Fund For Maintenance Research Articles

Pontos Críticos do Processo de Negociação Política na Criação do Fundeb 1: a atuação da Campanha Nacional pelo Direito à Educação

This article aims to retrieve and analyze the history of the creation of Fundeb (Fund for Maintenance and Development of Basic Education and Valorization of Education Professionals) by CA (Constitutional Amendment) 53, of 12/19/2006 and Law 11,494, of 6/20/2007. The analysis focuses on the work of the National Campaign for the Right to Education in Brazil, identified in the academic literature as the main civil society actor in the creation of the fund, taking into account what were identified as critical points in the political negotiation processes of each phase. Based on the documentary research method, it was used as a basis for data selection: a book that tells the history of the referred National Campaign political impact on the creation of Fundeb, records of the processing of the matter in the Chamber of Deputies and the Federal Senate, shorthand notes of meetings on the subject in the two legislative houses and journalistic texts.

O Gasto Aluno Ano e o Fundeb: uma análise do financiamento da educação básica dos municípios de Araquari, Florianópolis e Joinville/SC

This article presents an analysis on the funding for basic education in the municipal education system of the cities of Araquari, Joinville and Florianopolis, SC, based on the statement of revenue and expenses with Maintenance and Development of Education available in the Budget Execution Report of 2017, listing the available values and the amount spent on education and potential cost per student, and compare it with the Cost per Student Quality (CAQ) of the same year. The data analysis of the three cities demonstrated the importance of the Fund for Maintenance and Development of Basic Education and Valorization of Education Professionals for education funding, it being the main source of resources for this cities, in addition to further present the relevants characteristics of each of the studied education networks.

Promoting Cooperation in Collective Actions: Evidence from the Reserve Fund for Maintenance in China

Cooperation among group members is the ultimate pursuit in any collective actions. We examine the collective tasks of approving the use of a reserve fund for maintaining facilities covering approximately 5,000 projects and 635 communities in Nanjing, China. In these communities, any maintenance projects that are covered by the Reserve Fund for Maintenance (RFM) need to be approved by the households. Once the RFM is insufficient to cover, households should be notified about the situation and pay in cash by themselves. We focus on the effect of insufficient RFM on the approval rates of maintenance projects. Using an instrumental variable approach, we show that a 1,000 yuan increase in extra cash payment will increase the consent rates of implementing a maintenance plan by approximately 1.04%. Our results suggest that additional information revealed by RFM-uncovered maintenance costs could be a potential mechanism to promote cooperation in making public maintenance decisions by surveying 112 householders involved in the maintenance projects.

UM PANORAMA A RESPEITO DA POLÍTICA DE FUNDOS PARA O FINANCIAMENTO DA EDUCAÇÃO NO BRASIL – DO FUNDEF AO FUNDEB

This text deals with the public policy of funds for the financing of education in Brazil, starting with the creation of the Fund for Maintenance and Development of Elementary Education and Valorization of the Teaching Profession, in 1996, until the approval of of the Fund for Maintenance and Development of Education Basic and Valuation of Education Professionals, in 2020, and the effects on the evolution of spending on education in the States, the Federal District and the Municipalities. The objective was to propose the analysis and description of an evolution of the models adopted and its impacts, highlighting its main milestones and purposes, including the consequences resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic. Likewise, assess the expectation in the face of improving the quality of education in the country, coupled with the increase in enrollments and the reduction of regional inequalities, in contrast to the benefits actually achieved. The research carried out was descriptive, the method, which provided the logical bases, was the historical method. The collection of data and information was carried out through bibliographic, documentary research and observation. It is concluded that the measure has advanced over the years and has resulted in a greater contribution of resources, in addition to a better distribution to peripheral entities. However, there is still a need for improvements to generate more expressive results in terms of global access to quality education, since it only generated an attenuation of the existing federal imbalances, up to the present moment.

O PAR e o financiamento das redes estaduais de ensino à luz da meta 7 do PNE

The article presents a comparative analysis between the financing of works in public schools, through the Plan of Articulated Actions (PAR), between 2011 and 2015, the complementary transfers from the Federal Government within the scope of the Fund for Maintenance and Development of Basic Education and Valorization of Education Professionals (Fundeb), and the evolution of the Basic Education Development Index (Ideb). It is a descriptive and exploratory research, through a bibliographical and documentary review. The approach is quantitative, using data from the Ministry of Education (MEC), the National Education Development Fund (FNDE) and the National Institute of Educational Studies and Research Anisio Teixeira (Inep). It is concluded that the voluntary transfers of the FNDE through the PAR, to carry out the works, are not necessarily carried out to the states with greater financial difficulties and educational deficiencies, impairing the achievement of goal 7 of the PNE.

