Function Of Cardiovascular System Research Articles

Mir-485-5p on the Morphology and Function of Cardiovascular System.

Cardiovascular disease is a global problem that seriously endangers human health and life. At present, hypertension is considered to be a polygenic disease caused by the interaction of environmental factors and genetic factors. Various environmental factors have been proved to promote the occurrence and development of cardiovascular disease. MicroRNA (miR), as an essential gene regulatory factor in vivo, has been confirmed to participate in the regulation of many cell pathways, and its abnormal expression is closely related to a variety of human diseases. MiR-485-5p is located at 7q22.1, which has been proved to play an essential role in the tumor and cardiovascular system. Therefore, this paper discussed the mechanism of miR-485-5p on the morphology and function of the cardiovascular system. It is believed that miR-485-5p will impact the morphology and function of the cardiovascular system. Therefore, in the current study, 1655 unrelated patients with cardiovascular system diseases were simulated and analyzed based on the above background. A double luciferase reporter gene detection system verified the combination of miRNAs target recognition. The results showed that miR-485-5p significantly inhibited the luciferase activity of pGL-miR-wt but had no effect on pGL6-miR-mut. The lack of miR-485-5p can promote the activation of cardiac fibroblasts. The findings of this study can provide a new understanding and direction for the study of cardiovascular system morphology and function.

Transcriptional regulation of transcriptional Mediator complexes in cardiovascular development and disease.

During the development of the mammalian cardiovascular system, the formation of a mature and fully functional cardiovascular system needs the fine coordination of the morphogenesis of various molecules, cells, tissues, and organs. Abnormalities in these processes usually lead to serious congenital heart defects. The determination and maintenance of cell fate in multicellular organisms depend to a large extent on the precise timing and control of RNA polymerase II (Pol II) transcription, and the transcription Mediator complex plays an irreplaceable role in the Pol II transcription process. Mediator is an evolutionarily conserved multi-subunit protein complex, including four parts: head, middle, tail, and kinase. It is a functional bridge between transcription factors and basic transcription machines. In recent years, due to the key role of Mediator in the transcriptional regulation of gene expression, many of human heart diseases have been confirmed to be related to specific Mediator gene mutations, such as heart valve defects, translocation of the great arteries, DiGeorge syndrome and some cardiovascular diseases related to energy homeostasis. In this review, we summarize the role of Mediator in cardiovascular development and disease, focusing on the role of Mediator in the development of cardiovascular disease, and provides a broad idea for the research on Mediator-related cardiovascular system development and diseases.

Microvascular anatomy and physiology laboratory class using the Australian cane toad

The microvasculature is a key part of the cardiovascular system and teaching microvascular structure and function is a key part of any cardiovascular science course. The Australian cane toad Bufo marinus / Rhinella marina is an economical and widely available species within Australia which can be used to demonstrate basic principles of blood flow and microvascular anatomy and physiology in an in vivo setting.In the laboratory class, cane toads of either gender (approx. 120 g) are anesthetized by immersion in 0.3 % ethyl 3‐aminobenzoate methanesulfonate (MS‐222) for 15 min and for the duration of the class (about 2 hr) swabs soaked in MS‐222 are placed on the skin. Level of anaesthesia is regularly assessed by the corneal reflex. At the end of the class toads are euthanized by cardiac removal (UNSW ACEC approval #19/67B). The surgical procedure involves a small incision in the upper abdomen, through which a lung, the bladder and the mesentery may be exteriorized and the microvasculature examined under a microscope equipped with a camera for video streaming to high definition monitors.The class is designed to demonstrate principles delivered in lectures and allow students to integrate knowledge of these principles into microvascular homeostasis and adaptation to interventions. Microvascular features which can be clearly demonstrated include microvascular anatomy and structural adaptations in different tissues, including the lung (pulmonary microcirculation), urinary bladder and mesentery. Observable physiological phenomena include blood flow velocity and its’ effect blood cell behaviour, axial streaming, plasma skimming, leukocyte rolling and adhesion, vasoconstriction and the response of the mesenteric microvasculature to haemorrhage.Student learning is assessed through pre‐ and post‐class exercises completed on‐line. The pre‐class exercise includes demonstrative videos and a brief quiz. This is intended to ensure students have read and understood the laboratory class notes, along with some basic vascular science, prior to the class, avoiding time‐wasting. The post‐class exercise includes video material recorded during the class accompanied by a quiz aimed at testing the students’ understanding of the observations made; for example, the physiological advantage of unique microvascular anatomy in certain tissues, or the mechanism underlying capillary swelling and hemodilution during haemorrhage. The videos can be edited into a package and used to deliver the class in an on‐line format if required. Thus, the cane toad preparation allows key aspects of microvascular anatomy, physiology, pharmacology and rheology to be demonstrated and taught in a clear and compelling fashion.

