Function Of Land Use Research Articles

Soil Chemical Attributes under Crop-Livestock-Forest Integration System and in Different Land Uses in Mata dos Cocais Region

The sustainability of ecosystems is closely linked with the assessment of soil properties that estimate their quality. This work proposes to evaluate soil chemical attributes as a function of the implantation of a crop-livestock-forest integration system (ICLF) in the region of Mata dos Cocais in the state of Maranhão, Northeast Brazil. The four different land uses evaluated were native vegetation with babassu, capoeira vegetation, degraded pasture and area under ICLF system (with marandu grass, maize and eucalyptus consortium). The samples were collected up to one meter deep, comprising seven layers: 0.00-0.10, 0.10-0.20, 0.20-0.30, 0.30-0.40, 0.40-0.60, 0.60-0.80 and 0.80-1.0 m. The chemical attributes evaluated were pH, Ca, Mg, Al, P, K and Na, potential acidity, base sum, base saturation and soil cation exchange capacity (CEC). The levels of P, in the 0.00-0.10 m layer, were higher in the ICLF system than those of the native forest with babassu. The levels of K in the ICLF system and degraded pasture were higher than the other land uses up to a depth of 0.40 m, ranging from 0.92 cmolc dm-3 to 0.62 cmolc dm-3 and 1.04 cmolc dm-3 and 0.67 cmolc dm-3, respectively. Base saturation was higher in soils under ICLF system and degraded pasture than those observed in native forest and capoeira vegetation. There was an effect in chemical attributes of the soil such as a function of land use and, in general, the highest values were found in areas with degraded pasture and ICLF.

ASPECTS IN ROMANIAN NATURE CONSERVATION - A REVIEW

Due to its traditions and landscape characteristics, Romania has unique ecological advantages (e.g. diverse bioregions, unique habitats, flora and fauna diversity, large areas and functional land-use of semi-natural habitats) that need to be considered in nature conservation. Much of the biodiversity-rich habitats are in cultural landscapes, as well. This paper providing a review of how conservation policy evolved in Romania and how Romania managed to integrate components such as biodiversity conservation, environmental policies and traditional agriculture. The most important issues that need to be identified to maintain nature conservation together with traditional land use in Romania are presented. Contradictory governmental policy, preserving biodiversity versus transforming and decreasing the traditional agriculture severely affects traditional farming systems and semi- natural habitats with rare species. Local communities are not correctly informed about possibilities and duties in conservation and protection tools. Local traditional farming methods cannot be synchronized with environmental conservation while there is massive land abandonment and emigration of young people which represents the major challenge. The concepts of ecosystem service and local stakeholder participation should be applied better than they already are in Romania.

Metagenomic analysis of the bacterial communities and their functional profiles in water and sediments of the Apies River, South Africa, as a function of land use

Water quality is an important public health issue given that the presence of pathogenic organisms in such waters can adversely affect human and animal health. Despite the numerous studies conducted to assess the quality of environmental waters in many countries, limited efforts have been put on investigating the microbial quality of the sediments in developing countries and how this relates to different land uses. The present study evaluated the bacterial diversity in water and sediments in a highly used South African river to find out how the different land uses influenced the bacterial diversity, and to verify the human diseases functional classes of the bacterial populations. Samples were collected on river stretches influenced by an informal, a peri-urban and a rural settlement. Genomic DNA was extracted from water and sediment samples and sequenced on an Illumina® MiSeq platform targeting the 16S rRNA gene variable region V3-V4 from the genomic DNA. Metagenomic data analysis revealed that there was a great diversity in the microbial populations associated with the different land uses, with the informal settlement having the most considerable influence on the bacterial diversity in the water and sediments of the Apies River. The Proteobacteria (69.8%), Cyanobacteria (4.3%), Bacteroidetes (2.7%), and Actinobacteria (2.7%) were the most abundant phyla; the Alphaproteobacteria, Betaproteobacteria and Anaerolineae were the most recorded classes. Also, the sediments had a greater diversity and abundance in bacterial population than the water column. The functional profiles of the bacterial populations revealed an association with many human diseases including cancer pathways. Further studies that would isolate these potentially pathogenic organisms in the aquatic environment are therefore needed as this would help in protecting the lives of communities using such rivers, especially against emerging bacterial pathogens.

