Repressor Function Research Articles

The diverse functions of Pseudomonas syringae syringae van Hall effectors in regulating the plant immune response

Sorghum relies on its immune system to defend against various pathogens, including Pseudomonas syringae syringae van Hall (Pss van Hall). However, the sorghum immune system is largely unknown. Reports on pathogenic effectors have provided valuable insights into the plant immune system; thus, we aimed to identify Pss van Hall effectors that can regulate the sorghum defense response in this study. Here, we first established the sorghum-Pss van Hall pathosystem and found that type III effectors played critical roles in the virulence of Pss van Hall to sorghum. To predict its effectors, the whole genome of Pss van Hall was sequenced, and 18 effector-coding genes were identified. Among them, five effectors belong to the core effectors of Pseudomonas syringae pathovars, and two may be monocot pathogen-specific effectors. Pss van Hall triggered the hypersensitive response (HR) in Nicotiana benthamiana. We found that the effectors of Pss van Hall can be divided into cell death inducers and immune repressors by examining their functions in HR induction and repression of PTI marker gene, ROS production, and pathogen growth. Finally, the roles of core effectors HopAJ2 and HopAN1, and specific effector HopAX1 were further confirmed in the sorghum-Pss van Hall pathosystem. Importantly, the functions of HopAN1 and HopAX1 in regulating plant immunity were reported for the first time. We believe that the identification of these effectors will facilitate the continued exploration of the sorghum immune system.

TARANIS Interacts with VRILLE and PDP1 to Modulate the Circadian Transcriptional Feedback Mechanism in Drosophila.

The molecular clock that generates daily rhythms of behavior and physiology consists of interlocked transcription-translation feedback loops. In Drosophila, the primary feedback loop involving the CLOCK-CYCLE transcriptional activators and the PERIOD-TIMELESS transcriptional repressors is interlocked with a secondary loop involving VRILLE (VRI) and PAR DOMAIN PROTEIN 1 (PDP1), a repressor and activator of Clock transcription, respectively. Whereas extensive studies have found numerous transcriptional, translational, and posttranslational modulators of the primary loop, relatively little is known about the secondary loop. In this study, using male and female flies as well as cultured cells, we demonstrate that TARANIS (TARA), a Drosophila homolog of the TRIP-Br/SERTAD family of transcriptional coregulators, functions with VRI and PDP1 to modulate the circadian period and rhythm strength. Knocking down tara reduces rhythm amplitude and can shorten the period length, while overexpressing TARA lengthens the circadian period. Additionally, tara mutants exhibit reduced rhythmicity and lower expression of the PDF neuropeptide. We find that TARA can form a physical complex with VRI and PDP1, enhancing their repressor and activator functions, respectively. The conserved SERTA domain of TARA is required to regulate the transcriptional activity of VRI and PDP1, and its deletion leads to reduced locomotor rhythmicity. Consistent with TARA's role in enhancing VRI and PDP1 activity, overexpressing tara has a similar effect on the circadian period and rhythm strength as simultaneously overexpressing vri and Pdp1 Together, our results suggest that TARA modulates circadian behavior by enhancing the transcriptional activity of VRI and PDP1.

The Social Prison: Ursula K. Le Guin’s The Dispossessed as Postanarchist Critical Utopia

ABSTRACT Ursula K. Le Guin’s classic work of anarchist literature, The Dispossessed (1974), is preoccupied with the issue of imprisonment. This is hardly surprising given anarchism’s longstanding critical engagement with the prison as state apparatus. For classical anarchists, the prison represents one of the most vile and visible examples of state repression. However, while the abolition of prisons constitutes one of the fundamental goals of anarchism, the alternatives put forth by classical anarchist thinkers risk perpetuating the underlying power relations of carceral justice by encouraging social shaming and the policing of norms. The anarchist society of The Dispossessed uses these techniques to discourage the accumulation of power in order to create an egalitarian society. Unfortunately, these same techniques encourage a conformity that hinders other anarchist values, such as creativity and individual self-determination. In essence, the anarchist society depicted in the novel replaces the literal prison with a different form of imprisonment—the social prison, which continues the repressive function of the state through different means. By creating an “ambiguous” anarchist utopia, Le Guin anticipates the critiques of classical anarchism formulated by poststructural and postmodern anarchist theorists. These critiques are most evident in the theme of imprisonment that threads throughout the novel.

