Functioning Of Critical Infrastructures Research Articles

МЕТОД КОДУВАННЯ ВІДЕОДАНИХ В СПЕКТРАЛЬНО- ПАРАМЕТРИЧНОМУ ПРОСТОРІ

It is shown that the development of modern infocommunication systems is followed by the trend of widespread use of wireless technologies. The level of intellectualization of the protocols of their functioning is increasing. Accordingly, the characteristics of wireless infocommunication technologies for data transmission are increasing. This contributes to their use for data transmission from remote robotic platforms in the process of information support for the functioning of critical infrastructure. It is substantiated that the transmission of video data with the required level of bit intensity on the basis of existing on-board telecommunication technologies is organized under conditions of significant time delays. Consequently, the level of efficiency of information delivery is lost. On the other hand, there are losses in the reliability of video information. It is argued that the option for solving the problem lies in the further development of technologies for encoding video information streams. The most common platform is the JPEG format. However, the city has disadvantages. They refer to the loss of compression levels in the event of a reduction in the potential for detecting psychovisual addictions. The article substantiates an approach for improvement, which consists in the use of an adapted coding technology in the spectral-parametric space. This approach consists in detecting subbands in spectral arrays and their subsequent parameterization with the formation of structural components at a significant level and length. Further processing is proposed to be carried out taking into account the informativeness of segments and reducing the amount of structural redundancy. An approach for constructing a technology for compression of spectral arrays with the detection of spectral sub-bands is substantiated. A model has been created to find the amount of information for transformed segments in the spectral-parametric space. This takes into account the available amount of redundancy, which is established by determining the constraints on the values of structural components. A method for encoding segments in spectral-parametric description has been developed. The main basic components of the method relate to the processing of sets of two-component structural-parametric components, taking into account the peculiarities of their content depending on the presence of quantization processes.

Optimized common features selection and deep-autoencoder (OCFSDA) for lightweight intrusion detection in Internet of things

Embedded systems, including the Internet of things (IoT), play a crucial role in the functioning of critical infrastructure. However, these devices face significant challenges such as memory footprint, technical challenges, privacy concerns, performance trade-offs and vulnerability to cyber-attacks. One approach to address these concerns is minimising computational overhead and adopting lightweight intrusion detection techniques. In this study, we propose a highly efficient model called optimized common features selection and deep-autoencoder (OCFSDA) for lightweight intrusion detection in IoT environments. The proposed OCFSDA model incorporates feature selection, data compression, pruning, and deparameterization. We deployed the model on a Raspberry Pi4 using the TFLite interpreter by leveraging optimisation and inferencing with semi-supervised learning. Using the MQTT-IoT-IDS2020 and CIC-IDS2017 datasets, our experimental results demonstrate a remarkable reduction in the computation cost in terms of time and memory use. Notably, the model achieved an overall average accuracies of 99% and 97%, along with comparable performance on other important metrics such as precision, recall, and F1-score. Moreover, the model accomplished the classification tasks within 0.30 and 0.12 s using only 2KB of memory.

Analysis of the state of development of the issue of protection of critical infrastructure facilities using engineered munitions

The Russian-Ukrainian war at the stage of full-scale invasion has shown that one of the most difficult tasks of ensuring the survivability of troops and the functioning of critical infrastructure is to protect them from high-precision weapons, namely cruise and ballistic missiles and unmanned aerial vehicles.
 The experience of warfare shows that the existing domestic air defense systems do not fully defeat air targets, while highly effective foreign-made air defense systems are supplied in insufficient quantities, and the created mobile fire groups to destroy air targets are not always effective. In these circumstances, it is advisable to consider new integrated approaches to the use of various types of weapons in the active defense of troops and critical infrastructure against air attack.
 The complex construction of a system of active defense of troops and critical infrastructure against air attack is possible with the use of several types of weapons. Based on the analysis of the enemy's use of missiles of various classes and Shahed-type attack unmanned aerial vehicles, the paper proposes the use of engineered munitions as one of the means of defeating moving air targets that fly low at low speed. The use of special engineered ammunition will make it possible to increase the range of low-flying air targets and increase the likelihood of their defeat. This will improve the effectiveness of the existing system of protecting troops and critical infrastructure from air attack.
 The paper analyzes the use of air attack weapons of the Russian Federation against troops and critical infrastructure facilities of Ukraine, substantiates proposals on the expediency of using engineered ammunition as an element of building a system of active protection of troops and critical infrastructure facilities from air attack, and presents their principle of operation and possible applications.