Stream chloride concentrations as a function of land use: a comparison of an agricultural watershed to an urban agricultural watershed

The concentration of chloride (Cl−) in streams in northern regions has increased as a result of applications of deicers. This study focused on quantifying the relationship between land use and stream Cl− concentrations. The study area comprises two adjacent watersheds in central Illinois, with similar geology and climate but different land uses (agricultural and urban). GIS analysis delineated watershed land use and calculated road surface areas. Stream water samples were collected and analyzed for anionic composition. During the winter months, streams dominated with urban land use experienced a 20-fold increase in Cl− concentrations (range between 36 and 1350 mg L−1); Cl− concentrations in agricultural dominated streams also increased, but the increase was smaller (3X) and concentrations remained low (between 11 and 58 mg L−1). As road salts are not the sole source of Cl− in a stream, Cl− and bromide (Br−) mass ratios (Cl/Br) and Cl− and sodium (Na) molar ratios ([Cl]/[Na]) were used to identify potential sources of Cl−. The ratios indicate urbanized watersheds were impacted by road salts; agricultural watersheds ratios indicate other anthropogenic sources. A nonlinear relationship between urban land use and stream Cl− concentrations indicates urban land use as low as 23% results in elevated Cl− concentrations (greater than 150 mg L−1) in stream waters.

Pengaruh Perkembangan Bandara Internasional Adi Soemarmo terhadap Perubahan Guna Lahan Perdagangan dan Jasa pada Koridor Jalan Adi Sucipto di Kota Surakarta-Kabupaten Karanganyar

<div><p><strong><em></em></strong><em>Adi Soemarmo International Airport is one of the terminal air transportation, which is currently being carried out development. Empirically, Adi Soemarmo International Airport have a direction towards the development of Surakarta is a corridor that connects the Adi Soemarmo International Airport with the city center of Surakarta</em><em>. One </em><em>of the corridors that developed along the development of Adi Soemarmo International Airport is an Adi Sucipto road corridor. Development in Adi Sucipto road corridor are emerging land use of commercial activities. The problem in this research is how to influence the development of Adi Soemarmo International Airport to changes in land use of trade and services in the Adi Sucipto road corridor? The purpose of research is influence the development of Adi Soemarmo International Airport to changes in land use of trade and services in the corridor of Adi Sucipto road corridor. The method used is the deductive research methods with quantitative research. The analysis technique used is descriptive analysis. Conclusions from this research is the development of Adi Soemarmo International Airport influence to changes in land use of trade and services in the corridor of Adi Sucipto road corridor. The degree of influence can be divided into three classifications that is high levels of influence, medium levels of influence, and low levels of influence. High levels of influence, that is (1) the influence of the facility of Adi Soemarmo International Airport to function of land use and floor space ratio of trade and service in the corridor of Adi Sucipto road. (2) the influence of of the accessibility of Adi Soemarmo International Airport to function of land use and floor space ratio of trade and service in the corridor of Adi Sucipto road.</em></p><p><strong><em> </em></strong></p><p><strong><em>Keywords:</em></strong><em> </em><em>airport, road corridor, land use</em><em></em></p></div>

Organic farming enhances soil microbial abundance and activity-A meta-analysis and meta-regression.

Population growth and climate change challenge our food and farming systems and provide arguments for an increased intensification of agriculture. A promising option is eco-functional intensification through organic farming, an approach based on using and enhancing internal natural resources and processes to secure and improve agricultural productivity, while minimizing negative environmental impacts. In this concept an active soil microbiota plays an important role for various soil based ecosystem services such as nutrient cycling, erosion control and pest and disease regulation. Several studies have reported a positive effect of organic farming on soil health and quality including microbial community traits. However, so far no systematic quantification of whether organic farming systems comprise larger and more active soil microbial communities compared to conventional farming systems was performed on a global scale. Therefore, we conducted a meta-analysis on current literature to quantify possible differences in key indicators for soil microbial abundance and activity in organic and conventional cropping systems. All together we integrated data from 56 mainly peer-reviewed papers into our analysis, including 149 pairwise comparisons originating from different climatic zones and experimental duration ranging from 3 to more than 100 years. Overall, we found that organic systems had 32% to 84% greater microbial biomass carbon, microbial biomass nitrogen, total phospholipid fatty-acids, and dehydrogenase, urease and protease activities than conventional systems. Exclusively the metabolic quotient as an indicator for stresses on microbial communities remained unaffected by the farming systems. Categorical subgroup analysis revealed that crop rotation, the inclusion of legumes in the crop rotation and organic inputs are important farming practices affecting soil microbial community size and activity. Furthermore, we show that differences in microbial size and activity between organic and conventional farming systems vary as a function of land use (arable, orchards, and grassland), plant life cycle (annual and perennial) and climatic zone. In summary, this study shows that overall organic farming enhances total microbial abundance and activity in agricultural soils on a global scale.