O FINANCIAMENTO DO ENSINO MÉDIO EM CONTEXTO FEDERATIVO: O CASO DO ESTADO DE MATO GROSSO DO SUL DE 2007 A 2018

O artigo verificou a política de financiamento para o ensino médio na rede estadual de ensino de Mato Grosso do Sul, na vigência do Fundo de Manutenção e Desenvolvimento da Educação Básica e de Valorização dos Profissionais da Educação (Fundeb), no período de 2007 a 2018, em contexto federativo. Trabalhou-se com dados de Secretarias de Estado, com a legislação educacional, material da imprensa e do movimento sindical docente. Observou-se que os recursos do Fundeb foram gastos, em sua totalidade, com a folha de pagamento docente. A conjuntura de austeridade fiscal iniciada com a aprovação da Emenda Constitucional n. 95/2016 tem colocado em risco tanto o Fundeb quanto os demais direitos educacionais postos pela recente legislação do setor.

A Política de Fundos e as Responsabilidades Federativas pela Oferta de Educação Básica

Since 1997, Brazil has counted on accounting funds to finance basic education, the Fund for the Maintenance and Development of Elementary Education and the Valorization of Teaching (Fundef, from 1997 to 2006) and the Fund for Maintenance and Development of Basic Education and Valorization of Education Professionals (Fundeb), which consider priorities of subnational governments and the functions of the federal government in basic education. The text presents the distribution of Fundeb's resources and enrollments among administrative facilities in order to discuss federative cooperation in the provision and financing of education during the period of validity of the funds. Basic education enrollments and their stages and modalities of special education and youth and adult education are examined. During the period, the following stand out: the municipalization of early childhood education and basic education, the discreet participation of the Union government in Fundeb and the mismatches between enrollment data and goals of the National Education Plan.

Contribuições para um Balanço do Fundeb: redistribuição dos recursos, despesas com remuneração e vínculo de trabalho docente

This paper investigates effects of the Fund for Maintenance and Development of Basic Education and the Valorization of Education Professionals (Fundeb) on the conditions of the teaching work. For this, the dimensions were analyzed: municipalization of enrollments and fund resources; student / year value and the National Professional Salary Floor (PSPN); use of Fundeb resources to pay education professionals in state networks; types of employment contracts of teachers in state networks. We worked with the educational legislation, budgetary and financial data made available by the Union and by the Institute of Educational Studies and Research Anísio Teixeira. It was found that Fundeb, in the analyzed dimensions, promoted substantial changes in the Brazilian educational policy of basic education, with relevant implications for the reproduction of the teaching workforce and their material conditions of existence.

As Múltiplas Realidades Educacionais dos Municípios no Contexto do Fundeb

This article aims to describe the profiles of the cities based on population size and to analyze the variation in spending per student of basic education in the context of the Fund for Maintenance and Development of Basic Education and Valorization of Education Professionals (Fundeb). For empirical analysis, a database for the year 2017 was created with variables from different government sources. The unit of analysis was the city. Among several findings, it is noteworthy that half of the 5,522 municipalities analyzed have spent up to R$ 534 per student per month and a quarter of them have only R$ 266 per month. In addition to being low in relation to the developed OECD countries, investment per student is very uneven among the cities. The results reinforce the importance of a greater contribution of funds from the federal government to Fundeb and the improvement of the fund's redistributive mechanisms to generate greater equity in the conditions of teaching provision of Brazilian municipal public schools.

Os Recursos Direcionados às Crianças de 0 a 5 Anos de Idade no Contexto do Fundeb em João Pessoa/PB

O artigo analisa o atendimento e os recursos direcionados para as criancas de 0 a 5 anos de idade no municipio de Joao Pessoa/PB, no contexto do Fundo de Manutencao e Desenvolvimento da Educacao Basica e de Valorizacao dos Profissionais da Educacao (Fundeb), entre os anos de 2007 a 2016. A pesquisa empirica se deu a partir da producao e da analise de dados e informacoes em relatorios oficiais, disponiveis no Sistema de Informacoes sobre Orcamento Publico em Educacao (Siope) do Fundo Nacional de Desenvolvimento da Educacao (FNDE), no Instituto Nacional de Estudos e Pesquisas Educacionais Anisio Teixeira (Inep), no TC Educa e no Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatistica (IBGE). O estudo conclui que tem ocorrido uma ampliacao do atendimento e uma elevacao representativa dos recursos para a educacao infantil (EI). Contudo, esses recursos, alem de insuficientes para assegurar a expansao publica da educacao infantil e faze-la com qualidade social, mostraram-se muito inferiores aos valores investidos no ensino fundamental (EF). Ou seja, a centralidade do investimento na educacao municipal permanece no EF.