The terrorist threat to critical infrastructure from the perspective of criminal risk

The field of critical infrastructure protection emerged as part of the fight against terrorism. Although a transition to an all-hazards approach has taken place, terrorism remains a significant threat to entities providing essential services. The relief of the legislative framework provides a nuanced understanding of the interrelationship between the constructs of critical infrastructure and terrorism, conceptualizing the latter in the context of criminal risk. By criminalizing acts of terrorism, the legislator intends to protect social values, including those values dependent on the functioning of critical infrastructure. Moreover, exemplification through case law contributes to identifying vulnerabilities and facilitates scenario building based on criminal risks.

ФІНАНСОВИЙ ІНСТРУМЕНТАРІЙ РОЗВИТКУ ЖИТЛОВОГО БУДІВНИЦТВА В УКРАЇНІ

The article systematizes the main approaches to revealing the conceptual foundations and practical significance of financial instruments in the development of housing construction in the country. The leading role of housing construction in the formation of appropriate conditions for the livelihood of society, ensuring the sustainable development of the national economy is substantiated. The article is devoted to the study of the role of financial instruments in ensuring the effective functioning of housing construction, the need for the development of financial engineering as an effective component of the restoration of the country's housing stock, ensuring the proper functioning of critical infrastructure. The leading role of the field of housing construction in stimulating the processes of socio-economic development of the state, forming the conditions of life support of its society is substantiated. The generalization of the scientific approaches of scientists and practitioners to the category of "financial instruments" was the basis of the development of the author's approach to the interpretation of the category of "financial instruments of housing construction" as a special type of financial agreement implemented within the framework of the appropriate financial mechanism, as a result of which the interaction of the subjects of housing construction is strengthened construction with the surrounding environment, transformation of financial assets and liabilities takes place, financial and production activity of housing construction is stimulated. On the basis of a preliminary assessment of the destruction of housing infrastructure caused by military aggression on the territory of our country, the need to change approaches to the further implementation of housing construction is substantiated. It has been proven that the accelerated restoration of the destroyed housing stock will require further transformation of all processes of its resource provision, which should be based on the principles of: innovative development, efficiency, accessibility and safety of the housing stock. The key advantages of financial engineering in the field of housing construction aimed at forming the appropriate level of financial potential in the field of housing construction are identified. The need to attract international support necessary for the restoration of the housing stock, the activation of housing construction, the provision of complex infrastructural restoration of critical infrastructure, the implementation of which should be carried out through a joint combination of existing financial technologies, the search for and implementation of the innovation financial instruments, was emphasized.

Cyberbezpieczeństwo a ochrona infrastruktury krytycznej

The functioning of critical infrastructure depends on information and communication technologies (ICT) systems that enable its equipment or facilities to operate smoothly. Threats to its functioning can present a major issue for the state and society, as it also spans strategic sectors which overlap with the essential services which remain within the purview of operators of essential services. Because of the relationship that links strategic systems within critical infrastructure and simultaneously supports its operation with essential services, ensuring cybersecurity will also affect the protection of this infrastructure. It should be emphasised that critical infrastructure may be adequately protected by ensuring the cyber resilience of the ICT systems it utilises and through cooperation between the public and the private sector.

Development of mathematical models to support decision-making regarding the functioning of critical infrastructure in the industry of energy supply

The object of research is the energy supply company and the processes of generation and supply of electric energy. The paper examines the problems of building mathematical models for forecasting the operation of a critical infrastructure object in the conditions of a changing security environment, characterized by unpredictability, the presence of uncertainties of various types, the appearance of new threats, their combinations, changes in the form, duration, nature of their influence. In the work, the main attention is paid to the study of the functioning of critical infrastructure in the field of energy supply. Based on the study of the functioning of the energy company system, methods of dealing with uncertainties at the stage of data preparation for analysis and during the preliminary construction of models are presented, in particular, statistical and probabilistic approaches, modeling of the studied processes, alternative methods of estimating model parameters, etc. The complexity of preparing the input data set is related to the fact that it is necessary to ensure the representativeness and variability of the data sets, given that a significant number of factors must be included in the model according to the requirements of regulatory documents, which can lead to multicollinearity of the input variables. The paper proposes an analytical toolkit based on the use of mathematical models and their combinations, intended for use in specialized decision support systems. In the course of the research, a number of numerical experiments were conducted, in which the proposed methodology was worked out on the materials of the enterprise – the object of the critical infrastructure of the energy sector. SAS Energy Forecasting software was used to build the models. The best forecasting results are obtained using generalized linear models (GLM), in particular the GLM model in the form of ARIMAX (a moving average autoregressive model that includes an integrated trend component and external regressors). The proposals presented in the work will allow to increase the efficiency of the functioning of the energy sector, including the determination of the goals, tasks and benchmarks of its operation in regular mode for certain periods of time, as well as in the field of development of universal and special mechanisms for ensuring stability in the mode of response to threats and critical situations.