Опыт лечения депрессии у пациента, перенесшего коронавирусную инфекцию

A sharp rise in the prevalence of mixed anxiety-depressive disorder is observed during the pandemic. Along with symptoms of anxiety, asthenic complaints and cognitive impairment predominate among clinical manifestations of post-COVID-19 depression [4-7]. This drives the patients to first contact general practitioners and neurologists. In the reported clinical case a female patient, who had recently survived coronavirus infection, developed a moderate depressive episode. Antidepressant monotherapy with vortioxetine (Brintellix) as initial treatment was selected based on the polymorphic clinical picture of mood disorder that included not only clear cognitive and asthenic symptom clusters, but also anxiety symptom cluster. Furthermore, vortioxetine is compatible with anticoagulants still taken by the patient due to recommendations of general practitioner. Taking into account the patient's hypochondriacal fixation on her physical health, it is important to note that vortioxetine has no adverse effects on the function of cardiovascular system. In real clinical practice, vortioxetine (Brintellix) shows high efficacy and good tolerability when used for treatment of depressions developing after coronavirus infection.

A Novel High Content Angiogenesis Assay Reveals That Lacidipine, L-Type Calcium Channel Blocker, Induces In Vitro Vascular Lumen Expansion.

Angiogenesis is a critical cellular process toward establishing a functional circulatory system capable of delivering oxygen and nutrients to the tissue in demand. In vitro angiogenesis assays represent an important tool for elucidating the biology of blood vessel formation and for drug discovery applications. Herein, we developed a novel, high content 2D angiogenesis assay that captures endothelial morphogenesis’s cellular processes, including lumen formation. In this assay, endothelial cells form luminized vascular-like structures in 48 h. The assay was validated for its specificity and performance. Using the optimized assay, we conducted a phenotypic screen of a library containing 150 FDA-approved cardiovascular drugs to identify modulators of lumen formation. The screening resulted in several L-type calcium channel blockers being able to expand the lumen space compared to controls. Among these blockers, Lacidipine was selected for follow-up studies. We found that the endothelial cells treated with Lacidipine showed enhanced activity of caspase-3 in the luminal space. Pharmacological inhibition of caspase activity abolished the Lacidipine-enhancing effect on lumen formation, suggesting the involvement of apoptosis. Using a Ca2+ biosensor, we found that Lacipidine reduces the intracellular Ca2+ oscillations amplitude in the endothelial cells at the early stage, whereas Lacidipine blocks these Ca2+ oscillations completely at the late stage. The inhibition of MLCK exhibits a phenotype of lumen expansion similar to that of Lacidipine. In conclusion, this study describes a novel high-throughput phenotypic assay to study angiogenesis. Our findings suggest that calcium signalling plays an essential role during lumen morphogenesis. L-type Ca2+ channel blockers could be used for more efficient angiogenesis-mediated therapies.

A Combined Human in Silico and CRISPR/Cas9-Mediated in Vivo Zebrafish Based Approach to Provide Phenotypic Data for Supporting Early Target Validation.

