand Unified Theory with gauge group $SU(5)$ or $SO(10)$, etc.Exactly speaking, there are two kinds of definitions for the Grand Unified Theories: (1) Gauge interaction unification;(2) Fermion unification. In this paper, we only consider the first definition, and do not consider the Grand Unified Theorieswhich unify three generations of the Standard Model fermions. However, the Grand Unified Theories do not include gravity.Especially, gravity quantization is another important problem in physics. Right now, the most promising theory for quantum gravityis string theory. Therefore, the models, which can unify all the four fundamental interactions in Nature, are probably the string models.In particular, string models can solve the major problems in the four-dimensional Grand Unified Theories naturally.Thus, the Grand Unified Theories and string models will give us a Theory of Everthing. In principle,it can explain all the phenomena in the Universe, and thus it is the final goal of the physics.Historically, many great physicists such as Einstein et al have studied the Grand Unified Theories. Right now.we have constructed various Grand Unified Theories and string models, and thus need further experiments to test them.In this paper, we first briefly explain the Standard Model and its problems.With the canonical normalized $U(1)_Y$ and Grand Desert Hypothesis, we can achieve the gauge coupling unificationby introducing new particles around TeV scale. Especially, we explain the supersymmetric Standard Models in details.We discuss the four-dimensional Pati-Salam $SU(4)_C\times~SU(2)_L\times~SU(2)_R$ models,Georgi-Glashow $SU(5)$ models, Flipped $SU(5)\times~U(1)_X$ models, and $SO(10)$ models.We explain the non-supersymmetric and supersymmetric $SU(5)$ models in details, including its correct predictions,the main problems and solutions, as well as proton decays, etc. We also briefly discuss the high dimensionalorbifold Grand Unified Theories and string models. Finally, we study how to probe these models: searches for the new particles withpredicted properties at the colliders, as well as the current and future proton decay experiments and possible new proposals.

What is the nature of gravity?

There are four conventionally accepted fundamental interactions in nature—gravitational, electromagnetic, strong, and weak forces. The gravitational force, based on Einstein’s general theory of relativity, is described as a continuous classical field. The other three, part of the standard model of particle physics, are described as discrete quantum fields, and their interactions are each carried by a quantum, an elementary particle. Two theoretical frameworks upon which all modern physics rests have been developed and have been able to withstand almost all the experimental tests so far individually, but they are mutually incompatible—they cannot both be right. It is a puzzle in physics that the two perfect theories are not compatible, and how to reconcile quantum theory with general relativity is still an open question. Our understanding on the nature of gravity is the key issue. In this article, we first introduce interpretation of gravity in the framework of general relativity, in which gravity is not a real force but a representation of the curved spacetime. On the other hand, the standard model gave a different interpretation of gravity, in which gravity is effects of exchange of gravitons between two masses. Graviton is the fundamental particle, whose mass is zero and spin is two, but it has not been found in any experiments. Then, the contradiction when scientists attempt to unify general relativity and quantum theory is introduced. The superstring theory, a quantum theory not of point particles and a possible candidate in pursuit of a theory of everything in nature, seems to give an unique solution to solve the contradiction, in which all of the particles and interactions of nature are modelled as the vibrations of tiny supersymmetric strings, and the price to pay is unusual features such as six extra dimensions of space in addition to the usual three. The size of the string is about 10-35m, the Plank scale. String and its vibration could construct everything, which also includes gravity, and the physical properties of forces and particles were decided by the frequencies of the string, such as spin and mass. The superstring theory had a puzzle that supersymmetry could be drew into string theory to form five different superstring theories by five different methods. M-theory was born with the development of superstring theory, which unified five different forms of superstring theory. Finally, the experimental tests of the nature of gravity is briefly introduced.

Electromagnetic Education in India

Abstract Out of the four fundamental interactions in nature, electromagnetics is one of them along with gravitation, strong interaction and weak interaction. The field of electromagnetics has made much of the modern age possible. Electromagnets are common in day-to-day appliances and are becoming more conventional as the need for technology increases. Electromagnetism has played a vital role in the progress of human kind ever since it has been understood. Electromagnets are found everywhere. One can find them in speakers, doorbells, home security systems, anti-shoplifting systems, hard drives, mobiles, microphones, Maglev trains, motors and many other everyday appliances and products. Before diving into the education system, it is necessary to reiterate its importance in various technologies that have evolved over time. Almost every domain of social life has electromagnetic playing its role. Be it the mobile vibrators you depend upon, a water pump, windshield wipers during rain and the power windows of your car or even the RFID tags that may ease your job during shopping. A flavor of electromagnetics is essential during primary level of schooling for the student to understand its future prospects and open his/her mind to a broad ocean of ideas. Due to such advancements this field can offer, study on such a field is highly beneficial for a developing country like India. The paper presents the scenario of electromagnetic education in India, its importance and numerous schemes taken by the government of India to uplift and acquaint the people about the importance of EM and its applications.