Molecular characterization of the B lymphocyte-induced maturation protein-1 (blimp1) gene of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) and its transcription repression involves recruitment of histone deacetylase HDAC3

Blimp1 is the master regulator of B cell terminal differentiation in mammals, it inhibits expression of many transcription factors including bcl6, which provides the basis for promoting further development of activated B lymphocytes into plasma cells. Blimp-1 is thought to act as a sequence-specific recruitment factor for chromatin-modifying enzymes including histone deacetylases (HDAC) and methyltransferases to repress target genes. The cDNA of Ccblimp1a (Cyprinus carpio) open reading frame is 2337 bp encoding a protein of 777 amino acids. CcBlimp1a contains a SET domain, two Proline Rich domains, and five ZnF_C2H2 domains. Blimp1 are conserved in vertebrate species. Ccblimp1a transcripts were detected in common carp larvae from 1 dpf (day post fertilization)to 31 dpf. Ccblimp1a expression was up-regulated in peripheral blood leukocytes (PBL) and spleen leukocytes (SPL) of common carp stimulated by intraperitoneal lipopolysaccharide (LPS) injection. Ccblimp1a expression in PBL and SPL of common carp was induced by TNP-LPS and TNP-KLH. The results indicated TNP-LPS induced a rapid response in PBL and TNP-KLH induced much stronger response in SPL and PBL. IHC results showed that CcBlimp1 positive cells were distributed in the head kidney, trunk kidney, liver, and gut. Immunofluorescence stain results showed that CcBlimp1 was expressed in IgM + lymphocytes. The subcellular localization of CcBlimp1 in the nuclei indicated CcBlimp1 may be involved in the differentiation of IgM + lymphocytes. Further study focusing on the function of CcBlimp1 transcriptional repression was performed using dual luciferase assay. The results showed that the transcription repression of CcBlimp1 on bcl6aa promoter was affected by the histone deacetylation inhibitor and was synergized with histone deacetylase 3 (HDAC3). The results of Co-IP in HEK293T and immunoprecipitation in SPL indicated that CcBlimp1 recruited HDAC3 and might be involved in the formation of complexes. These results suggest that CcBlimp1 is an important transcription factor in common carp lymphocytes. Histone deacetylation modification mediated by HDAC3 may have important roles in CcBlimp1 transcriptional repression during the differentiation of lymphocytes.

Prdm12 represses the expression of the visceral neuron determinants Phox2a/b in developing somatosensory ganglia

Prdm12 is a transcriptional regulator essential for the emergence of the somatic nociceptive lineage during sensory neurogenesis. The exact mechanisms by which Prdm12 promotes nociceptor development remain, however, poorly understood. Here, we report that the trigeminal and dorsal root ganglia hypoplasia induced by the loss of Prdm12 involves Bax-dependent apoptosis and that it is accompanied by the ectopic expression of the visceral sensory neuron determinants Phox2a and Phox2b, which is, however, not sufficient to impose a complete fate switch in surviving somatosensory neurons. Mechanistically, our data reveal that Prdm12 is required from somatosensory neural precursors to early post-mitotic differentiating nociceptive neurons to repress Phox2a/b and that its repressive function is context dependent. Together, these findings reveal that besides its essential role in nociceptor survival during development, Prdm12 also promotes nociceptor fate via an additional mechanism, by preventing precursors from engaging into an alternate Phox2 driven visceral neuronal type differentiation program.

