Financial Requirements Research Articles

Comparative Analysis of the Effects of European Union Environmental Policies on the Textile and Clothing Sector of Turkey and Bangladesh: Implications for Sustainable Development Goals

Objectives: This study investigates the impact of European Union (EU) environmental policies on Bangladesh's and Turkey's textile industries. It aims to identify the challenges both nations face in implementing these regulations and explore opportunities for sustainable development by comparing their approaches. Theoretical Framework: The research is grounded in environmental governance and industrial sustainability principles, emphasizing the interplay between regulatory frameworks and economic practices in developing countries. Method: A mixed-methods approach combines an extensive literature review with analyzing country-specific data from existing studies. This method provides a comprehensive understanding of the challenges and strategies employed by both nations. Results and Discussion: Findings reveal that compliance with EU regulations is challenging for Bangladesh and Turkey due to their reliance on textile exports. With its diversified economy, Turkey faces high financial requirements, while Bangladesh struggles with rapid population growth and unplanned industrialization. Common issues such as air and water pollution, along with inadequate waste management systems, are prevalent in both contexts. Differences emerge in regulatory frameworks and resource management, influencing their respective adaptation strategies. Research Implications: The study highlights the need for customized policy interventions and international collaboration to support compliance efforts in both countries. Enhanced environmental practices can foster the achievement of Sustainable development Goals (SDGs) while ensuring economic growth. Originality/Value: This research offers a comparative analysis of two major textile-exporting nations, providing fresh insights into balancing economic development with environmental responsibilities in the global textile sector.

From gaps to transaction: Reflections on a long-term collaborative research practice in VET

The purpose of this article is to reflect on and theorise collaborative research practices. Research–practice collaborations are widely recognised and encouraged by means of university strategies, policy intentions, and funding requirements. One way to provide for and strengthen collaborative research in education is to form long-term partnerships between schools and universities. In this reflective account, we draw on our own experiences from doing research in the field of vocational education and training (VET) as participants in a long-term collaboration among two social and health care vocational colleges and two university departments. Assisted by Dewey’s pragmatic approach to learning as transaction, we seek to move beyond the binary of ‘research’ and ‘practice’ as constituting a gap to be bridged between two forms of knowledge. Instead, we conceive of the collaboration as an emerging ‘third context’ in its own right created by various activities, all of which involve both theoretical and experiential knowledge.

Exploring climate change investment initiatives and funding challenges among faith‐based organizations in Ghana

AbstractMotivationFaith‐based organizations (FBOs) have a significant role to play at a time of environmental upheavals, but their ability to mobilize climate funds in sub‐Saharan Africa, especially Ghana, remains under question.PurposeThe study asked three questions: (1) What spectrum of climate change investment opportunities are FBOs seeking? (2) What are the untapped climate change investment opportunities that FBOs can pursue? (3) What are the constraints that hinder FBOs in mobilizing funds to finance these opportunities?Approach and methodsA qualitative research approach was adopted for the study and 18 FBOs in Ghana were purposively selected as a sample for the study.FindingsThe study uncovered the spectrum of climate change investment opportunities pursued by FBOs in the areas of agriculture and waste. However, there are untapped climate change investment opportunities in the energy and transport sectors. The constraints associated with mobilizing climate finance are ideological differences, knowledge gaps, limited institutional capacity, and bureaucratic bottlenecks.Policy implicationsClimate action funders need to reduce complications surrounding the means of obtaining funding and streamline their funding requirements to suit FBOs. They should also reassess their credibility evaluation standards to help FBOs from being sidestepped due to limited funding track records, despite the promising adaptation and mitigation initiatives they may have to offer. FBOs must upgrade their skills in the climate finance landscape by taking advantage of capacity‐building programmes and training that seek to increase their understanding of the climate finance opportunities and requirements of climate funders.