Manifestation of a non-Abelian Berry phase in ap-type semiconductor system

Gauge theories, while describing fundamental interactions in nature, also emerge in a wide variety of physical systems. Abelian gauge fields have been predicted and observed in a number of novel quantum many-body systems, topological insulators, ultracold atoms, and many others. However, the non-Abelian gauge field, while playing the most fundamental role in particle physics, up to now has remained a purely theoretical construction in many-body physics. In this paper, we report an observation of a non-Abelian gauge field in a spin-orbit coupled quantum system. The gauge field manifests itself in quantum magnetic oscillations of a hole doped two-dimensional (2D) GaAs heterostructure. Transport measurements were performed in tilted magnetic fields, where the effect of the emergent non-Abelian gauge field was controlled by the components of the magnetic field in the 2D plane.

Quantum chaos and breaking of all anti-unitary symmetries in Rydberg excitons.

Symmetries are the underlying principles of fundamental interactions in nature. Chaos in a quantum system may emerge from breaking these symmetries. Compared to vacuum, crystals are attractive for studying quantum chaos, as they not only break spatial isotropy, but also lead to novel quasiparticles with modified interactions. Here we study yellow Rydberg excitons in cuprous oxide which couple strongly to the vacuum light field and interact significantly with crystal phonons, leading to inversion symmetry breaking. In a magnetic field, time-reversal symmetry is also broken and the exciton states show a complex splitting pattern, resulting in quadratic level repulsion for small splittings. In contrast to atomic chaotic systems in a magnetic field, which show only a linear level repulsion, this is a signature of a system where all anti-unitary symmetries are broken simultaneously. This behaviour can otherwise be found only for the electro-weak interaction or engineered billiards.

Recent progress on analog gravity and related issues

Of the four kinds of fundamental interactions in nature, gravity is the first known to humankind, but at the same time, it seems to be the least understood. A self-consistent theory of quantum gravity is still elusive. Even though, the efforts to unify quantum theory and general relativity continue, and recent researches show that analog gravitational systems open up new possibilities for our understanding of the nature of gravity. The analog gravity provides us concrete non-gravitational physical systems to study the quantum effects in curved spacetime such as the Hawking radiation both theoretically and experimentally on the one hand, while on the other hand, the techniques dealing with issues in curved spacetime can also be applied to the analog systems themselves and shed light on them in return. In this paper, we review various analog models that capture different aspects of the behaviors of gravitational systems. First, we introduce the analog of the bending of light in curved spacetime with artificial metamaterials based on transformation optics, which is an analog of a classical general relativistic effect. We then review Unruhs sonic black hole model. When the speed of the background fluid is faster than the speed of sound in the fluid, one creates a sonic analog of a gravitational black hole. If the flow of an ideal fluid is irrotational, then the equation of motion describing the acoustic disturbance is identical to the dAlembertian equation of a minimally coupled massless scalar filed in a curved spacetime, which forms the foundation of the phonon Hawking radiation in analog systems. Unruhs sonic black hole model has become a paradigm for experimental verification of quantum effects in curved spacetime, and there have been, in recent years, many attempts to realize it in analogue systems such as the Bose-Einstein condensate, ion traps, optical fibers, and etc. Other related issues, such as the detection of modified vacuum fluctuations, which are intrinsically related to quantum effects in curved space, by means of superconducting circuit devices, and the metamaterial models of cosmological evolutions are also reviewed. Finally, we give an outlook for the future research.