Taming Transylvania: Paramilitaries Building State and Peace after World War I

This text is a political analysis of the events surrounding the demise of the Austro–Hungarian administration in Transylvania and its replacement by the Romanian one at the end of World War I. It focuses on the months of November and December 1918. In particular, the text looks at the Romanian paramilitary groups called the National Guards. I argue that in Transylvania in November and December 1918, the National Guards played a pacifying and state-building role through their repressive and anti-Communist function. Unlike the paramilitary phenomenon in the rest of Europe, in Transylvania it was the very counter-revolutionary function of the paramilitary troops that produced constructive and constitutive effects. At the same time, unlike Romanian historiography, which almost unanimously has seen the role of these troops as only a positive one, I underline the repressive function of the National Guards, which made them act violently against any alternative political projects of that period in the region. The revolutionary state of the province in those days had to be calmed down for Transylvania’s autonomy to be ensured under the control of the local Romanian authorities. The Romanian elite’s state-building project needed security to gain legitimacy. To this end, this elite took control of the various paramilitary forces of the region and monopolized them under the National Guards umbrella. These groups were crucial in the repression against the republican movement and the perceived Bolshevik threat.

Transcriptional Regulation of the Human 5-HT1A Receptor Gene by Lithium: Role of Deaf1 and GSK3β.

Serotonin 1A (5-HT1A) autoreceptors located on serotonin neurons inhibit their activity, and their upregulation has been implicated in depression, suicide and resistance to antidepressant treatment. Conversely, post-synaptic 5-HT1A heteroreceptors are important for antidepressant response. The transcription factor deformed epidermal autoregulatory factor 1 (Deaf1) acts as a presynaptic repressor and postsynaptic enhancer of 5-HT1A transcription, but the mechanism is unclear. Because Deaf1 interacts with and is phosphorylated by glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β)-a constitutively active protein kinase that is inhibited by the mood stabilizer lithium at therapeutic concentrations-we investigated the role of GSK3β in Deaf1 regulation of human 5-HT1A transcription. In 5-HT1A promoter-reporter assays, human HEK293 kidney and 5-HT1A-expressing SKN-SH neuroblastoma cells, transfection of Deaf1 reduced 5-HT1A promoter activity by ~45%. To identify potential GSK3β site(s) on Deaf1, point mutations of known and predicted phosphorylation sites on Deaf1 were tested. Deaf1 repressor function was not affected by any of the mutants tested except the Y300F mutant, which augmented Deaf1 repression. Both lithium and the selective GSK3 inhibitors CHIR-99021 and AR-014418 attenuated and reversed Deaf1 repression compared to vector. This inhibition was at concentrations that maximally inhibit GSK3β activity as detected by the GSK3β-sensitive TCF/LEF reporter construct. Our results support the hypothesis that GSK3β regulates the activity of Deaf1 to repress 5-HT1A transcription and provide a potential mechanism for actions of GSK3 inhibitors on behavior.

SAT034 Exploring The Role Of Zfp664 In Hepatic Glucose Regulation

Abstract Disclosure: A. Tsay: None. J. Wang: None. Genome wide association studies (GWAS) identify the association between variants at genomic loci and common diseases. These variants consist of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), which can be localized within coding or non-coding regions. The former could affect the functions of proteins encoded by these genes. The latter could modulate the expression of genes contained or localized nearby these SNPs. Several SNPs associated with metabolic disease such as diabetes, obesity, and dyslipidemia are found in and nearby the human ZNF664 gene, which encodes a zinc finger protein that is predicted to be a transcriptional regulator. The mouse homolog of ZNF664 is Zfp664, whose amino acid sequence is identical to ZNF664. To learn whether Zfp664 contains a transcriptional activation or repression function, the expression plasmid harboring the cDNA of full length or deletion mutants of mouse Zfp664 fused to yeast GAL4 DNA binding domain (DBD) was transfected into HEK293T cells along with a luciferase reporter plasmid containing 5 copies of the GAL4 binding sites. We saw decreased luciferase activity in cells overexpressing the GAL4 DBD and full length Zfp664 fusion protein. Thus, Zfp664 acts as a transcriptional repressor. The deletion analysis identified that amino acid 7 to 95 of Zfp664 was required for its transcriptional repressive activity. To test the metabolic function of hepatic Zfp664, 8 weeks old male C57Bl/6J mice were infected with adeno-associated virus (AAV) expressing either scramble small hairpin RNA (shRNA, as a control) or shRNA targeting Zfp664 and then fed a normal chow diet or western diet (42% kcal from fat, 0.2% total cholesterol) for 12 weeks. We found that mice infected with AAV expressing Zfp664 shRNA had a lower expression of Zfp664 in the liver but not in epididymal white adipose tissue and gastrocnemius muscle. Under chow diet feeding, not only did hepatic Zfp664 knockdown not affect glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity, but it also did not affect fasting glucose, insulin, triglyceride, and total cholesterol levels. In contrast, in mice fed a western diet, hepatic Zfp664 knockdown worsened glucose tolerance and elevated fasting insulin levels. Moreover, the expression of hepatic gluconeogenic genes, such as phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (Pck1) and the catalytic subunit of glucose-6-phosphatase (G6pc), was increased. The fasting plasma triglyceride and total cholesterol levels were not affected by hepatic Zfp664 knockdown in western diet fed mice. Overall, these results discover the novel role of Zfp664 in the regulation of hepatic glucose homeostasis. Presentation: Saturday, June 17, 2023

