Business Functions Research Articles

Generativni modeli veštačke inteligencije - zauzdati još jednu tehnološku revoluciju

Generative AI promises to revolutionize many industries (entertainment, marketing, healthcare, finance, and research) by empowering machines to create new data content inspired by existing data. It experienced exponential growth in recent years. In 2023 breakout year Gen AI impact reached 2.6-4.4 trillion USD (2.5-4.2% of global GDP). The development of modern LLM-based models has been facilitated by improvements in computing power, data availability, and algorithms. These models have diverse applications in text, visual, audio, and code generation across various domains. Leading companies are rapidly deploying Gen AI for strategic decision-making at corporate executive levels. While AI-related risks have been identified, mitigation measures are still in early stages. Leaders in Gen AI adoption anticipate workforce changes and re-skilling needs. Gen AI is primarily used for text functions, big data analysis, and customer services, with the strongest impact in knowledge-based sectors. High-performing AI companies prioritize revenue generation over cost reduction, rapidly expand the use of Gen AI across various business functions, and link business value to organizational performance and structure. There is a notable lack of attention to addressing broader societal risks and the impact on the labor force. Gen AI creates new job opportunities and improves productivity in key areas. Future investment in AI is expected to rise. Concerns about the potential AI singularity, where machines surpass human intelligence, are subject to debate. Some view singularity as a risk, others are more optimistic based on human control and societal constraints. Leading experts in Gen AI predict that the coming decade can be the most prosperous in history if we manage to harness the benefits of Gen AI and control its downside.

The Policy of Heroes – A New Philosophy of Veteran Business

The article highlights a new approach in the field of veteran business, which is called the «policy of heroes» and is the quintessence of the new Ukrainian doctrine, that is, a new vision and philosophy of what a successful Ukraine should be like after the victory. The article discusses the institutional and regulatory tendencies and empirical trends of the veteran entrepreneurial community and the role played by veterans in the development of modern Ukrainian society in general and business in particular. The general trends of veteran business are typologized, the key role of modern grant instruments of the State support (assistance) in the formation of a common mental space between society and veterans for their speedy reintegration into economic life, ensuring their full participation in the creation of the economic front of the State is substantiated. The purpose of this article is to analyze the impact of the russian-Ukrainian war on the dynamics of the formation of the veteran community, to carry out a typology of key challenges and, on their basis, a substantiation of the need for further strategizing of individualized and comprehensive reintegration of veterans into civilian life in order to ensure their successful and sustainable adaptation to the new socioeconomic realities of doing business. The scientific novelty of the article lies in the study of the «policy of heroes» in the paradigm of the new Ukrainian doctrine as a new phenomenon in the architecture of the institution of veteran business, its conceptualization through the prism of endo- and exogenous threats (risks) generated by the russian-Ukrainian war in the institutional and regulatory coordinates of adaptation of veterans to starting and running a business, including in rural areas. The article proves that the «policy of heroes» of the new Ukrainian doctrine strategizes and determines the vector of further institutional and regulatory progress in the system of the State incentives for business reintegration of veterans into civilian life. It is proved that the experience gained by veterans during their service in the institutional centers of the Security and Defense Forces forms unorthodox contours of anti-crisis inertia during both the initiation and further functioning of veteran business under the legal regime of martial law, providing the development process with signs of sustainability and predictability, taking into account the post-war context of the reconstruction of the national economy and the directives of the Ukraine Facility Plan for 2024–2027. This is fostered by the modernization and Europeanization by the State of tools to support veteran business through the system of grants. This system actually «stitches» the vision of the President of Ukraine regarding the «policy of heroes» declared in the vision of the new Ukrainian doctrine, with the current and future needs of veterans and the capabilities of the State, which, in particular, are determined by the need to accelerate the process of reintegration of veterans into public life.