Trends in the provision of corporate resources to industrial enterprises in the conditions of the mobilization economy

The purpose of the article. The research conducted by the author of the article is aimed at identifying key approaches to the formation of modern corporate resources at industrial enterprises in order to ensure the functioning of critical infrastructure in a mobilization economy. Materials and methods. The methodological basis of the research being carried out was made up of private scientific and general scientific methods, techniques, technologies and approaches, among which it is necessary to distinguish systemic and structural-functional approaches to determine the structure of critical infrastructure and the interaction of structural elements, situational approach to identify spatio-temporal factors affecting the functioning of systems, economic-mathematical and statistical methods to identify the current state the level of security of industrial enterprises with corporate resources. Results. The author of the article suggests the main approaches and directions of providing industrial enterprises with corporate resources in the conditions of the mobilization economy. Conclusions. The recommendations formed by the author of the article and the selected approaches will ensure the functioning of the critical infrastructure of enterprises in the conditions of the mobilization economy. Application. The results obtained by the author of the study can be used in the process of providing business structures with corporate resources that meet modern requirements in a mobilization economy.

Vyznachennia ta upravlinnia zahrozamy u strukturi derzhavnoi polityky zakhystu krytychnoi infrastruktury

The article analyses the theoretical approaches to the content of the concept of «critical infrastructure protection». It is determined that the key emphasis in most approaches is on the problems of threats and risks of their occurrence for critical objects. It is noted that the foundation of the scientific substantiation of the state policy of critical infrastructure protection should be formed on the basis of theoretical and methodological approaches to the detection and management of these categories. The greatest danger to the functioning of critical infrastructure in Ukraine is recognized as military threats and risks of emergencies at critical facilities. The analysis of scientific developments on identification of the definition of «critical infrastructure security risk» in the state protection policy is carried out. It is disclosed as the probability of an accident, danger, accident or catastrophe in the operation of critical infrastructure. Management takes place in conditions of uncertainty and the need to predict many alternative situations. It is emphasized that the variety of problems of critical infrastructure protection determines the need for systematic risk analysis in security management (risk analysis). Features of critical risk analysis are the analysis of potentially negative consequences arising from the failure of technical systems, failures or errors by personnel of the facility. Emphasis is placed on the component of «critical risk management» as the main component of the state policy of critical infrastructure security. This category is analysed from the standpoint of administration and management. The conclusion is made that it is necessary to supplement the state policy of critical infrastructure protection with «critical risk management». The result will be a stronger component of the protection of public and private critical facilities. It is determined that making managerial decisions within the proposed critical risk management is carried out in conditions of uncertainty. To solve such problems, it is proposed to use the theory of fuzzy logic as a means of modelling.

Математические методы обоснования и логическое моделирование ресурсосберегающей системы экологически безопасного жизнеобеспечения

In this work, a theoretical basis for a comprehensive assessment of the environmental hazard of wastes, which are formed during the functioning of critical infrastructure in residential territories, is de-veloped. In addition, a resource-saving (resource-recovering) system is proposed for ensuring the protection of natural environment and vitally important human interests from the anthropogenic impact of wastes, thus creating favourable conditions for the vital activity of a population. The study was con-ducted using mathematical methods, such as mathematical logic and vector algebra, for assessing the system of an ecologically safe critical infrastructure of populated areas. It is argued that the formation of a resource-saving system, which does not include wastes as its constituent element, provides the integrity of a closed material-raw cycle. Moreover, such a system reduces the formation of waste mate-rial masses (sources of environmental hazard) as a quantitative result of the system to zero. It is shown that environmental hazards in residential areas can be prevented in those places, where a system of processing construction and other products at the last life cycle stage as secondary resources is im-plemented and no hazardous wastes are forwarded for disposal in the natural environment. The ob-tained results can be used when assessing the environmental safety of concepts, strategies, pro-grammes and projects at federal, regional and sectoral levels in the field of resource saving, waste and secondary resources management, as well as for ensuring the environmental safety of residential are-as.