A Comparative Assessment of Land Use Functions Based on Perceptions of Policy Makers and Local Farmers in Guyuan, Western China

Abstract: The land use function (LUF) concept is a useful tool in assessing sustainable development. With the goal of exploring the conceptive difference of policy makers and local farmer on LUFs and understanding the capacity of different land use types to provide LUFs, we used a participatory method to assess LUFs in Guyuan, which included four phases: literature review and field surveys; specification of the LUF context; ranking of priorities and weighting of LUFs; and visualization and discussion of the results. It was found that policy makers perceived regional problems and critical LUFs well, whereas farmers had a clearer perception of local issues that affect their livelihood. For policy makers, environmental functions had a higher priority than economic and social functions; in contrast, farmers prioritized economic and social functions. However, based on the perception of both groups, the result was the same whereby environmental functions had the highest LUF value and economic functions had the ...

The Spatio-Temporal Pattern of Regional Land Use Change and Eco-Environmental Responses in Jiangsu, China

Abstract: Land use change and its eco-environmental responses are foci in geographical research. As a region with uneven economic development, land use change and eco-environmental responses across Jiangsu Province are relevant to China's overall development pattern. The external function of regional land use changes during different stages of economic development. In this study, we proposed a novel classification system based on the dominant function of land use according to “production-ecology-life”, and then analyzed land use change and regional eco-environmental responses from a functional perspective of regional development. The results showed that from 1985 to 2008, land use change features in Jiangsu were that productive land area decreased and ecological and living land areas increased. Land use changes in southern Jiangsu were the most dramatic. In southern and central parts of Jiangsu the agricultural production function weakened and urban life service function strengthened; in northern Jiangsu,...

Sustainability impact assessment of peatland-use scenarios: Confronting land use supply with demand

Sustainable development of land use is determined by changes of the regional supply of Land Use Functions (LUFs) and the demand of future societal land use claims. LUFs are based on the ecosystem services concept, but more adapted to human land use. In this paper, we assessed two peatland-use scenarios towards sustainable development in Northeast Germany in order to understand their impacts on LUFs and land use claims. For this, we extended an analytical framework designed to confront LUFs with land use claims identified in multi-level stakeholder strategies in a participatory manner. The sustainability assessment was performed with peatland-use scenarios “Services for services” and “Market determines usage” that favoured environmental and economic land use claims, respectively. Findings revealed possible trade-offs between land use claims for biomass production and regional value creation as well as for peatlands` carbon and nutrient sink, and habitat functions. The core achievement is an extended sustainability assessment framework integrating land use demands of multi-level stakeholder strategies into participatory impact assessment, in a way that land use claims serve as benchmarks for LUFs. This facilitates the understanding of sustainable land use in both supply and demand perspective, and the normative evaluation of ecosystem services.

Ecosystem Services Mapping for Sustainable Agricultural Water Management in California's Central Valley.

Accurate information on agricultural water needs and withdrawals at appropriate spatial and temporal scales remains a key limitation to joint water and land management decision-making. We use InVEST ecosystem service mapping to estimate water yield and water consumption as functions of land use in Fresno County, a key farming region in California's Central Valley. Our calculations show that in recent years (2010-2015), the total annual water yield for the county has varied dramatically from ∼0.97 to 5.37 km3 (all ±17%; 1 MAF ≈ 1.233 km3), while total annual water consumption has changed over a smaller range, from ∼3.37 to ∼3.98 km3 (±20%). Almost all of the county's water consumption (∼96% of total use) takes place in Fresno's croplands, with discrepancy between local annual surface water yields and crop needs met by surface water allocations from outside the county and, to a much greater extent, private groundwater irrigation. Our estimates thus bound the amount of groundwater needed to supplement consumption each year (∼1.76 km3 on average). These results, combined with trends away from field crops and toward orchards and vineyards, suggest that Fresno's land and water management have become increasingly disconnected in recent years, with the harvested area being less available as an adaptive margin to hydrological stress.