Structural convergence endows nuclear transport receptor Kap114p with a transcriptional repressor function toward TATA-binding protein

The transcription factor TATA-box binding protein (TBP) modulates gene expression in nuclei. This process requires the involvement of nuclear transport receptors, collectively termed karyopherin-β (Kap-β) in yeast, and various regulatory factors. In previous studies we showed that Kap114p, a Kap-β that mediates nuclear import of yeast TBP (yTBP), modulates yTBP-dependent transcription. However, how Kap114p associates with yTBP to exert its multifaceted functions has remained elusive. Here, we employ single-particle cryo-electron microscopy to determine the structure of Kap114p in complex with the core domain of yTBP (yTBPC). Remarkably, Kap114p wraps around the yTBPC N-terminal lobe, revealing a structure resembling transcriptional regulators in complex with TBP, suggesting convergent evolution of the two protein groups for a common function. We further demonstrate that Kap114p sequesters yTBP away from promoters, preventing a collapse of yTBP dynamics required for yeast responses to environmental stress. Hence, we demonstrate that nuclear transport receptors represent critical elements of the transcriptional regulatory network.

PSK41/pGO1-family conjugative plasmids of Staphylococcus aureus encode a cryptic repressor of replication

The majority of large multiresistance plasmids of Staphylococcus aureus utilise a RepA_N-type replication initiation protein, the expression of which is regulated by a small antisense RNA (RNAI) that overlaps the rep mRNA leader. The pSK41/pGO1-family of conjugative plasmids additionally possess a small (86 codon) divergently transcribed ORF (orf86) located upstream of the rep locus. The product of pSK41 orf86 was predicted to have a helix-turn-helix motif suggestive of a likely function in transcriptional repression. In this study, we investigated the effect of Orf86 on transcription of thirteen pSK41 backbone promoters. We found that Orf86 only repressed transcription from the rep promoter, and hence now redesignate the product as Cop. Over-expression of Cop in trans reduced the copy number of pSK41 mini-replicons, both in the presence and absence of rnaI. in vitro protein-DNA binding experiments with purified 6 × His-Cop demonstrated specific DNA binding, adjacent to, and partially overlapping the −35 hexamer of the rep promoter. The crystal structure of Cop revealed a dimeric structure similar to other known transcriptional regulators. Cop mRNA was found to result from “read-through” transcription from the strong RNAI promoter that escapes the rnaI terminator. Thus, PrnaI is responsible for transcription of two distinct negative regulators of plasmid copy number; the antisense RNAI that primarily represses Rep translation, and Cop protein that can repress rep transcription. Deletion of cop in a native plasmid did not appear to impact copy number, indicating a cryptic auxiliary role.

Androgen receptor and MYC transcriptomes are equilibrated in multilayer regulatory circuitries in prostate cancer.