РЕЛОКАЦІЯ БІЗНЕС-СТРУКТУР НА ЗАХІДНУ УКРАЇНУ У КОНТЕКСТІ ЗБЕРЕЖЕННЯ КОНКУРЕНТОСПРОМОЖНОСТІ ПІДПРИЄМСТВ

The article reviews the trend of planned relocation of business structures where active hostilities are taking place to the Western part of the country, which involves the planning of financial costs, the transportation of equipment and personnel, which is a critical issue in the conditions of martial law. The stages that involve market research, staff adaptation, legal and regulatory aspects of current legislation, a communication plan for setting up communications, transportation and logistics planning are highlighted. Under the strategy of implementation of security mechanisms to increase the competitiveness of business structures, the achievement of the maximum result in strengthening positions in the competitive environment was considered. The business environment also deteriorated significantly - macroeconomic indicators worsened (inflation rates increased, GDP fell by more than a third), the purchasing power of the population decreased, migration processes increased, and investment attractiveness decreased significantly. The largest number of enterprises moved to Lviv, Ternopil, Zakarpattia and Chernivtsi regions. According to the results of the data, it is clear that the program is necessary and to a certain extent effective. Territorial communities and other self-governing bodies, which prepared a list of available real estate objects and infrastructure capacities for the possibility of meeting the needs of enterprises and businesses, also proved to be an auxiliary factor from the applied side of program implementation. positive aspects of the synergy of the interaction of the state, the autonomy of regions and territorial communities and business: 1.Access to information about available opportunities as such; 2. The possibility of full or partial preservation of functioning enterprises from the point of view of technical and material base; 3.Ensuring the safety of employees and their families involved in enterprises; 4.An opportunity for regions and territorial communities to interest investors in the development of the region; 5.Development of a new or restoration and revision of an existing one infrastructure for the possibility of ensuring the possibility of functionin business; 6. Ability to pay taxes and capacity of people in this location. Military actions always cause numerous losses of human resources, endless destruction of infrastructure and powerful destruction of the economy, the basis of which is the proper functioning of small and medium-sized enterprises. In terms formation and endless joyless efforts of development and growth, the Ukrainian economy has long been trying to break through thorns on the way to its fruitful future. There were many threats: prolonged inflation, mass emigration of the working population, instability of the national currency, corruption, unfavorable investment climate.

Big data accessibility issues for key medical personnel

Healthcare systems rely on vast data repositories serving a variety of purposes which include business functions and patient medical records. With recent advances in big data analytics, the latent value for all this data has become more apparent yet operational use has lagged behind. Healthcare operations suffer from multiple and complex issues making harnessing the potential of big data more important than ever. This article describes use of the ArchiMate® modeling language to adopt an organizational architecture language for the purpose of building a model for personalization of healthcare-related big data. This model describes how data can be made accessible to healthcare professionals in a way that allows clinicians to generate clinical, operational, and managerial value from the data with minimal involvement of additional data professionals. The article concludes with a case study proof-of-concept demonstrating the value of the approach and suggestions for implementation.

A Comprehensive Microservice Extraction Approach Integrating Business Functions and Database Entities

Cloud application practitioners are building large-scale enterprise applications as microservices, to leverage scalability, performance, and availability. Microservices architecture allows a large monolithic application to be split into small, loosely coupled services. A service communicates with other services using lightweight protocols such as RESTful APIs. Extracting microservices from the monolith is a challenging task and is mostly performed manually by system architects based on their skills. This extraction involves both: 1) Partitioning of business logic, 2) Partitioning of database. For partitioning of business logic, the existing research studies focus on decomposition by considering the dependencies in the application at the class-level. However, with the passage of time, monolith application classes outgrow their size defying the Single Responsibility Principle (SRP). So, there is a need to consider the code within the classes when identifying microservices. Current studies also lack the partitioning of database and ignore the mapping of Database Entities (DE) to the microservices. In this paper, we present a Comprehensive Microservice Extraction Approach (CMEA) that considers: 1) Both classes and their methods to define and refine microservices, 2) Associate the DE to microservices using newly devised eight guiding rules handling ownership conflicts. This approach has been applied to three benchmark web applications implemented in Java and one in-house application implemented in both Java and Python. Our results demonstrate better or similar software quality attributes in comparison to the existing related studies. CMEA improves software quality attributes by 22%. System architects can easily identify microservices along with their DE using our approach. The CMEA is generic and language-independent so it can be used for any application

Bolulu, bolula, bolulo, bululú : A Speculative Approach to the Early Modern Single Performer

In El viaje entretenido (1603), Agustín de Rojas Villandrando described the ‘bululú’ as ‘a player who travels alone and afoot, who enters a village, goes to the priest, and tells him that he knows a comedia and a loa or two’. Rojas’ definition included explanations of metatheatrical techniques the bululú employed: voice modulation, improvised scenography, and out loud stage directions. This entertainer constituted a company of actors, insofar as he exercised all business functions and performed every character in the play. Focusing on its defining characteristics, my paper considers this type of comedian as a point of departure to analyse the relationship between performance, reception and subjectivity in early modern Spain. I argue that the bululú was a subject of multi-discursivity ( ludio diversas personas agens , or histrio performing as different characters) whose interchangeability of roles was only possible when a strong dramatic contract between spectators and the performer existed. This contract was linked to the materiality of his voice, and it strengthened and modified certain qualities of the dramatization. My approach is informed by recent scholarly developments in the theorization of the human voice, which emphasize the role of sound for a decentred modernity no longer defined by the printed word.