Modelling Assessment on Causes of Road Accidents Along Kilimanjaro-Arusha Highway in Tanzania

This paper aims on assessing the risk factors which are associated to the cause of road accidents in Kilimanjaro-Arusha highway 78.46km. Road accidents have been one of the paramount road cases in Tanzania. However, when ensuring road safety rules in Tanzania, it is important to assess the nature and causes of road accidents in the country. It is also necessary to find out the factors which lead to an obstacle of achieving road safety and regulations. This paper focuses on the assessment of road accidents in Tanzania and the associated factors such as inadequate road signs, inadequate carriageway width, lack of pedestrian facilities and law enforcement are considered to be critical shortcomings. The findings have shown the considerable proportions of accident and its outcomes of death and injuries at various black spot such as Kikavu River 60%, Kikatiti 20%, Nduruma bridge 10%, Kilala slope 5%, and Sadec 5%. Also missing and poor road makings and road signs from CH: 0+200 -22+600 needs to be rectified. In order to reduce road accidents in Kilimanjaro-Arusha section, the Government should rectify black spot areas by considering geometric standard in highway, set aside fund for provision and maintenance of traffic control devices, train road users on traffic laws and regulations, set aside fund for increasing road width with consideration of dual carriage way and climbing lane along mountain Kikavu area to reduce the action of overtaking. This study has revealed the pattern and trends of road accidents in Kilimanjaro-Arusha from 2013 to 2016. It shows that the accident occurrence was showing sign of decreasing from 2015 up to 2016. Passengers and pedestrians are the groups which identified to be always at highest risk of being injured or highly prone to motor traffic accidents. Driving under alcoholic behaviour (drugs, alcohol), distraction, over speed driving, overtaking, poor vehicle parking management and pedestrian fault are among of road user behaviour identified to cause accidents within the stretch.

INTRODUCTION TO SPECIAL ISSUE 4 : 2017

This issue of Planning Malaysia Journal includes a mixture of articles addressing various issues in contemporary urban planning. Article 1 raises the question of whether green initiatives in educational institutions, especially universities, were successful in producing green graduates. A survey among green and non-green universities students showed that there is no significant difference in the level of perception, attitude and responsible environmental behaviour between green and non-green universities graduates. Thus, it suggests that students’ involvement in universities’ green initiatives should be increased.Article 2 discusses the impacts of street urban design on the perceived safety by women respondents. As women’s role in the cities becoming more pronounced, the authors suggest that streets and urban design should consider the safety of women so that street can become a safe and highly utilised public space. Article 3 looks at the factors affecting house prices in Malaysia in order to determine the alternative benchmark for Islamic home financing scheme. It shows that house price index are influenced by economic growth, demand for housing loan and construction materials. Article 4, in the meantime, compares the Islamic home financing schemes on offer in Malaysia nowadays, and suggest that there is a need for banks to move on from the Al-Bay Bithaman Ajil to Musharakah Mutanaqisah Partnership housing financing scheme.Article 5 looks how innovative management of natural resources leads to increased participation of the local community and improved revenue for rural businesses. These, in turn, motivates local stakeholders to continue preserving the resources. Article 6 examines the practices regarding food waste management in hotels in Langkawi. It found that there was a lack of emphasis from the hotels on their policy related to wastage of food and unsustainable food consumption pattern by their guests. This reflects on the lack of practices towards sustainable food waste management by the hotel sector.Article 7 identifies changes and threats to Malay landscape preservation in traditional Malays houses in Melaka and Kelantan. It concludes that threats to such preservation include inappropriate use of garden space, problems regarding house ownership, inadequate fund for maintenance, and current development trend that leads to traditional Malay garden setting being replaced by modern setting.Article 8 discusses the use of agroforestry approach to improve sustainability of oil palm smallholdings. Rapid development and expansion of natural forest into oil palm land has decreased the agricultural sustainability of Malaysian oil palm production. However, the article shows that sustainability of oil palm smallholdings can be improved through agroforestry, which at the same time was found to also improve income of the smallholders.