The discovery of androgen receptor (AR) having transrepression effects completes the circle of its functionalities as a typical transcription factor, which intrinsically bears dual functions of activation and repression linked to co-factor competition and redistribution. Indeed, AR dual functions are exemplified by locus-wide regulation of the oncogenic 8q24-MYC region. RT-qPCR assay and public RNA-profiling datasets were used to assess MYC transcription in androgen-sensitive cell lines. Public ChIP-seq and RNA-Seq datasets were computed to evaluate AR-MYC direct and indirect signatures. Gene sets in typical MYC and AR pathways were monitored to validate their cross-talks. Bio-informatics and chromosome conformation capture (3C) assay were performed in the AR gene locus to examine androgen-elicited distal regulation. Finally, co-factor re-distribution were globally tracked between AR and MYC binding sites. In this report, we found MYC responded negatively to androgen with hypersensitivity, rivaling AR natural functions as an innate androgen effector. Furthermore, both direct and indirect AR and MYC transcriptional programs were actively in equilibration. With established androgen-mediated versus MYC-mediated gene subsets, we validated AR and MYC pathways were both bidirectional and extensively entangled. In addition, we determined that the AR gene locus resembled the MYC gene region and both loci were androgen-repressed via epigenetics and chromatin architectural alterations. Significantly, transcriptional factor profiling along the prostate cancer (PCa) genome exposed that PCa transcriptomes were dynamically equilibrated between AR-binding site and MYC-binding site. Together, our findings stratified AR-MYC interactions that are extensively wired and intricately organized to compensate for essential PCa transcriptional programs and neutralize excessive signaling.

Aromatic Residues Dictate the Transcriptional Repressor and Single-Stranded DNA Binding Activities of Purine-Rich Element Binding Protein B.

Purine-rich element binding protein B (Purβ) is a single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) and RNA-binding protein that functions as a transcriptional repressor of genes encoding certain muscle-restricted contractile proteins in the setting of cellular stress or tissue injury. A prior report from our laboratory implicated specific basic amino acid residues in the physical and functional interaction of Purβ with the smooth muscle-α actin gene (Acta2) promoter. Independent structural analysis of fruit fly Purα uncovered a role for several aromatic residues in the binding of this related protein to ssDNA. Herein, we examine the functional importance of a comparable set of hydrophobic residues that are positionally conserved in the repeat I (Y59), II (F155), and III (F256) domains of murine Purβ. Site-directed Y/F to alanine substitutions were engineered, and the resultant Purβ point mutants were tested in various biochemical and cell-based assays. None of the mutations affected the cellular expression, structural stability, or dimerization capacity of Purβ. However, the Y59A and F155A mutants demonstrated weaker Acta2 repressor activity in transfected fibroblasts and reduced binding affinity for the purine-rich strand of an Acta2 cis-regulatory element in vitro. Mutation of Y59 and F155 also altered the multisite binding properties of Purβ for ssDNA and diminished the interaction of Purβ with Y-box binding protein 1, a co-repressor of Acta2. Collectively, these findings suggest that some of the same aromatic residues, which govern the specific and high-affinity binding of Purβ to ssDNA, also mediate certain heterotypic protein interactions underlying the Acta2 repressor function of Purβ.

The redox-sensing mechanism of Agrobacterium tumefaciens NieR as a thiol-based oxidation sensor for hypochlorite stress

NieR is a TetR family transcriptional repressor previously shown to regulate the NaOCl-inducible efflux pump NieAB in Agrobacterium tumefaciens. NieR is an ortholog of Escherichia coli NemR that specifically senses hypochlorite through the redox switch of a reversible sulfenamide bond between C106 and K175. The amino acid sequence of NieR contains only one cysteine. NieR has C104 and R166, which correspond to C106 and K175 of NemR, respectively. The aim of this study was to investigate the redox-sensing mechanism of NieR under NaOCl stress. C104 and R166 were subjected to mutagenesis to determine their roles. Although the substitution of R166 by alanine slightly reduced its DNA-binding activity, NieR retained its repressor function. By contrast, the DNA-binding and repression activities of NieR were completely lost when C104 was replaced by alanine. C104 substitution with serine only partially impaired the repressor function. Mass spectrometry analysis revealed an intermolecular disulfide bond between the C104 residues of NieR monomers. This study demonstrates the engagement of C104 in the mechanism of NaOCl sensing. C104 oxidation induced the formation of a disulfide-linked dimer that was likely to alter conformation, thus abolishing the DNA-binding ability of NieR and derepressing the target genes.