The clinical heterogeneity of heart failure has challenged our understanding of the underlying genetic mechanisms of this disease. In this respect, large-scale patient DNA sequencing studies have become an invaluable strategy for identifying potential genetic contributing factors. The complex aetiology of heart failure, however, also means that in vivo models are vital to understand the links between genetic perturbations and functional impacts as part of the process for validating potential new drug targets. Traditional approaches (e.g., genetically-modified mice) are optimal for assessing small numbers of genes, but less practical when multiple genes are identified. The zebrafish, in contrast, offers great potential for higher throughput in vivo gene functional assessment to aid target prioritisation, by providing more confidence in target relevance and facilitating gene selection for definitive loss of function studies undertaken in mice. Here we used whole-exome sequencing and bioinformatics on human patient data to identify 3 genes (API5, HSPB7, and LMO2) suggestively associated with heart failure that were also predicted to play a broader role in disease aetiology. The role of these genes in cardiovascular system development and function was then further investigated using in vivo CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene mutation analysis in zebrafish. We observed multiple impacts in F0 knockout zebrafish embryos (crispants) following effective somatic mutation, including changes in ventricle size, pericardial oedema, and chamber malformation. In the case of lmo2, there was also a significant impact on cardiovascular function as well as an expected reduction in erythropoiesis. The data generated from both the human in silico and zebrafish in vivo assessments undertaken supports further investigation of the potential roles of API5, HSPB7, and LMO2 in human cardiovascular disease. The data presented also supports the use of human in silico genetic variant analysis, in combination with zebrafish crispant phenotyping, as a powerful approach for assessing gene function as part of an integrated multi-level drug target validation strategy.

Counterion-Paired Bright Heptamethine Fluorophores with NIR-II Excitation and Emission Enable Multiplexed Biomedical Imaging.

Photon excitation and emission at the NIR-II spectral window enable high-contrast deep-tissue bioimaging. However, multiplexed imaging with NIR-II excitation and emission has been hampered by the limited chemical strategies to develop bright fluorophores with tunable absorption in this spectral regime. Herein, we developed a series of heptamethine cyanines (HCs) with varied absorption/emission maxima spanning from 1100 to 1600 nm through a physical organic approach. A bulky counterion paired to HCs was found to elicit substantial improvements in absorptivity (7-fold), brightness (14-fold), and spectral profiles in water, addressing a notorious quenching problem of NIR-II cyanines due to aggregation and polarization. We demonstrated the utilities of HC1222 and HC1342 for high-contrast dual-color imaging of circulatory system, lymphatic structures, tumor, and organ function in living mice under 1120 nm and 1319 nm excitation, showing HCs as a promising platform for non-invasive bioimaging.

Counterion‐Paired Bright Heptamethine Fluorophores with NIR‐II Excitation and Emission Enable Multiplexed Biomedical Imaging

AbstractPhoton excitation and emission at the NIR‐II spectral window enable high‐contrast deep‐tissue bioimaging. However, multiplexed imaging with NIR‐II excitation and emission has been hampered by the limited chemical strategies to develop bright fluorophores with tunable absorption in this spectral regime. Herein, we developed a series of heptamethine cyanines (HCs) with varied absorption/emission maxima spanning from 1100 to 1600 nm through a physical organic approach. A bulky counterion paired to HCs was found to elicit substantial improvements in absorptivity (7‐fold), brightness (14‐fold), and spectral profiles in water, addressing a notorious quenching problem of NIR‐II cyanines due to aggregation and polarization. We demonstrated the utilities of HC1222 and HC1342 for high‐contrast dual‐color imaging of circulatory system, lymphatic structures, tumor, and organ function in living mice under 1120 nm and 1319 nm excitation, showing HCs as a promising platform for non‐invasive bioimaging.

FOXO1 represses sprouty 2 and sprouty 4 expression to promote arterial specification and vascular remodeling in the mouse yolk sac.

Establishing a functional circulatory system is required for post-implantation development during murine embryogenesis. Previous studies in loss-of-function mouse models showed that FOXO1, a Forkhead family transcription factor, is required for yolk sac (YS) vascular remodeling and survival beyond embryonic day (E) 11. Here, we demonstrate that at E8.25, loss of Foxo1 in Tie2-cre expressing cells resulted in increased sprouty 2 (Spry2) and Spry4 expression, reduced arterial gene expression and reduced Kdr (also known as Vegfr2 and Flk1) transcripts without affecting overall endothelial cell identity, survival or proliferation. Using a Dll4-BAC-nlacZ reporter line, we found that one of the earliest expressed arterial genes, delta like 4, is significantly reduced in Foxo1 mutant YS without being substantially affected in the embryo proper. We show that FOXO1 binds directly to previously identified Spry2 gene regulatory elements (GREs) and newly identified, evolutionarily conserved Spry4 GREs to repress their expression. Furthermore, overexpression of Spry4 in transient transgenic embryos largely recapitulates the reduced expression of arterial genes seen in conditional Foxo1 mutants. Together, these data reveal a novel role for FOXO1 as a key transcriptional repressor regulating both pre-flow arterial specification and subsequent vessel remodeling within the murine YS.