A global review of past land use, climate, and active vs. passive restoration effects on forest recovery.

Global forest restoration targets have been set, yet policy makers and land managers lack guiding principles on how to invest limited resources to achieve them. We conducted a meta-analysis of 166 studies in naturally regenerating and actively restored forests worldwide to answer: (1) To what extent do floral and faunal abundance and diversity and biogeochemical functions recover? (2) Does recovery vary as a function of past land use, time since restoration, forest region, or precipitation? (3) Does active restoration result in more complete or faster recovery than passive restoration? Overall, forests showed a high level of recovery, but the time to recovery depended on the metric type measured, past land use, and region. Abundance recovered quickly and completely, whereas diversity recovered slower in tropical than in temperate forests. Biogeochemical functions recovered more slowly after agriculture than after logging or mining. Formerly logged sites were mostly passively restored and generally recovered quickly. Mined sites were nearly always actively restored using a combination of planting and either soil amendments or recontouring topography, which resulted in rapid recovery of the metrics evaluated. Actively restoring former agricultural land, primarily by planting trees, did not result in consistently faster or more complete recovery than passively restored sites. Our results suggest that simply ending the land use is sufficient for forests to recover in many cases, but more studies are needed that directly compare the value added of active versus passive restoration strategies in the same system. Investments in active restoration should be evaluated relative to the past land use, the natural resilience of the system, and the specific objectives of each project.

The Relationship between Land Use and Vulnerability to Nitrogen and Phosphorus Pollution in an Urban Watershed.

Characterization of the vulnerability of water bodies to pollution from natural and anthropogenic sources requires understanding the relationship between land use and water quality. This study aims (i) to explore the influence of upstream land use on annual stream water concentrations and loads of total nitrogen (TN) and phosphorus (TP) and (ii) to characterize the vulnerability of water bodies to TN and TP pollution as a function of land use under varying climatic conditions. Multiple linear regression models were used across 23 stream locations within the Jordan Lake watershed in North Carolina between 1992 and 2012 to explore land use-water quality relationships. The percentage of urban land use and wastewater treatment plant capacity were the most important factors with strong ( 0.7) and significant ( < 0.01) positive correlations with annual TN and TP concentrations and loads. Percent agricultural land was negatively correlated with TN in 18 out of 21 yr of the study period. Using analysis of covariance, significant ( 0.01) differences were determined between models developed for urban land use with TN and TP loads based on annual precipitation. Using concentrations instead of loads resulted in a nonsignificant difference between models for average and wet years. Finally, a procedure was developed to characterize the vulnerability to TN and TP pollution, computed as the probability of exceeding the nutrient standard limits. Results indicated that the vulnerability to TN and TP was controlled primarily by urban land use, with higher values in dry years than normal and wet years.

Understanding Diurnality and Inter-Seasonality of a Sub-tropical Urban Heat Island

We quantify the spatial and temporal aspects of the urban heat-island (UHI) effect for Kanpur, a major city in the humid sub-tropical monsoon climate of the Gangetic basin. Fixed station measurements are used to investigate the diurnality and inter-seasonality in the urban–rural differences in surface temperature ( $${\Delta } T_\mathrm{s}$$ ) and air temperature ( $${\Delta } T_\mathrm{c}$$ ) separately. The extent of the spatial variations of the nighttime $${\Delta } T_\mathrm{c}$$ and $${\Delta } T_\mathrm{s}$$ is investigated through mobile campaigns and satellite remote sensing respectively. Nighttime $${\Delta } T_\mathrm{c}$$ values dominate during both the pre-monsoon (maximum of 3.6 $$^\circ \hbox {C}$$ ) and the monsoon (maximum of 2.0 $$^\circ \hbox {C}$$ ). However, the diurnality in $${\Delta } T_\mathrm{s}$$ is different, with higher daytime values during the pre-monsoon, but very little diurnality during the monsoon. The nighttime $${\Delta } T_\mathrm{s}$$ value is mainly associated with differences in the urban–rural incoming longwave radiative flux ( $$r^{2}=0.33$$ during the pre-monsoon; 0.65 during the monsoon), which, in turn, causes a difference in the outgoing longwave radiative flux. This difference may modulate the nighttime $${\Delta } T_\mathrm{c}$$ value as suggested by significant correlations ( $$r^{2}=0.68$$ for the pre-monsoon; 0.50 for the monsoon). The magnitude of $${\Delta } T_\mathrm{c}$$ may also be modulated by advection, as it is inversely related with the urban wind speed. A combination of in situ, remotely sensed, and model simulation data were used to show that the inter-seasonality in $${\Delta } T_\mathrm{s}$$ , and, to a lesser extent, in $${\Delta } T_\mathrm{c}$$ , may be related to the change in the land use of the rural site between the pre-monsoon and the monsoon periods. Results suggest that the degree of coupling of $${\Delta } T_\mathrm{s}$$ and $${\Delta } T_\mathrm{c}$$ may be a strong function of land use and land cover.