Separation of transcriptional repressor and activator functions in Drosophila HDAC3.

The histone deacetylase HDAC3 is associated with the NCoR/SMRT co-repressor complex and its canonical function is in transcriptional repression, but it can also activate transcription. Here we show that the repressor and activator functions of HDAC3 can be genetically separated in Drosophila. A lysine substitution in the N-terminus (K26A) disrupts its catalytic activity and activator function, whereas a combination of substitutions (HEBI) abrogating the interaction with SMRTER enhance repressor activity beyond wild-type in the early embryo. We conclude that the critical functions of HDAC3 in embryo development involve catalytic-dependent gene activation and non-enzymatic repression by several mechanisms, including tethering of loci to the nuclear periphery.

Dimerization choice and alternative functions of ZBTB transcription factors.

Zinc Finger DNA-binding domain-containing proteins are the most populous family among eukaryotic transcription factors. Among these, members of the BTB domain-containing ZBTB sub-family are mostly known for their transcriptional repressive functions. In this Viewpoint article, we explore molecular mechanisms that potentially diversify the function of ZBTB proteins based on their homo and heterodimerization, alternative splicing and post-translational modifications. We describe how the BTB domain is as much a scaffold for the assembly of co-repressors, as a domain that regulates protein stability. We highlight another mechanism that regulates ZBTB protein stability: phosphorylation in the zinc finger domain. We explore the non-transcriptional, structural roles of ZBTB proteins and highlight novel findings that describe the ability of ZBTB proteins to associate with poly adenosine ribose in the nucleus during the DNA damage response. Herein, we discuss the contribution of BTB domain scaffolds to the formation of transcriptional repressive complexes, to chromosome compartmentalization and their non-transcriptional, purely structural functions in the nucleus.

Generating Public Engagement to Control Protests: State-managed Vigilantism in Poland

Based on the expanded theory of soft repression and a qualitative news frame analysis, the article traces the dynamics of the mobilisation of non-violent means to block the All-Poland Women's Strike and decrease the cost of hard repression. It unpacks two aspects of generating negative public engagement in controlling protests: the public media's use of ridicule, stigma, and silencing and calls for countermovement violence and legitimising it. The main argument is that the Polish public media used interpretative frames characteristic of soft repression to challenge the movement and determine what ordinary people could do to contain threats to the government and regime stability resulting from protests. The new empirical approach reveals the non-obvious function of soft repression acting as an incitement tool for mobilising opponents of protesters under repression to steer dissent. By going beyond traditional illegitimating and demobilising functions of soft repression, the study provides an in-depth examination of the public media's endeavours to neutralise threats to the government and stabilise the Polish political system. Integrating the theory of soft repression and negative public engagement, the study advances an explanation of a managed change in the model of protest policing, which is making vigilantes the agents of protest control.

Cell type-specific role of CBX2 and its disordered region in spermatogenesis.

Polycomb group (PcG) proteins maintain the repressed state of lineage-inappropriate genes and are therefore essential for embryonic development and adult tissue homeostasis. One critical function of PcG complexes is modulating chromatin structure. Canonical Polycomb repressive complex 1 (cPRC1), particularly its component CBX2, can compact chromatin and phase-separate in vitro. These activities are hypothesized to be critical for forming a repressed physical environment in cells. While much has been learned by studying these PcG activities in cell culture models, it is largely unexplored how cPRC1 regulates adult stem cells and their subsequent differentiation in living animals. Here, we show in vivo evidence of a critical nonenzymatic repressive function of cPRC1 component CBX2 in the male germline. CBX2 is up-regulated as spermatogonial stem cells differentiate and is required to repress genes that were active in stem cells. CBX2 forms condensates (similar to previously described Polycomb bodies) that colocalize with target genes bound by CBX2 in differentiating spermatogonia. Single-cell analyses of mosaic Cbx2 mutant testes show that CBX2 is specifically required to produce differentiating A1 spermatogonia. Furthermore, the region of CBX2 responsible for compaction and phase separation is needed for the long-term maintenance of male germ cells in the animal. These results emphasize that the regulation of chromatin structure by CBX2 at a specific stage of spermatogenesis is critical, which distinguishes this from a mechanism that is reliant on histone modification.