Increasing Literacy of Sharia Disaster Insurance in Indonesia

Natural disaster losses need to be reduced in order to be recovered from. APBN/APBD has a budget for disaster management thanks to the efforts of the Indonesian government, as mandated by Law No. 24 of 2007The government must alter its natural disaster risk finance policies in order to meet the demands for large catastrophe funding that is prompt, targeted, more planned, sustainable, and transparent. Economic losses and the burden on the state budget will be lessened as a result. This funding must be able to satisfy the financial needs for emergency response and catastrophe recovery in addition to the financial requirements for disaster risk transfer and mitigation (rehabilitation and reconstruction). The individual risk insurer is the organization in charge of managing insurance. The agreement between the insured and the insurer is known as a policy in the context of insurance. The insurer agrees to assume a variety of potential future risks under the agreement in exchange for certain payments from the insured. The amounts that the insured pays to the insurer are known as premiums

Shaping the future of pharmacoepidemiology in France: Recommendations from the SFPT Pharmacoepidemiology Working Group.

The drug authorization process is shifting towards a policy aimed at shortening time-to-market. While this policy facilitates early access to new treatments, it can also result in potentially insufficient knowledge of both efficacy and safety at the time of marketing. The latter is particularly true for long-term outcomes or in specific populations (e.g., children and the elderly). Yet, French pharmacoepidemiology is currently not designed to address these challenges, despite recognized expertise. In this context, we aim: (i) to define a strategy for strengthening pharmacoepidemiology in France; and (ii) to identify the associated human, technical, and financial requirements to ensure its success. In this paper, we present the French Pharmacoepidemiology Initiative (https://frenchpharmacoepi.org/), i.e. a network of independent academic teams to complement existing institutions. It will provide coordinated expertise and a workforce to meet national and regional needs for pharmacoepidemiological monitoring and drug-related decision-making. Leveraging the existing expertise of university hospital pharmacoepidemiology units would enable rapid operational deployment to inform the decisions and policies of national regulatory agencies.

Incentive Contract, Equity Pooling, and Optimal Securitization Design

ABSTRACTThis paper examines the optimal security design and financing structure for investment funds, considering investors with heterogeneous risk preferences. The private equity (PE) fund serves as an information intermediary that plays a crucial role in aligning incentives and facilitating financing activities. To address the potential misalignment between incentive structures and financing requirements, we develop an integrated framework that incorporates both internal moral hazard and external financing decisions. Our analysis demonstrates that optimal equity incentives effectively align the interests of fund manager and PE fund, thereby enhancing fund performance. The results indicate that the optimal financing mechanism comprises a “waterfall” structure consisting of equity, senior bonds, and junior bonds. Furthermore, we find that pooling equity and issuing asset‐backed securities substantially reduce financing costs, although these costs increase with the size of the financing gap. The dual information asymmetry framework offers novel insights into structured financing and corporate growth strategies.

Entrepreneurship Culture in Secondary Education in Bisha Province: Reality and Hope

The study aimed to develop a proposed vision for the possibility of spreading the culture of entrepreneurship in secondary education among students in Bisha Governorate. The current study used the descriptive approach, as it is one of the most appropriate research approaches to the nature of the study and its objectives, by presenting previous studies related to the subject of the study, and monitoring the reality of secondary education in Bisha Governorate and the extent of its suitability for the requirements of entrepreneurship (projects). The research reached a set of results and recommendations, which are as follows: Including entrepreneurship education in secondary education through the following areas Mission, vision, objectives and guiding principles: The mission, vision and objectives of secondary education should be clear. And linked to the vision of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia 2030, and the objectives must be linked to achievable performance indicators in the context of annual or semi-annual objectives , and in order to achieve unified results, a strategy must be adopted. Entrepreneurship Education: A Gradual Model for Integrating Entrepreneurship into Secondary Education The strategy should also highlight the methodology of interventions, i.e. how the implementation of entrepreneurship education will evolve and progress from mere interventions in the curricula to specialized tracks in secondary education , the need to take into account the approved financial budgets and the ability of stakeholders to implement within a realistic time frame , the strategy should also include the funding and budget requirements necessary for its implementation and clarify best practices , and that funding for entrepreneurship education should come from various relevant sources within the country, and there must be an effective communication plan in the strategy aimed at raising awareness about the importance of entrepreneurship education and gaining community support. In addition, the communication and outreach plan should aim to ensure that stakeholders are informed and knowledgeable about specific policies, strategies and initiatives , and the strategy should include monitoring and evaluation methodologies to obtain valuable intelligence and anticipate future strategies and action plans aimed at promoting entrepreneurship education. Therefore, it is essential that the strategy includes short- and long-term key performance indicators and objectives that measure the impact of each intervention as well as monitoring the effectiveness of its implementation by stakeholders.