Diverse and Complementary Effects of Ghrelin and Obestatin.

Ghrelin and obestatin are two “sibling proteins” encoded by the same preproghrelin gene but possess an array of diverse and complex functions. While there are ample literature documenting ghrelin’s functions, the roles of obestatin are less clear and controversial. Ghrelin and obestatin have been perceived to be antagonistic initially; however, recent studies challenge this dogma. While they have opposing effects in some systems, they function synergistically in other systems, with many functions remaining debatable. In this review, we discuss their functional relationship under three “C” categories, namely complex, complementary, and contradictory. Their functions in food intake, weight regulation, hydration, gastrointestinal motility, inflammation, and insulin secretion are complex. Their functions in pancreatic beta cells, cardiovascular, muscle, neuroprotection, cancer, and digestive system are complementary. Their functions in white adipose tissue, thermogenesis, and sleep regulation are contradictory. Overall, this review accumulates the multifaceted functions of ghrelin and obestatin under both physiological and pathological conditions, with the intent of contributing to a better understanding of these two important gut hormones.

Echocardiography in laboratory rabbits

Introduction. Rabbits are used as convenient models for studying drug cardiotoxicity. Echocardiography is one of the most informative non-invasive methods of assessing the cardiovascular system function. In literature, there is no clearly formulated protocol for heart ultrasound examination in rabbits. Purpose was the systematization of literature data on echocardiography techniques in rabbits.Materials and methods. The sources search involved the Scientific Electronic Library eLIBRARY.RU and the National Library of Medicine information base (PubMed.gov). The search covered the 15-year period. Original or review articles containing a detailed description of the echocardiography technique were included.Results and discussion. For animals anesthesia before the study, various drugs combinations based on ketamine, xylazine, medetomidine, zolazepam, tiletamine are used. In rabbits, it is possible to use M-, B-, Doppler echocardiography modes in a wide frequency range (5 – 12 MHz). Parasternal longitudinal, parasternal transverse and apical ultrasound approaches are applied. The parameters of the transmitral blood flow (peak A, peak E, ratio A/E, peak E', the magnitude of regurgitation), as well as the contractile function of the left ventricle (end systolic and diastolic volumes and sizes, stroke volume, cardiac output, shortening fraction) are subject to assessment. The Teicholz and Simpson methods can be used to calculate the ejection fraction. The literature under survey coveres listed parameters of normal values for various ages’ rabbits.Conclusion. Echocardiography is a relatively affordable non-invasive method for studying the state of cardiovascular system in rabbits in an experiment. The method can be used to analyze myocardium size, left ventricle contractile function, and assess the state of heart valvular apparatus. At present, normal values of echocardiographic parameters in rabbits have been experimentally established, which adds to the informative value of the method. Qualitative study performance requires special preparation, including careful animal anesthesia, the choice of the approaches and modes used.

Abstract MP48: Daily Spiritual Experiences And Allostatic Load Trajectories In Midlife African American Women