Administrative fines imposed by the Bank Guarantee Fund – analysis under financial law

This study discusses the issues of the legal status of administrative fines. The authors deemed it desirable to apply various investigation methods in this area of research, such as a review and analysis of the established line of judicial decisions (legislative acts, court decisions, official documents) and a comparative analysis. For this reason, the second part of the study discusses the issues in question (synthetically) while taking into consideration the French, German and Danish legal orders. The majority of the research was also devoted to an analysis of the legal status of the Bank Guarantee Fund (hereinafter: BGF or Fund) and to a discussion of types of administrative fines imposed by the Fund. An analysis and review of the law in force was used as a primary tool in this research area. The underlying goal of this research was to establish the legal status of administrative fines imposed by the BGF and their types, assuming that these penalties mainly play a preventive and repressive function. These issues have a practical and theoretical importance, since they may be used at the stage of law-giving and law-application, and also in scholarly investigations. The study takes into account the legal status as of 23 April 2023.

Comparative analysis of the occupancy of Histone H3 Lysine 4 methylation in the cells treated with TGFβ and Interferonγ

In this current study, we have compared our H3K4me3 Chip-Sequencing data in PC3 cells in response to 6 h and 24 h TGFβ stimulation with the IFNγ stimulated/unstimulated HeLa S3 cells Since both TGFβ and IFNγ play an essential role in tumorigenesis both as a tumor promoter and tumor suppressor and known to antagonize each other's signalling, it would be of utmost importance to find out the regions undergoing histone modification changes in response to TGFβ and IFNγ and compare them to explore the genes common to both as well as the specific for each ligand. Our study has compared the genes showing H3K4me3 occupancy in response to both TGFβ and IFNγ. Several genes were found to be shared between the TGFβ and IFNγ. DAVID Functional enrichment analysis in the TGFβ and IFNγ dataset revealed association of genes with different biological processes such as miRNA-mediated gene silencing, positive regulation of ERK cascade, hypoxia-induced apoptosis repression, translational regulation and molecular functions such as TGFβR activity, GPCR activity, TGFβ binding activity. Further analysis of these genes can reveal fascinating insights into epigenetic regulation by growth factor stimulation.

SMYD3 drives the proliferation in gastric cancer cells via reducing EMP1 expression in an H4K20me3-dependent manner

Protein lysine methyltransferase SET and MYND domain-containing 3 (SMYD3) is aberrantly expressed in various cancer settings. The mechanisms that SMYD3 activates the expression of critical pro-tumoral genes in an H3K4me3-dependent manner have been well described in previous reports. Besides H3K4me3, H4K20me3 is another catalytic product of SMYD3, however it is a transcriptionally repressive hallmark. Since it is not clear that how SMYD3-elicited transcriptionally repressive program functions in cancer, we used gastric cancer (GC) as a model to investigate the roles of SMYD3-H4K20me3. Herein, online bioinformatics tools, quantitative PCR, western blotting and immunohistochemistry assays demonstrated that SMYD3 expression was markedly increased in GC tissues from our institutional and The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) cohort. Additionally, aberrantly increased SMYD3 expression was closely associated with aggressive clinical characteristics and poor prognosis. Depletion of endogenous SMYD3 expression using shRNAs significantly attenuates the proliferation in GC cells and Akt signaling pathway in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay showed that SMYD3 epigenetically repressed the expression of epithelial membrane protein 1 (EMP1) in an H4K20me3-dependent manner. Gain-of-function and rescue experiments validated that EMP1 inhibited the propagation of GC cells and reduced p-Akt (S473) level. Based on these data, pharmaceutical inhibition of SMYD3 activity using the small inhibitor BCI-121 deactivated Akt signaling pathway in GC cells and further impaired the cellular viability in vitro and in vivo. Together, these results demonstrate that SMYD3 promotes the proliferation in GC cells and may be a valid target for therapeutic intervention of patients with GC.