INTRODUCTION TO SPECIAL ISSUE 4 : PLANNING MALAYSIA JOURNAL

This issue of Planning Malaysia Journal includes a mixture of articles addressing various issues in contemporary urban planning. Article 1 raises the question of whether green initiatives in educational institutions, especially universities, were successful in producing green graduates. A survey among green and non-green universities students showed that there is no significant difference in the level of perception, attitude and responsible environmental behaviour between green and non-green universities graduates. Thus, it suggests that students’ involvement in universities’ green initiatives should be increased.Article 2 discusses the impacts of street urban design on the perceived safety by women respondents. As women’s role in the cities becoming more pronounced, the authors suggest that streets and urban design should consider the safety of women so that street can become a safe and highly utilised public space. Article 3 looks at the factors affecting house prices in Malaysia in order to determine the alternative benchmark for Islamic home financing scheme. It shows that house price index are influenced by economic growth, demand for housing loan and construction materials. Article 4, in the meantime, compares the Islamic home financing schemes on offer in Malaysia nowadays, and suggest that there is a need for banks to move on from the Al-Bay Bithaman Ajil to Musharakah Mutanaqisah Partnership housing financing scheme.Article 5 looks how innovative management of natural resources leads to increased participation of the local community and improved revenue for rural businesses. These, in turn, motivates local stakeholders to continue preserving the resources. Article 6 examines the practices regarding food waste management in hotels in Langkawi. It found that there was a lack of emphasis from the hotels on their policy related to wastage of food and unsustainable food consumption pattern by their guests. This reflects on the lack of practices towards sustainable food waste management by the hotel sector.Article 7 identifies changes and threats to Malay landscape preservation in traditional Malays houses in Melaka and Kelantan. It concludes that threats to such preservation include inappropriate use of garden space, problems regarding house ownership, inadequate fund for maintenance, and current development trend that leads to traditional Malay garden setting being replaced by modern setting.Article 8 discusses the use of agroforestry approach to improve sustainability of oil palm smallholdings. Rapid development and expansion of natural forest into oil palm land has decreased the agricultural sustainability of Malaysian oil palm production. However, the article shows that sustainability of oil palm smallholdings can be improved through agroforestry, which at the same time was found to also improve income of the smallholders.

Deployment of photovoltaics in Brazil: Scenarios, perspectives and policies for low-income housing

Solar irradiation in Brazil is favorable for electricity generation, yet this energy source represents less than 0.1% of the Brazilian energy matrix. This article presents photovoltaic solar panels as an important alternative in the context of the Brazilian energy crisis. Solar irradiations levels were considered to calculate the number of solar panels necessary to supply the average electricity demand of social housing programs. A scenario approach and an OFAT sensitivity analysis were used to evaluate feasibility (IRR, NPV, cash flow and payback) based on existing electricity charging policies and usual long-term financing plans for social housing programs. The results for all the proposed scenarios indicate that photovoltaics are an environmentally and economically feasible alternative. Deploying between four to seven 217W photovoltaic panels onto each house would meet the needs of all solar irradiation zones considered, making dwellers significantly less dependent on the grid and capable of up to 47% grid feedback for up to 30years. Finally, feed-in tariff policies and a trust fund for maintenance and reinvestment costs are suggested in order to stimulate the use of photovoltaics as a sustainable alternative.

Remuneração docente: quatro olhares convergentes

Este artigo apresenta a análise de quatro produções acadêmicas de pesquisadores do grupo “Remuneração de Professores de Escolas Públicas da Educação Básica no Contexto do FUNDEB e do PSPN”. O objetivo principal deste estudo foi verificar a complexidade do conceito de remuneração docente nessas produções e qual foi o ponto de partida dos autores para trabalhar esse conceito. Com a metodologia fundamentada na Análise Crítica do Discurso pretende-se verificar nos discursos dos autores selecionados como se dão as relações entre o trabalho docente, as condições orientadas pelos fundos (FUNDEF, FUNDEB) e o impacto da implementação do Piso Salarial Profissional Nacional (PSPN) na remuneração docente. Palavras-chave: Remuneração docente. Política educacional. FUNDEF. FUNDEB. Piso Salarial Profissional Nacional (PSPN).