ПЕРЕДУМОВИ ПРОВЕДЕННЯ АНАЛІТИЧНИХ ПРОЦЕДУР АУДИТУ ФІНАНСОВИХ РЕЗУЛЬТАТІВ ПІДПРИЄ

The audit of financial results in companies with corporate governance has become a critical aspect of modern business practices. This study explores the prerequisites for conducting analytical procedures of audit of financial results in the context of corporate governance, emphasizing its role as a comprehensive tool ensuring efficiency, transparency, and sustainable development of the corporate sector. The relevance of this topic is underscored by the growing complexity of business environments, increasing regulatory demands, and the need for greater transparency in corporate operations. As companies face heightened scrutiny, the role of audit has expanded beyond traditional boundaries, becoming integral to strategic decision-making and risk management processes. This paper examines the regulatory framework for audit in Ukraine, which integrates both national and international standards. A key contribution of this research is the proposal of a hierarchical model of audit objectives. This model illustrates the multi-level nature of auditing activities, encompassing a spectrum of tasks from ensuring the reliability of financial statements to achieving strategic corporate governance goals. The study delves into the role of analytical procedures in audit, positioning them as powerful means of generating valuable information for strategic decision-making and business process improvement. This perspective highlights the evolving nature of audit, moving from a compliance-focused activity to a value-adding business function. In the context of investment attractiveness, the paper argues that quality audit is a key factor in building investor and stakeholder confidence. It plays a crucial role in protecting shareholder rights, especially those of minority shareholders, by ensuring transparency and accountability in management decisions. The paper concludes by positioning audit of financial results as an integral component of modern corporate governance systems. It argues that effective audit practices contribute significantly to enhancing the efficiency, transparency, and competitiveness of Ukrainian companies in the global market. This study contributes to the ongoing dialogue on the evolution of audit practices in the face of changing business landscapes and increasing stakeholder expectations, providing valuable insights for practitioners, regulators, and academics in the fields of auditing and corporate governance.

КОРПОРАТИВНА СОЦІАЛЬНА ВІДПОВІДАЛЬНІСТЬ ЯК СКЛАДОВА СУЧАСНИХ БІЗНЕС-МОДЕЛЕЙ КОМПАНІЙ

The author considers various approaches to the definition of the concept of "corporate social responsibility" and forms the author's vision, namely: corporate social responsibility is considered to be a comprehensive approach to doing business, which is a voluntary conscious choice aimed at harmonizing and satisfying the interests of all stakeholders, and is aimed at ensuring sustainable development of the company and its environment. Stakeholder groups that may be relevant to corporate social responsibility activities are identified. The concept of "business model" has also been improved by taking into account the aspects of sustainable development: a business model is a certain holistic system that combines many elements that, in their interconnection, determine the necessary directions of the company's functioning, which create value, obtain financial results and consolidate market positions, which does not violate and ensures the sustainable development of the company and its environment. The author analyzes in detail all the components of the business model framework in order to find a connection with corporate social responsibility. It is determined that corporate social responsibility is integrated into all areas of business functioning, including corporate strategy ESG is not a part of a specific component of the business model, but is a holistic strategy that determines the directions of development for various aspects of the business model components and provides tools for their improvement and enrichment.

Towards automating stocktaking in warehouses: Challenges, trends, and reliable approaches

Stocktaking refers to the examination or counting over of materials, supplies, goods or products inside a stockroom, store, warehouse. There are many challenges concerning this important business function, which are even more demanding inside an unstructured large warehouse. Huge variance in size, volume, shape of the stock-keeping units that are stored in bulk without packaging, leads to many emerging problems that necessitate significant research endeavors so as to develop solutions that can automate this process. Nowadays, there are many approaches related to computer vision-based stocktaking in unstructured warehouses with products stored in bulk, which employ several existing technologies namely Deep Learning, Optical Character Recognition, and 3D model retrieval. The paper at hand aims at presenting the i-Count Air concept which outlines the utilization of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles, endowed with cognitive hardware sensors, active vision and an innovative perception and stocktaking software, that will push the boundaries of robotic perception and help automate the inventory counting function in a Warehouse 5.0 environment.