Introduction: African American women have a significantly higher risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD) with an earlier age of onset than non-Hispanic whites. Recent evidence suggests that psychological stress may contribute to the disproportionate burden of CVD in midlife African American women. Religion and spirituality have been associated with lower risk of CVD and improved psychological distress. Hypothesis: We assessed the hypothesis that daily spirituality may have cardioprotective effects among midlife African American women. Methods: We performed a secondary analysis of public-use data from 727 African American women enrolled in the Study of Women’s Health Across the Nation (SWAN), a multi-site longitudinal cohort study. Biological, psychosocial, and physical measures were collected approximately annually. Allostatic load (AL) was calculated at each visit using 10 biomarkers representing neuroendocrine, immune, metabolic, and cardiovascular system functioning. Group-based trajectory modeling identified women with similar patterns of AL over a 7-year period. The Daily Spiritual Experiences Scale was used to categorize daily spiritual experiences (some days or less, most days, daily, many times a day). We used logistic regression to estimate associations between daily spiritual experiences and AL trajectory group. Models adjusted for baseline age, education, and depressive symptoms. Results: Three distinct trajectories of AL were identified: low (35.1% = 255 of 727), moderate (44.7% = 325 of 727), and high (20.2% = 147 of 727). We found that women who reported daily comfort in religion and spirituality were less likely to be represented in the high AL trajectory group when controlling for age. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that spirituality may have cardioprotective effects among midlife African American women. Further investigation on sociocultural factors that may buffer the negative effects of psychological distress on CVD risk in midlife African American women is needed. This work can inform culturally relevant interventions to improve cardiovascular health outcomes in this population.

Circulating primitive murine erythroblasts undergo complex proteomic and metabolomic changes during terminal maturation

AbstractPrimitive erythropoiesis is a critical component of the fetal cardiovascular network and is essential for the growth and survival of the mammalian embryo. The need to rapidly establish a functional cardiovascular system is met, in part, by the intravascular circulation of primitive erythroid precursors that mature as a single semisynchronous cohort. To better understand the processes that regulate erythroid precursor maturation, we analyzed the proteome, metabolome, and lipidome of primitive erythroblasts isolated from embryonic day (E) 10.5 and E12.5 of mouse gestation, representing their transition from basophilic erythroblast to orthochromatic erythroblast (OrthoE) stages of maturation. Previous transcriptional and biomechanical characterizations of these precursors have highlighted a transition toward the expression of protein elements characteristic of mature red blood cell structure and function. Our analysis confirmed a loss of organelle-specific protein components involved in messenger RNA processing, proteostasis, and metabolism. In parallel, we observed metabolic rewiring toward the pentose phosphate pathway, glycolysis, and the Rapoport-Luebering shunt. Activation of the pentose phosphate pathway in particular may have stemmed from increased expression of hemoglobin chains and band 3, which together control oxygen-dependent metabolic modulation. Increased expression of several antioxidant enzymes also indicated modification to redox homeostasis. In addition, accumulation of oxylipins and cholesteryl esters in primitive OrthoE cells was paralleled by increased transcript levels of the p53-regulated cholesterol transporter (ABCA1) and decreased transcript levels of cholesterol synthetic enzymes. The present study characterizes the extensive metabolic rewiring that occurs in primary embryonic erythroid precursors as they prepare to enucleate and continue circulating without internal organelles.

Somite morphogenesis is required for axial blood vessel formation during zebrafish embryogenesis.

Angioblasts that form the major axial blood vessels of the dorsal aorta and cardinal vein migrate toward the embryonic midline from distant lateral positions. Little is known about what controls the precise timing of angioblast migration and their final destination at the midline. Using zebrafish, we found that midline angioblast migration requires neighboring tissue rearrangements generated by somite morphogenesis. The somitic shape changes cause the adjacent notochord to separate from the underlying endoderm, creating a ventral midline cavity that provides a physical space for the angioblasts to migrate into. The anterior to posterior progression of midline angioblast migration is facilitated by retinoic acid-induced anterior to posterior somite maturation and the subsequent progressive opening of the ventral midline cavity. Our work demonstrates a critical role for somite morphogenesis in organizing surrounding tissues to facilitate notochord positioning and angioblast migration, which is ultimately responsible for creating a functional cardiovascular system.

Magnetic Responsive Release of Nitric Oxide from an MOF-Derived Fe3O4@PLGA Microsphere for the Treatment of Bacteria-Infected Cutaneous Wound.