Economic Evaluation of delivering an evidence-based online HIV prevention program to MSM via direct-to-consumer marketing versus community-based organization recruitment.

This study, conducted as part of the Keep It Up! (KIU!) 3.0 trial, compares the implementation costs of two strategies - centralized direct-to-consumer (DTC) marketing and decentralized distribution via community-based organizations (CBO) - in delivering an evidence-based online HIV prevention program. We conducted interviews and collected data to identify and quantify all costs for both delivery strategies. Costs were then categorized into start-up and ongoing (time-dependent and variable) costs and assigned dollar values based on established micro-costing protocols. In the DTC arm (1,468 enrollees), the program was implemented from October 2019 through August 2022. Total ongoing costs including overhead and excluding start-up costs were $735,953, averaging $501 per participant. Start-up costs were $398,384 ($376,393 for content design and development and $21,991 for other costs), time-dependent costs were $219,177 ($149 per participant), and variable costs were $491,658 ($335 per participant). In the CBO arm (656 enrollees across 22 sites), KIU! was implemented for a two-year period between October 2019 and December 2022. Total ongoing costs including overhead and excluding start-up costs were $2,780,682 ($4,239 per participant). Start-up costs were $511,528 ($401,141 for content design and development and $110,386 for other costs), time-dependent costs were $1,926,958 ($2,937 per participant), and variable costs were $256,543 ($391 per participant). The DTC arm demonstrated a lower overall cost and a lower cost per participant compared to distribution via the CBO arm. Understanding these cost dynamics is pivotal for guiding decisions on program sustainability and determining funding requirements for future large-scale implementation.

Paradoxes in the operation of public administration: opportunity or barrier to the sustainable development of organisations?

The Sustainable Development Goals formulated within the framework of the UN resolution “Transforming Our World: The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development” are a challenge for both businesses and public administrations. The authors of this article focused on the social dimension and attempted to identify the challenges and paradoxes associated with building a sustainable workplace at the State Plant Health and Seed Inspection Service. An in-depth analysis of 31 interviews with inspection employees revealed that despite the positive attitude of managers and employees toward building a sustainable work environment, the organisation faces many challenges and paradoxes along the way, including, among others, the need for sustainable development vs. limited funding or high job requirements vs. unattractive working conditions. These are largely due to its profound underfunding, which lowers the prestige of the workplace, hinders recruitment, and negatively affects working conditions and thus employee engagement.

Critical networks: Embedding programmes for individuals with intellectual impairments in university contexts in Chile, Ireland and Australia

This paper focuses on post-secondary programmes for individuals with intellectual impairments within university settings in Chile, Ireland, and Australia. Actor-Network Theory (ANT) is adopted to explain how programmes are developed and sustained through relationships between human and non-human actors. Findings show that for all the university embedded programmes, parent-actors initiated network development. These different programmes were then sustained by other actor-networks, each with its distinct emphasis. In the Chilean network, the university’s strong, dynamic support made it a catalyst and social change leader in higher education inclusion across employers and broader society In the Irish network, a strong university actor drove extensive relationships with community and employers who also provided training support. In the Australian network, government played a key role, shaping networks through compliance and funding requirements. These findings contribute to the sustainable development efforts of future programmes.