A Study on the Determination of Most Demanding Soft Skills at Workplaces

Soft Skills are integral part of all the aspects of life. Soft Skills are the non -technical skills that are required to drive academic, personal & professional life. Soft Skills shape up your overall personality and employability also as with the help of soft skills only the technicalities of the business function run and drive towards organizational success. Soft skills have various benefits in all aspects (Personal. Professional & Academic ectetra ). In this paper we will look on the most demanding and important soft skills at workplaces and how are they interrelated. This study will be helpful for all the soft skill training at college and school level to improvise the fresher recruitment efficiency and reduce training & skill gaps.

A Short Glance on Public Enterprises in Nepal

This article deals with Public Enterprises, types, performances, and its reflections on the Nepalese context. Public Enterprises are entities with specific objectives involving government ownership and control through public authority. PEs have been established in Nepal for economic and balanced development through performing specific business functions. This article claims that the number of PEs grew from the period of Nepal’s first five-year plan, which was reduced after adopting liberalization and privatization policy in the era of multiparty democracy. The main objective of this article is to trace out the scenarios of Public Enterprises, its challenges and their opportunities. It has applied the review-based analysis as a methodological part. Most PEs are running under huge losses, very few have operating excellent performances and public notice. The major challenges for PEs in Nepal are heavy political interference, government and remuneration policy, lack of transparency and accountability, low commercial expertise, and nepotism with bureaucratic organizational structure. The PEs are a tool for implementing government policy as well as an agent for market control and competition in a positive aspect. Improvement in the fundamentals of PEs is necessary for them to sustain in a competitive market and be serviceable to society. Efficiency-based remuneration and recognition motivate the individual to take risks and contribute to the national economy.

FUNCTIONS OF BICYCLE MOBILE APPLICATIONS IN THE ASPECT OF LOCAL AND REGIONAL TOURISM AND RECREATIONAL POLICY – AMISTAD CASE STUDY

Purpose. Identification of the functions performed by bicycle mobile applications for individual groups of recipients (stakeholders).Purpose. Identification of the functions performed by bicycle mobile applications for individual groups of recipients (stakeholders).Method. The article is based on the analysis of scientific literature on the subject, enriched by Internet sources, a case study and a comparative analysis of Amistad’s bicycle mobile applications, being their leading producer on the Polish market. Analysis has been carried out based on data from Google Play and App Store platforms, as well as information from the company’s website, observation of activities in the field of B2A2C marketing of this company, as well as a diagnostic survey and unstructured interviews with its head director.Results. A model of functions regarding cycling mobile applications for individual stakeholders and their typification was formulated. The reasons for the limited effectiveness of the interface and business functions of cycling mobile applications are their limited popularity caused by variation in the attractiveness of combining functions, the frequency of updates and the effectiveness of the application promotion system. The most important functions of bicycle mobile applications are related to the mechanisms of accelerating interaction and information flow: social and gamification features related to bicycle navigation.Research and conclusions limitations. Local governments and non-governmental organisations were not examined from the point of view of their perception concerning the functions of cycling mobile applications and effectiveness in their implementation.Practical implications. They refer to the process of designing bicycle mobile applications and creating shared value with their use. They can also contribute to increasing the rationality of public (social) spending allocated to the procurement of mobile applications.Originality. So far, no other in-depth studies on bicycle applications of Polish developers have been conducted.Type of paper. An article presenting the results of literature and empirical research.

Innovation Activity and Social Responsibility of Big Business: The Role of Political Connections

The presented article is devoted to identifying the role of political connec-tions of big business in the process of implementing innovation activity and social responsibility. It is shown that political connections and innovation activity can be both substitutes and complements depending on the institutional environment in which interaction between economic and political actors occurs. Investments in political connections can facilitate innovations that to help firms to overcome non-market barriers. The negative consequences of its using are determined with the lack of motivation, organizational inertia, government control and agency prob-lem. It is noted that political connections reduce the amount of resources allocated to R&D but they increase the effectiveness of the protection of intellectual property rights. This means that political connections bring support and valuable know-ledge about public policy to the firms reducing information asymmetry. It is shown that the flip side of using political connections is social responsibility. It is used by big business to legitimize its activities in the eyes of society. The more a company uses political connections, the more likely it is to provide a higher level of social responsibility reporting. Large Russian companies are actively involved in the im-plementation of social responsibility in the territories where they operate. The key factor ensuring the functioning of large business on domestic markets is social re-sponsibility, while accumulated political connections allow it to enter global mar-kets with the support of the state.