Nitric oxide (NO) is an essential endogenous signaling molecule regulating multifaceted physiological functions in the (cardio)vascular, neuronal, and immune systems. Due to the short half-life and location-/concentration-dependent physiological function of NO, translational application of NO as a novel therapeutic approach, however, awaits a strategy for spatiotemporal control on the delivery of NO. Inspired by the magnetic hyperthermia and magneto-triggered drug release featured by Fe3O4 conjugates, in this study, we aim to develop a magnetic responsive NO-release material (MagNORM) featuring dual NO-release phases, namely, burst and steady release, for the selective activation of NO-related physiology and treatment of bacteria-infected cutaneous wound. After conjugation of NO-delivery [Fe(μ-S-thioglycerol)(NO)2]2 with a metal-organic framework (MOF)-derived porous Fe3O4@C, encapsulation of obtained conjugates within the thermo-responsive poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) microsphere completes the assembly of MagNORM. Through continuous/pulsatile/no application of the alternating magnetic field (AMF) to MagNORM, moreover, burst/intermittent/slow release of NO from MagNORM demonstrates the AMF as an ON/OFF switch for temporal control on the delivery of NO. Under continuous application of the AMF, in particular, burst release of NO from MagNORM triggers an effective anti-bacterial activity against both Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Gram-negative Escherichia coli (E. coli). In addition to the magneto-triggered bactericidal effect of MagNORM against E. coli-infected cutaneous wound in mice, of importance, steady release of NO from MagNORM without the AMF promotes the subsequent collagen formation and wound healing in mice.

Порушення фізіологічних функцій нейронів верхнього шийного ганглія при цукровому діабеті

A large number of extra- and intramural ganglia in humans and animals exist. All pathways of central regulation of vegetative functions and peripheral reflex pathways pass through them, providing coordinated automatic activity of many organs and tissues. It is well known that sympathetic and sensory neurons are affected in the early stages of diabetes. Patients with diabetes often have autonomic neuropathies. They suffer from disorders of the cardiovascular system and vessels functions, from disorders of the thermoregulatory and pupilomotor functions. These disorders may be the result of the superior cervical ganglion neurons functional defects. This ganglion involves in homeostasis, innervates pineal gland, thyroid, vascular plexus, vestibular system, pupillary, carotid bodies, salivary and lacrimal glands, innervates vessels of the skull and brain. The superior cervical ganglion’s postganglionic axons also innervate the heart. However, disorders of the synaptic transmission in superior cervical ganglion neurons in diabetes remain insufficiently studied to date. Therefore, this article is about the physiological properties of the superior cervical ganglion neurons and their pathological changes in diabetes mellitus. The works about synaptic neurotransmission disorders in superior cervical ganglion neurons of animals with experimental diabetes mellitus are analyzed.

Elevated levels of interleukin-12/23p40 may serve as a potential indicator of dysfunctional heart rate variability in type 2 diabetes

BackgroundSystemic inflammatory processes plausibly contribute to the development of cardiovascular complications, causing increased morbidity and mortality in type 2 diabetes. Circulating inflammatory markers, i.e., interleukin (IL)-6 and tumour necrosis factor-α, are associated with neurocardiac measures. We examined a broad panel of various inflammatory and inflammation-related serum markers to obtain more detailed insight into the possible neuro-immune interaction between cardiovascular regulation and systemic level of inflammation.MethodsSerum samples from 100 participants with type 2 diabetes were analysed. Heart rate variability, cardiovascular autonomic reflex tests, and cardiac vagal tone tests were performed based on electrocardiographic readings. Data regarding covariates (demographic-, diabetes-, and cardiovascular risk factors) were registered.ResultsIncreased serum levels of IL-12/IL-23p40 (p < 0.01) and intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1 (p < 0.007) were associated with diminished heart rate variability measures. After all adjustments, the associations between IL-12/23p40, SDANN and VLF persisted (p = 0.001). Additionally, serum levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-C were associated with response to standing (p = 0.005).DiscussionThe few but robust associations between neurocardiac regulation and serum markers found in this study suggest systemic changes in proinflammatory, endothelial, and lymphatic function, which collectively impacts the systemic cardiovascular function. Our results warrant further exploration of IL-12/IL-23p40, ICAM-1, and VEGF-C as possible cardiovascular biomarkers in T2D that may support future decisions regarding treatment strategies for improved patient care.