The Effect of Liquidity Management on the Viability of Microfinance Institutions of Ethiopia

Purpose: Micro finance institutions have a great contribution to the development of every country’s economy through strengthening society's financial requirements. The institutions need to have adequate liquidity to generate sustainable profit. The main intention of the paper was to investigate liquidity’s impact on Micro finance institutions’ profitability. Research Methodology: Ten years of secondary data were used from 12 Microfinance institutions and fixed effect regression analysis by the use of E-views version 7 software. Return on assets used as the proxy of profitability to evaluate the financial healthiness of MFIs. Results: This study found that the deposit loan ratio has a significant and negative impact on profitability statistically. Whereas, the debt to equity ratio shows a negative signal on Micro finance Institutions (MFIs) profitability but statistically insignificant. The impact regarding size and deposit asset ratios was positive and significant on MFIs’ profitability of Ethiopia. Limitations: Lack of empirical study on the topic was the basic constraint of the study. Contribution: The study concentrated on the financial institutions specifically on microfinance firms. This study helps the institution’s management to give appropriate considerations for each component to preserve an optimal level of liquidity and sustainable profit.

Exploring Dataset Bias and Scaling Techniques in Multi-Source Gait Biomechanics: An Explainable Machine Learning Approach

Machine learning has become increasingly important in biomechanics. It allows to unveil hidden patterns from large and complex data, which leads to a more comprehensive understanding of biomechanical processes and deeper insights into human movement. However, machine learning models are often trained on a single dataset with a limited number of participants, which negatively affects their robustness and generalizability. Combining data from multiple existing sources provides an opportunity to overcome these limitations without spending more time on recruiting participants and recording new data. It is furthermore an opportunity for researchers who lack the financial requirements or laboratory equipment to conduct expensive motion capture studies themselves. At the same time, subtle interlaboratory differences can be problematic in an analysis, due to the bias that they introduce. In our study, we investigated differences in motion capture datasets in the context of machine learning, for which we combined overground walking trials from four existing studies. Specifically, our goal was to examine whether a machine learning model was able to predict the original data source based on marker and GRF trajectories of single strides, and how different scaling methods and pooling procedures affected the outcome. Layer-wise relevance propagation was applied to understand which factors were influential to distinguish the original data sources. We found that the model could predict the original data source with a very high accuracy (up to >99%), which decreased by about 15 percentage points when we scaled every dataset individually prior to pooling. However, none of the proposed scaling methods could fully remove the dataset bias. Layer-wise relevance propagation revealed that there was not only one single factor that differed between all datasets. Instead, every dataset had its unique characteristics that were picked up by the model. These variables differed between the scaling and pooling approaches but were mostly consistent between trials belonging to the same dataset. Our results show that motion capture data is sensitive even to small deviations in marker placement and experimental setup and that small inter-group differences should not be overinterpreted during data analysis, especially when the data was collected in different labs. Furthermore, we recommend scaling datasets individually prior to pooling them which led to the lowest accuracy. We want to raise awareness that differences in datasets always exist and are recognizable by machine learning models. Researchers should thus think about how these differences might affect their results when combining data from different studies.

Consequences of a Two-Tiered Regulatory Model: Evidence from Audit Fees and Changes in Foreign Private Issuer Status

SUMMARY The U.S. SEC permits exemptions from U.S. domestic securities regulation for foreign-domiciled firms that qualify as foreign private issuers (FPIs). We study the impact on audit fees when foreign-domiciled firms lose or gain FPI status for a plausibly exogenous reason while maintaining their cross-listing status. After losing FPI status, foreign firms must comply with corporate governance, financial statement reporting, and insider trading disclosure requirements of U.S. domestic issuers. We find that FPI status is associated with lower cross-listing costs, as evidenced by significant audit fee increases when firms lose FPI status. Notably, we find that the benefit of FPI status is more pronounced among firms from countries with robust governance standards. Conversely, for firms from countries with weaker governance standards, compliance with U.S. corporate governance requirements correlates with reduced audit fees, offsetting increased audit fees arising from compliance with financial statement requirements and insider information disclosure. JEL Classifications: M41; M42; M48.