Фінансові технології в системі стратегічного управління бізнесу

The article aims to study the impact of financial technologies on enterprises' strategic management systems. The study analyses the impact of financial technologies on strategic management in the modern business environment. It has been determined that fintech solutions provide enterprises with competitive advantages through fast and accurate analysis of financial data, which contributes to making informed decisions in real-time. A study of the possibilities of automated decision-making processes and identifying new vectors of development, risks, and trends is carried out, and the directions for optimizing budgeting and forecasting are outlined. It is presented that fintech tools are becoming an integral part of enterprises' financial operations, providing online invoicing, inventory management, cost tracking, etc. The use of fintech tools promotes the application of data analytics at all levels of management, strengthening cooperation and coordination between business units, which affects strategic decision-making. The scientific novelty lies in identifying the positive impact of financial technologies on financial asset management, diversification of investment portfolios, and ensuring competitiveness in the digital economy. The possibilities of increasing efficiency and effectiveness through integrating financial technologies and introducing innovative financial models are considered. The practical value of the study lies in identifying specific business benefits, particularly in optimizing operations, reducing costs, and improving customer experience. The need to invest in fintech tools to ensure effective data collection, analysis, and dissemination at all enterprise strategic management levels is identified. The authors' recommendations are aimed at the continuous adaptation and development of business in a rapidly changing financial environment and ensuring the effective functioning of business in conditions of uncertainty. Keywords: financial technologies, fintech, strategic management, data analytics, innovation, competitive development.

Business Management

The business management discussed in this article includes the functions and roles of management, company organization, management of the production of goods and services, and management of human resources. The main focus is understanding how effective management can improve company performance through strategic planning, good organization, efficient production supervision, and human resource management oriented towards developing employee potential. This article details the importance of integrating all these aspects in achieving business goals and increasing a company's competitiveness in a dynamic business environment. This article was created using the Literature Study Method by searching from book sources related to Business Management which were then studied and collected into data. In business management, the role and function of management is very crucial. Management is responsible for organizing the company, managing the production of goods and services, and managing human resources. By designing efficient organizational structures, coordinating production processes, and leading human resource development, management helps achieve business goals in a sustainable manner. Overall, the role of integrated management plays a key role in the success and growth of the business.

EVOLUTION AND INNOVATION IN ORGANIZATION MANAGEMENT IN THE DIGITAL ERA

Rapidly changing conditions of business functioning, caused by global changes in geopolitics, economy, acceleration of the pace of development of digital technologies, require greater adaptability, flexibility and speed of response from the organization's management. In this connection, the concept of management 4.0 is formed and developed, which combines advanced strategies, innovative approaches and the use of modern information and communication technologies. The research is aimed at revealing the essence of this concept in the form of an analysis of the evolution of management systems and modern challenges, as well as at the development of effective strategies and tools for successful modern management, which ensures the competitiveness and stability of the enterprise on the market. In the course of the study, types of organization management were identified, including scientific, administrative, strategic, innovative management, and quality management. The article substantiates the need for improving approaches to administration in the organization, introducing innovations and advanced digital technologies into the enterprise's activities. The concept was formed and the key components of management 4.0 were determined, taking into account the modern realities and needs of Ukrainian business. Challenges faced by domestic companies are highlighted; strategies, approaches and practical recommendations for overcoming them are presented. It is proven that the application of the process approach in management contributes to the realization of internal reserves of growth and development of the enterprise, simplification of the organizational structure of subordination. And if earlier its implementation was associated with radical changes in the company, now evolutionary methods of its implementation are being actively developed. The process approach to management is aimed at reducing the company's costs, which has a positive effect on the company's profit, and therefore on financial opportunities for the implementation of innovative projects.

Records Management Audit Using the ARMA Information Governance Maturity Model: A Case of the Department of Teacher Training and Technical Education (DTT&TE), Botswana

The information environment is rapidly growing due to increased data from business transactions and processes. This calls for records management to support decision-making and business functions. This is possible through what we refer to as information governance. This paper aims to bridge the gap between existing records management practices and the ideal state by undertaking a records management audit at the Department of Teacher Training and Technical Education (DTT&TE) using the ARMA Information Governance Maturity Model, ultimately improving information governance and records management processes. The study employed a qualitative case study approach. Data was collected through observations and interviews with three respondents, including the chief, principal, and senior records officers. The study's key finding reveals that DTT and TE are at level 3 (essential) of the maturity level. This finding implies that DTT&TE has well-defined regulatory requirements and processes. However, the study also revealed that the organisation does not meet the required maturity level (5). To this end, this poses risks such as poor performance due to a lack of accountability, poor execution of records management practices, low levels of compliance with requirements, and backlogs of records resulting from a lack of retention and disposition schedules in the organisation. Furthermore, the study reveals that the above risks result from challenges such as shortages of storage, security issues, and inadequate staffing, among others. To address these challenges, the paper recommends that DTT&TE review records management policies, adopt compliance frameworks, and provide staff training by DTT & TE.