Dynamics of Agrarian Systems and Land Use Change in North Vietnam

AbstractDuring the period of socio‐economic transformation initiated in the late 1980s by the political reform (Doi Moi) in Vietnam, the agrarian systems evolved considerably. In the region around the capital, where the process of industrialization, urbanization, and international integration has been accelerating, a number of questions about the sustainability of those agrarian systems have been raised. By diagnosing and analysing the dynamics of the agricultural systems in Vietnam from 1980 to 2010, this study aims to provide decision‐makers with some sectorial and territorial policy options that are able to authorize the sustainable development of agriculture and rural society in the new socio‐economic context. By applying a systematic approach, including the historical and adaptive approaches, this study shows how well farmers in the Hai Duong province have adapted to socio‐economic and institutional changes, notably by transforming part of their paddy farms into other agricultural land use purposes, such as fish ponds, animal buildings, vegetable fields, and fruit orchards. These rapid changes, however, do not move in a direction that improves the sustainability of agrarian systems. The results revealed that farm holders are now facing many technical and economic contradictions, whereas issues that arise from the land no longer are only related to agricultural purposes. Competition for different functions of land use are now emerging, along with the fragmentation of plots, an imperfect land market, and rising property values ​​are all emerging. The prospect of the sustainability of agricultural systems was also analysed under different scenarios, highlighting the complexity of policy options. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.

Aluminum Forms in Solid Phase of Soils Developed over Schists as a Function of Land Use

ABSTRACTLand use may modify certain soil properties while soil physicochemical characteristics can influence metal partitioning in soils. Therefore, the total content and various forms of aluminum (Al) in solid phase of schist-developed topsoils (0–20 cm) in NW Spain under different land uses (i.e., forest, pasture, and cultivation) were evaluated to identify the Al-bearing phases. Aluminum fractionation was performed, using a six-step sequential extraction procedure with ammonium acetate, hydroxylamine hydrochloride, ammonium oxalate in darkness, hydrogen peroxide, ammonium oxalate under ultraviolet radiation, and acid digestion. Mean concentrations of total Al were similar in the soils under three land uses. Mean percentage of the various Al forms in all soils were in the following order: residual fraction > amorphous compounds > crystalline compounds > water-soluble/exchangeable/specifically adsorbed > bound to oxidizable organic matter > manganese oxides. The forest soils contained considerably higher contribution of amorphous compounds (16.3%) to total Al concentration compared with the soils under other two uses (mean about 9%). Maximum mean concentration of exchangeable Al was also observed in forest soils (mean 8.8% of total Al vs. about 4% in pasture soils and cultivated soils); this is attributed to lower pH and higher organic matter content of the forest soils. Thus, this study revealed the impact of land use on the Al-bearing phases and, hence, in its bioavailability to plants.

Spatial variations in water quality of river Ganga with respect to land uses in Varanasi.

Water quality of a river is a function of surrounding environment and land use due to its connectivity with land, resulting in pollutants finding their way through land. This necessitates a spatially explicit study of river ecology. The paper presents a pioneer study to establish and explore the linkage between land use and water quality of river Ganga in Varanasi district. The land use land cover (LULC) map of 20km of river stretch for buffer radii of 1000m in Varanasi revealed that riparian vegetation is negligible in the district. The hierarchical cluster analysis of LULC data suggested that there are two major land use categories, viz., urban and agriculture. The land use wise principal component analysis (PCA) suggested that urbanized areas are major contributor of metals, whereas agricultural land contributes organic matter into the river. The Spearman correlation study revealed that with rising urbanization, the pollutant load into the river increased compared to that from agricultural land use. The statistical analysis of the data clearly concluded that water quality of river Ganga at Varanasi was a function of adjacent land use. The study provides an insight anticipating the Indian government to embrace the relationship of land use to river water quality while formulating policies for the upcoming River Regulation Zone.