Flexible ngo-donor coordination in aid interventions to strengthen resilience: the case of Lebanon’s primary healthcare system

IntroductionWith shifts in international aid, international donors have increasingly regarded non-governmental organisations (NGOs) as capable of providing alternative public service arrangements. As funding flows to NGOs, particularly in contexts where...

Adaptive capacity to climate change: Does energy aid matter?

The global call for augmented financial support to satisfy the growing requirements for adaptation funding, essential for enabling vulnerable groups to withstand the ramifications of climate change, has been resonant. Channeling energy assistance to developing countries may serve to ameliorate this shortfall. Through an empirical analysis using a balanced panel dataset comprising 64 countries from 2002 to 2020, the research investigates the role of energy assistance in enhancing the adaptive capacities of developing nations. Our analysis identifies critical areas with pronounced deficiencies in adaptive capacity, primarily situated in sub-Saharan Africa, South Asia, Central Asia, and western South America. The study reveals that energy aid, notably in the forms of non-renewable, policy-related, and distribution assistance, significantly elevates adaptive capabilities. Although this assistance yields significant benefits for countries across various income levels, the impact is relatively greater for higher-income nations. Additionally, energy aid indirectly bolsters adaptive capacity by stimulating innovation, and an improvement in the quality of governance aids in enhancing the effectiveness of energy assistance implementation, especially for lower-income countries. The study concludes by offering nuanced policy insights aimed at donors and recipients alike, with the goal of augmenting the efficacy of aid to improve climate change adaptation.

Regulatory and legal principles of management of sports schools for children and youth

The activities of sports schools for children and youth play a key role in shaping the physical culture of young people, promoting a healthy lifestyle, and preparing future professional athletes. The successful functioning of these schools relies on appropriate legal frameworks that outline the operational rules, requirements for educational processes, funding, and management of facilities. there is a pressing need to analyze the current legal framework governing the management of sports school for children and youth. Considering the constant changes in the legislation and the growing requirements for the quality of sports institutions, there is a pressing need to analyze the current legal framework governing the management of sports schools for children and youth. The purpose of this article is to analyze the regulatory and legal principles of managing the activities of sports schools for children and youth in Ukraine. The key legislative acts regulating the organizational, financial, and legal aspects of the functioning of sports schools for children and youth have been analyzed, including the Constitution of Ukraine, the Law ‘On Physical Culture and Sports,’ and the orders of the Ministry of Education and Science and the Ministry of Youth and Sports. This resolution provides a comprehensive framework for the operation of sports schools for children and youth as well as defines the forms of ownership, legal foundations of their activities, funding procedures, and requirements for athlete training. Particular attention is given to the state social standard in physical culture and sports, which sets requirements for the quality of services, infrastructure, and athlete training. The mechanisms of management that contribute to increasing the efficiency of sports schools for children and youth are highlighted.

Factors that affect the implementation of an integrated care programme for older people with different frailty levels: a qualitative study of commissioners and provider stakeholders

IntroductionThe NHS has made it mandatory for General Practices in England to proactively identify and manage older people with moderate and severe frailty since the GMS contract of 2017/2018. In Luton, stakeholders developed the Luton Framework of Frailty (LFF) to implement this national policy. The aim of this study was to explore the factors that affect the implementation of this national policy at a local level.MethodsIn-depth interviews were conducted with 18 commissioners and service providers, all of whom were involved in providing services for older people with different frailty levels (OPDFL). Purposive and snowball sampling methods were used, with thematic analysis used for data analysis.ResultsTwo main themes with several sub-themes were found. The first theme was the tension within existing national policy initiatives to provide integrated care services for OPDFL, which illuminated their strengths and limitations. Participants felt that new initiatives, such as the development of Primary Care Networks and Enhanced Health in Care Homes, have improved primary care coordination. However, the traditional reactive approach for managing older people who are frail was thought to be counterproductive, when an approach that focused on prevention and early intervention would have been better. The second theme concerned the contextual factors that affect implementation of integrated care. These included having key leaders at a local level, the requirement for more funding, as well as the need for good working relationships among service providers. However, the lack of awareness about the care pathways among GPs was thought to be a reason for the variation in the implementation of the LFF. The COVID-19 pandemic was perceived as a challenge for the implementation of the LFF. Finally, polices were thought to succeed only if more resources are provided, while the term frailty should be used with caution due to the negative connotations of OPDFL towards this term.ConclusionThe implementation of an integrated care programme for OPDFL can be affected by several factors. Having proactive national policies that facilitate coordination and, having key leaders locally, the need for more funding, and good working relationships, are some of the contextual factors that could facilitate a successful implementation. In contrast, the lack of awareness of the care pathways that have been introduced locally, insufficient resources to deliver the programmes efficiently and a lack of careful consideration of how the term frailty is used could hinder this being put into practice.