The Study of the Implementation of Bridge Management System in Sabah

Bridge Management System (BMS) is an important tool which can help to manage huge number of bridges while efficiently utilizes limited fund for maintenance. Although major bridge failure is uncommon in Sabah, the concern for future adversity must be considered. The current status of the implantation of BMS in Sabah were studied and subsequently identifying the difficulties to implement the system locally. Interviews were done in Jabatan Kerja Raya, Headquarter and districts. Five locations were selected for observation. It was discovered that the implementation status of JKR BMS is still far from a successful implementation.

Assessing the Economic Impacts of Marine Protected Area in Quilitisan, Calatagan, Batangas: An Input to Coastal Resource Management

One of the management goals of the Verde Island Passage Marine Corridoris to increase the area and numbers of well managed Marine Protected Areas bythe year 2018. The establishment and maintenance of these MPAs are faced withissues on sustainability. The question on whether they create economic sense isanswered by looking into the generation of benefits that are at least equal tothe costs they incur. Employing the descriptive method of study, it assessed themangrove related ecotourism impacts inside the MPA of Quilitisan, CalataganBatangas. Secondary data came from the management of the Calatagan Mangrove Forest Conservation Park (CMFCP). The study revealed that compared to the estimated number of visitors in the nearby resorts, the park is still behind on thenumber of its visitors. Relying heavily on its revenue from entrance fees, servicesrentals and donations, its operation is not that sustainable as it lacks a fund formaintenance and site development. With the survey and FGDs conducted, itwas deduced that the ecotourism experience being offered by the CMFCP is satisfying to the visitors as reflected on their mean value of their WTP amountingto Php 150.00 which is higher than the current payment scheme. The value iscommensurate with the raise that the management plans to implement.Keywords: Marine Ecology, economic valuation, coastal resource management,willingness to pay, marine protected area, tourism impacts, ecotourism, Batangas,Philippines

Emerging spaces of neoliberal urbanism in China: Land commodification, municipal finance and local economic growth in prefecture-level cities

This study examines the popular practices of Chinese urbanism in which commodification of urban land has been actively pursued by municipal governments as a means of revenue generation in the era of neoliberalisation. The research identifies a complex, diverse and self-conflicting internal dynamics that characterised the Chinese state, reveals the political and financial motives of local governments to engage in urbanism and maps out the emerging geography of neoliberal urbanism. Land commodification has become a main source of municipal finance accounting for over 30% of total municipal budgetary revenue and nearly 40% of the fund for urban maintenance and construction. An inverse U-shaped relationship is found between the importance of land commodification to municipal finance and the level of urban economic growth. A similar relationship is identified for land-based municipal finance and degree of openness.

The effects of rules and communication in a behavioral irrigation experiment with power asymmetries carried out in North China

In our field experiment carried out with stakeholders from the Chinese Haihe River Basin, a group of five players located along an irrigation channel first decide on the amount they would invest in a public fund for channel maintenance. In the next step, they choose the amount of water to withdraw from the channel to irrigate their plots of land. We compare the effects of different rules of water distribution and communication on three types of group participants: farmers, water administrators and students.The power asymmetry in the location along the irrigation channel was the most important factor affecting players' investment and water harvest decisions. The introduction of rules of water distribution only weakly altered the effect of power asymmetry but communication and the ability to modify the rules did reduce the effects. This result was strongest among the students and administrators and weakest among the farmers. In addition, farmers tended to break the rules more frequently and withdraw more water than agreed upon.

Sistema Nacional de Educação: os arranjos na cooperação, parceria e cobiça sobre o fundo público na educação básica

O presente artigo objetiva explicitar novas formas de disputa pelo fundo público ampliado para a educação nacional, na oportunidade de desenho institucional do Sistema Nacional de Educação em formatação a partir do Plano Nacional de Educação, suas diretrizes, metas e estratégias para a década. Descrevem-se as recém-criadas estruturas de gestão interfederativa, normas complementares emanadas do Conselho Nacional de Educação e ações institucionais do Ministério da Educação nesse novo contexto. Destacando narrativas dos próprios atores sociais do chamado terceiro setor, apresenta suas estratégias para conformar um arcabouço jurídico normativo que permita atuar diretamente sobre os recursos federais do Fundo de Manutenção e Desenvolvimento da Educação Básica e Valorização do Magistério (Fundeb) e do Fundo Nacional de Desenvolvimento da Educação (FNDE), valendo-se da oferta de assessorias à gestão pública municipal por meio dos Arranjos de Desenvolvimento da Educação.