Rainfall–runoff modelling and water balance analysis for Al-Hindiyah barrage, Iraq using remote sensing and GIS

Investigation of rainfall–run-off modelling is an important subject to develop any available means to water supply, which maintains human life such as run-off harvesting method. This study aims to analyse and understand the rainfall–run-off relationship in a part of Babil city, Iraq. Curve number which is a function of land use, soil texture, soil moisture and land slope is used in this study. Remote sensing and GIS are used to analyse the data and to produce the run-off depth map for the study area. Then, the run-off depth is used with rainfall to investigate the relationship between them using linear correlation. This study showed a strong linear relationship between rainfall and run-off (R2 = 0.992). It indicates that in the absence of rainfall data, run-off data can be used to estimate rainfall amount. Also, the study revealed through water balance analysis that there is an average monthly change in storage.

Upslope development of a tidal marsh as a function of upland land use.

To thrive in a time of rapid sea-level rise, tidal marshes will need to migrate upslope into adjacent uplands. Yet little is known about the mechanics of this process, especially in urbanized estuaries, where the adjacent upland is likely to be a mowed lawn rather than a wooded natural area. We studied marsh migration in a Long Island Sound salt marsh using detailed hydrologic, edaphic, and biotic sampling along marsh-to-upland transects in both wooded and lawn environments. We found that the overall pace of marsh development was largely unaffected by whether the upland being invaded was lawn or wooded, but the marsh-edge plant communities that developed in these two environments were quite different, and some indicators (soil salinity, foraminifera) appeared to migrate more easily into lawns. In addition, we found that different aspects of marsh structure and function migrated at different rates: Wetland vegetation appeared to be a leading indicator of marsh migration, while soil characteristics such as redox potential and surface salinity developed later in the process. We defined a 'hydrologic migration zone', consisting of elevations that experience tidal inundation with frequencies ranging from 20% to 0.5% of high tides. This hydrologically defined zone - which extended to an elevation higher than the highest astronomical tide datum - captured the biotic and edaphic marsh-upland ecotone. Tidal inundation at the upper border of this migration zone is highly variable over time and may be rising more rapidly than mean sea level. Our results indicate that land management practices at the upland periphery of tidal marshes can facilitate or impede ecosystem migration in response to rising sea level. These findings are applicable to large areas of tidal marsh along the U.S. Atlantic coast and in other urbanized coastal settings.

Climatological analysis of the mitigating effect of vegetation on the urban heat island of Milan, Italy

The urban heat island (UHI) of Milan (Italy) was analyzed by means of an Energy Balance Model calibrated for four different sites representative of an urban park, the UHI plateau and the UHI peak of the selected town. The model was driven by weather stations data and parameterized as a function of land use, urban morphology, human activities and soil hydrology. A run of the model on the 1981–2014 period was carried out on four hourly datasets. Results provided useful statistics of energy balance terms and the climate risk of extreme thermal events (sensible heat fraction of the total turbulent flux H% exceeding specific thresholds). Results for summer (June–August trimester) show that the mitigation of climate risk of high values of H% given by the urban park is more effective for June than for July and August. We also discuss the relevance of enhanced soil water reservoirs in urban green areas to improve the mitigating effect of urban vegetation on UHI by both the substitution of sensible heat fluxes with latent heat ones and the increase of the shading effect of tree canopies.

Improving flood damage assessment models in Italy

Flood damage assessments are often based on stage-damage curve (SDC) models that estimate economic damage as a function of flood characteristics (typically flood depths) and land use. SDCs are developed through a site-specific analysis, but are rarely adjusted to economic circumstances in areas to which they are applied. In Italy, assessments confide in SDC models developed elsewhere, even if empirical damage reports are collected after every major flood event. In this paper, we have tested, adapted and extended an up-to-date SDC model using flood records from Northern Italy. The model calibration is underpinned by empirical data from compensation records. Our analysis takes into account both damage to physical assets and losses due to foregone production, the latter being measured amidst the spatially distributed gross added value.