Assessing social equity of federal disaster aid distribution: A nationwide analysis.

In this study, we conduct the first comprehensive, nationwide assessment of social equity performance of multiple federal post- and pre-disaster assistance programs that differ in targeted recipients, project types, forms of aid, and funding requirements. We draw on the social equity and distributive justice theory to develop and test a set of hypotheses on the influence of program design and specificity on their aid distributional patterns and equity performance. The analysis uses panel data of about 3000 US counties to examine the relationship between a county's receipt of federal assistance and its recent disaster damage, socioeconomic, demographic, political, local government, and geographic characteristics in a two-stage random effects Tobit model. Expectedly, we find that post-disaster grants are largely driven by recent disaster damage, while damage is simultaneously influenced by local socioeconomic conditions. For all disaster programs, disproportionately more federal aid is allocated to populous counties. For programs geared toward state and local governments and targeting community recovery and mitigation, more aid is received by counties with better socioeconomic conditions. Conversely, for programs targeting individual relief and recovery, more aid is given to counties with lower incomes and greater social vulnerability. Results also indicate that counties located in high-risk regions receive greater outlays. These findings shed light on the varying degrees of social equity of federal disaster assistance programs tied to their cost-share requirement, funding caps, and inherent complexity of application procedures.

Factors affecting problem-solving court team decisions about medications for opioid use disorder

BackgroundProblem-solving courts (PSCs) provide alternatives to prosecution and incarceration for drug-related crimes and offer integrated support for people who have lost custody of children due to drug use. Methadone and buprenorphine are lifesaving medications for opioid use disorder (MOUD) but are underused by PSC clients. Even when PSCs lack a court-level prohibition against MOUD, court staff still make individualized decisions about whether a court client can use MOUD. Therefore, we sought to identify factors involved in such individualized PSC court decisions about clients' use of MOUD. MethodsWe conducted semi-structured interviews and focus groups between Summer and Fall 2022 with a convenience sample of 54 PSC staff members from 33 courts across four states. Data were analyzed using iterative categorization. ResultsInterviewees indicated that their courts had eliminated blanket prohibitions against MOUD due to federal and state policy funding requirements, widespread dissemination of voluntary best practice standards, fear of lawsuits, and MOUD education targeting courts. Courts allowed MOUD if the court client accessed it through a treatment provider with whom the court collaborates. Some courts only allowed court clients to access MOUD from non-partnering treatment providers after a court-led “vetting” process of the proposed MOUD provider. MOUD provider characteristics considered during the vetting process included the provider's willingness to communicate with the court, frequent drug testing, adjustments of medication or dosage in response to aberrant results, offering of counseling, and acceptance of Medicaid or sliding scale payments. PSC staff were least comfortable with court clients using methadone treatment. ConclusionsThe presence (or lack of) a PSC-MOUD partnership is a key factor involved in court staff decisions when a court client desires MOUD. Therefore, increasing the number of partnerships between PSCs and MOUD providers could lead to higher rates of MOUD utilization. It is unclear whether court-led vetting processes for non-partnering MOUD treatment providers are necessary or appropriate, and such vetting processes could reduce treatment choice or access in communities with few MOUD providers.

A Study on fund management in Canara Bank Aralapura, Thirthahalli

A study on cash management in Canara bank in this title focused on management of cash. In a banking activity anything is done by financial requirements