We Can Unify Quantum Mechanics And Gravity Only By ToE i.e MIND

A Theory of Everything would unify all the fundamental interactions of nature: gravitation, strong interaction, weak interaction, and electromagnetism. Because the weak interaction can transform elementary particles from one kind into another, the ToE should also yield a deep understanding of the various different kinds of possible particles. The usual assumed path of theories is given in the following graph, where each unification step leads one level upIn Unification physics where four fundamental forces are tried to unify . It means Four natural forces which are mediated by four particles ( photon, vector boson , gluons and gravitons) are created from one particle . It is called super unification. GUT means three forces ( Photon, vector bosons, and GLUON ) could be unified as these are made up of one type of fundamental particle called energy basic building blocks .

We Can Unify Quantum Mechanics And Gravity Only By ToE i.e MIND

A Theory of Everything would unify all the fundamental interactions of nature: gravitation , strong interaction , weak interaction , and electromagnetism . Because the weak interaction can transform elementary particles from one kind into another, the ToE should also yield a deep understanding of the various different kinds of possible particles. The usual assumed path of theories is given in the following graph, where each unification step leads one level up In Unification physics where four fundamental forces are tried to unify . It means Four natural forces which are mediated by four particles ( photon, vector boson , gluons and gravitons) are created from one particle . It is called super unification. GUT means three forces ( Photon, vector bosons, and GLUON ) could be unified as these are made up of one type of fundamental particle called energy basic building blocks .

(TOE) a Theory of Everything

It is (TOE) a theory of everything that fully explains and links together all known physical phenomena with unify of all the fundamental interactions of nature: the gravitation, the strong interaction, the weak interaction and the electromagnetism also explains the existence of the elementary particles.

Revealing cosmic rotation

Cosmological Birefringence (CB), a rotation of the polarization plane of radiation coming to us from distant astrophysical sources, may reveal parity violation in either the electromagnetic or gravitational sectors of the fundamental interactions in nature. Until only recently this phenomenon could be probed with only radio observations or observations at UV wavelengths. Recently, there is a substantial effort to constrain such non-standard models using observations of the rotation of the polarization plane of cosmic microwave background (CMB) radiation. This can be done via measurements of the $B$-modes of the CMB or by measuring its TB and EB correlations which vanish in the standard model. In this paper we show that $EB$ correlations-based estimator is the best for upcoming polarization experiments. The $EB$ based estimator surpasses other estimators because it has the smallest noise and of all the estimators is least affected by systematics. Current polarimeters are optimized for the detection of $B$-mode polarization from either primordial gravitational waves or by large scale structure via gravitational lensing. In the paper we also study optimization of CMB experiments for the detection of cosmological birefringence, in the presence of instrumental systematics, which by themselves are capable of producing $EB$ correlations; potentially mimicking CB.

CMB polarization systematics due to beam asymmetry: Impact on cosmological birefringence

The standard cosmological model is assumed to respect parity symmetry. Under this assumption the cross correlations of the cosmic microwave background's temperature anisotropy and ``gradient''-like polarization, with the ``curl''-like polarization, identically vanish over the full sky. However, extensions of the standard model which allow for light scalar field or axion coupling to the electromagnetic field, or coupling to the Riemann gravitational field strength, as well as other modifications of field theories, may induce a rotation of the cosmic microwave background polarization plane on cosmological scales and manifest itself as nonvanishing $TB$ and $EB$ cross correlations. Recently, the degree of parity violation (reflected in polarization rotation) was constrained using data from BOOMERANG, WMAP, and QUAD. Forecasts have been made for near-future experiments (e.g. PLANCK) to further constrain parity- and Lorentz-violating terms in the fundamental interactions of nature. Here we consider a real-world effect induced by a class of telescope beam systematics which can mimic the rotation of polarization plane or otherwise induce nonvanishing $TB$ and $EB$ correlations. In particular, adopting the viewpoint that the primary target of future experiments will be the inflationary $B$-mode signal, we assume the beam systematics of the upcoming PLANCK and POLARBEAR experiments are optimized towards this goal, and explore the implications of the allowed levels of beam systematics on the resulting precision of polarization-rotation measurements.

Unified Theory of Fundamental Interactions

Based on local gauge invariance, four different kinds of fundamental interactions in nature are unified in a theory which has Gravitational Gauge Group gauge symmetry. In this approach, gravitational field, like electromagnetic field, intermediate gauge field, and gluon field, is represented by gauge potential. Four kinds of fundamental interactions are formulated in the similar manner, and therefore can be unified in a direct or semi-direct product group. The model discussed in this paper is a renormalizable quantum model and can be regarded as an extension of the standard model to gravitational interactions, so it can be used to study quantum effects of gravitational interactions.