Problems of financing small businesses in Ukraine

Introduction. The development of small entrepreneurship is a very important factor for the entire economy of the country, therefore the state plays an important role in stimulating its development. State support for small businesses involves the provision of various subsidies, loans, the creation of national funds, the provision of tax discounts and benefits, the use of foreign aid, and support for the development of the insurance market. In the conditions of the financial and economic crisis, and later in the conditions of the war in Ukraine, the business environment significantly deteriorated, and the development of small businesses slowed down. The purpose of the paper is to study the problems of financing small business entities in Ukraine and develop separate recommendations for their solution. Results. As a result of the conducted research, the role and peculiarities of functioning of small business in Ukraine were analyzed. The share of small business entities among active business entities in Ukraine in the period 2017-2021 was determined. It has been studied that the main number of small business entities in types of economic activity is occupied by wholesale and retail trade. A comparative analysis of indicators of small business development was carried out, namely a parallel between the number of small enterprises and FOP per 10,000 population. The dynamics of the indicators of the liability structure of small business entities in the period 2017-2021 were analyzed, with the help of which the relative indicators of the financial stability of small businesses were calculated. Conclusion. As a conclusion, the criteria that suspend the development of small business in modern conditions are determined.

CONCEPTUAL MODEL OF INTEGRATION OF BUSINESS FUNCTIONS ON INTERNAL BUSINESS PROCESS PERFORMANCE

The trend of banking performance in the last five years is still fluctuating. One of the root causes is measured from a Balanced Scorecard perspective, namely the not yet optimal integration of business functions in the Internal Business Process. The continuous development of systems, information and communication technology has profound implications for the integration of business functions such as sales and marketing, procurement, finance and accounting, research and development of banking products/services. This study aims to identify, examine and analyze empirical evidence on phenomena that occur in the banking world so that research hypotheses are generated to be studied and tested using quantitative methods in order to obtain dominant variables that influence as the basis for developing a measurable conceptual model.

Training of third-party employees and its outcomes: a systematic literature review

PurposeTraining has been an important tool for enhancing the skills and productivity of employees. Having productive employees helps organizations sustain themselves. Today, the authors organisations have an increasing number of employees on third-party payroll performing core as well as noncore business functions. However, due to the lack of ownership and moral obligation of employers, these employees are often not provided training, resulting in skills obsolesce and less productivity. The present study is a systematic literature review (SLR) on client organizations’ roles in training third-party employees (TPEs) and its related outcomes.Design/methodology/approachThe present study is a SLR on client organizations' roles in training TPEs and their related outcomes. Using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) approach, this study presents a review of 217 research papers on training of TPEs and its related outcomes.FindingsThe study identifies the outcomes of providing training to TPEs and presents the findings and suggestions made by researchers. The study concludes that TPEs are an important investment for the client organization. Training them would benefit the client organization, TPEs and the economy as a whole. The paper also suggests some avenues for future research.Research limitations/implicationsThis paper tries to answer an important question: What could drive productive behavior among TPEs? Based on the literature reviewed, the answer is that TPEs could be offered training opportunities with a view to enhancing their employability. This could induce, among them, a sense of being valued and supported while contributing to organizational performance and creating a feeling of reciprocal obligation. This is an important contribution to literature. Low investment in these employees affects their employability, i.e. be it in the same organization for another term or another organization and thus the need for training and development, for sustained productivity among TPEs, in organizations.Practical implicationsTraining and development, for them, would result in enhanced employability within as well as outside the organization. These employees could also be a good source for regular positions within the organization, if required, benefiting both the organization and the employee. Additionally, the economy would also benefit from a pool of skilled workforce. Therefore, it is suggested that governments initiate some policy framework regarding mandatory training of TPEs to increase their competencies, resulting in increased organizational productivity, especially for TPEs at lower and middle levels of management.Originality/valueThe paper is an original contribution by the researcher. An attempt has been made to highlight the training needs of TPEs and their related outcomes.