The role of magnesium and potassium in preventive and therapeutic nutrition

Due to the versatility of its functions and participation in all types of metabolism, magnesium can be considered the main cation in the human organism. Equally important is the role of the main intracellular ion - potassium, which is a synergist of magnesium, especially with regard to the effect on cardiovascular system function. In Russia, there is insufficient consumption of magnesium and potassium by the population. The purpose of the work was to assess the role of magnesium and potassium in ensuring public health. Material and methods. Literature search was carried out using PubMed, Google Scholar, ResearchGate, RISC systems mainly over the past 10 years, with the exception of works of fundamental importance, according to the keywords "magnesium", "bioavailability", "potassium", "efficiency". Results. Chronic hypomagnesemia and hypokalemia are involved in the pathogenesis of various metabolic disorders (metabolic syndrome, insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension, hyperlipidemia and sluggish inflammation). Magnesium deficiency increases the risk of cardiovascular (arrhythmia, hypertension, heart failure), neurological diseases (stroke) and depression, as well as diseases of the respiratory system (bronchial asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease). Potassium deficiency is also associated with pathology of the cardiovascular system. Adequate intake of magnesium and potassium with food and/or dietary supplements prevents the development of chronic metabolic complications. Various magnesium compounds used to correct its deficiency, have different bioavailability. Conclusion. The expediency of compensating for magnesium and potassium deficiency in nutrition has been proven both for preventive purposes in a healthy person and as part of diet therapy in a patient. Enrichment of the diet with magnesium and potassium is a reliable non-drug, economical and safe prevention of chronic deficiency and associated metabolic disorders.

THE STUDY OF THE GAS EXCHANGE FUNCTION OF LUNGS VIA THE MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF THE FUNCTIONAL RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

Respiratory system diseases are among the most dangerous for human life. Pathologies of the respiratory system appear due to environmental pollution, the spread of epidemics, etc.. To predict the course of pathological processes, the body's response to various influences of external extreme conditions, there is a strong need to develop the imitational mathematical models, which can provide the opportunity for the fast selection of the necessary optimal breathing mode. The goal of the work was to develop the imitational mathematical model to prognose and regulate the state of the respiratory system of the organism under the indignation of the environment. To study the mechanisms of self-regulation and adaptation of the body to disturbances of the external or internal environment, a mathematical model of the functional respiratory and circulatory system was developed. The dynamics of the partial pressures and stresses of the respiratory gases in the structures of the body was described by a system of ordinary differential equations. The principles of material balance and continuity of the flow were used to construct them. The structure of the model considered several reservoirs of the alveolar space, each of which was connected to the environment by a separate section of the airways and was washed by the corresponding volume of blood in the pulmonary capillaries. On the basis of the mathematical model of the functional respiratory system, an imitational mathematical model of the gas exchange process in the lungs has been developed and investigated. The model took into account the role of the elasticity and the resistance of the lung structures in the formation of the nature of the gas exchange process under various modes of external respiration. The results of the research will allow to accelerate the selection of the optimal breathing mode to achieve a stable balance of the internal and the external environment of the body.

Aspects of biopharmaceuticals extraction from Rosa canina and Crataegus monogyna micromycetes

The plant material of Crataegus and Rosa species is applied in the composition of numerous medicinal preparations for improving the function of cardiovascular and digestive systems, as well as in tinctures, phytocompositions and food supplements. Fungi associated with those plants gain more attention as they may serve as a source of new important biopharmaceuticals. Preliminary phytochemical analysis of Rosa canina and Crataegus monogyna plants was carried out for getting the information on bioactive compounds present in sampled material for subsequent comparison with available fungal metabolites. The next stage included isolation of fungi associated with studied plant species by standard mycological protocols. Species of Microsphaeropsis olivacea and Alternaria alternata were characteristic for leaves and fruits of the common hawthorn, and Aspergillus terreus and Diplocarpon rosae were isolated from the dog rose. Further cultivation and testing of isolates on the presence of biologically active compounds and comparison of their content with results of phytochemical analysis are under the consideration. The preliminary study supports the view that some plants of the family Rosaceae and their associated fungi could be a potent source of biologically active substances.