Фонд з’єднання Європи в системі спільного фінансування критичної інфраструктури ЄС

The study shows components of financial support for the formation and development of critical infrastructure entities in the European Union. The sustainable functioning of critical infrastructure is aimed at the observance of common Union interests, given the existence of differences in the economic policy in different EU Member States. It was found that the development of Trans-European infrastructure programs is carried out within the framework of the EU Cohesion Policy. The Connecting Europe Facility is a key special tool for funding critical infrastructure in the EU transport, energy and digital services sectors. The Fund is mainly used to finance entities aimed at achieving the goals of the European Green Deal. Recommendations for Ukraine to take into account the experience of financial support regulation for the development of the EU critical infrastructure are substantiated. Based on the experience of the EU, the criteria for determining the priority of the project for financing critical infrastructure are highlighted. Based on the analysis of the formation and use of the Connecting Europe Facility as the main common instrument for financing the EU critical infrastructure, a conclusion was made on the feasibility of establishing a critical infrastructure development fund of Ukraine to support financing of key projects in transport, digital and energy infrastructure. Special rules for determining the eligible costs incurred for financing infrastructure projects at the expense of the critical infrastructure development fund of Ukraine are disclosed.

Critical infrastructure of the housing sector of the national economy: Economic and legal aspect

The purpose of the study is to summarize the current state of the art in the economic and legal aspects of ensuring the functioning of critical infrastructure in the housing sector of the national economy and to substantiate proposals for its improvement. The study used general and special research methods: synergistic approach, trend statistical analysis method, economic-mathematical modelling using Statgraphics XV&I Centurion program, logical method and generalization method. The main results of the study include. It has been concluded that housing and public utilities infrastructure is the largest consumer of resources in the world economy, so its operation and development require further research. The authors have defined the tendencies for increasing the volumes of construction works on the territory of Ukraine for the period of 2016-2020 and slow rate for increasing the construction of housing stock. With the help of economic and mathematical modeling, the authors have obtained results of the forecast of the volume of commissioning of the total area of residential buildings in Ukraine. Based on the analysis of the dynamics of emergencies in residential buildings or constructions in Ukraine for the period of 2015-2020, the authors have made a conclusion on the need to implement measures on preventing emergencies. Critical infrastructure facilities within the residential sector of the national economy include both enterprises in the field of water supply, sewerage, production, transportation and marketing of heat and electricity, gas distribution and transportation and water heating and gas supply networks in residential buildings, as well as elevators and networks that provide communication.

БЕЗПЕКА ОБ’ЄКТІВ КРИТИЧНОЇ ІНФРАСТРУКТУРИ В УКРАЇНІ: ОРГАНІЗАЦІЙНО-НОРМАТИВНІ ПРОБЛЕМИ ТА ПІДХОДИ

The theoretical foundations of the functioning of critical infrastructure, which focuses on critical analysis of the content of the concepts of critical infrastructure and critical infrastructure security are revealed in the article. The definition of a number of concepts in the field of critical infrastructure and its safety, which should be used in the relevant legal documents, is proposed and substantiated. The key factors to consider when organizing the security of critical infrastructure are suggested and grounded. It is determined that for the proper organization of the safety of critical infrastructure, the availability of official relevant legal documents and organizational structure is crucial, within which they should be divided into groups with clear content characteristics. Since, the structure of the security system of critical infrastructure facilities in Ukraine, the scope of security powers and responsibilities of their owners and the state will depend on their content. An expert assessment of the feasibility of standardization of basic security concepts and the organization of the security system of critical infrastructure is conducted. It is found that the formation of public-private partnership in the field of critical infrastructure security is important to increase the efficiency of this system. It has been established that security activity in the field of critical infrastructure is a rather complex process, which, in addition to security mechanisms, will include coordination, as well as activities that require appropriate management. All these factors require appropriate specialists, whose training and retraining should begin in higher education institutions that have educational and safety technologies, some experience with the involvement of practitioners. It is determined that the certification and maintenance of registers should be an important and obligatory element in the organization of security of critical infrastructure facilities.

ROMANIA'S DEFENCE CAPACITY, BETWEEN THE PROFESSIONAL ARMED FORCES AND THE TERRITORIAL FORCES

Defense planning is a particularly important topic, which implies an analysis of the international situation, a realistic assessment of its own national security system, whichinvolves medium- and long-term decisions. The allocation of resources should follow the defense policy established following a strategic analysis process, after the strategic objectivesand level of ambition have been established. The construction of military capabilities is complex, is carried out over time and requires the allocation of financial resources and apredictable and coherent human resource policy. Discontinuous reforms, or the alteration of decisions with opportunistic, conjuncture solutions, adversely affect future programs andproduce waste of financial and material resources, as well as social convulsions in human resources. The structure of forces on which the state's defense capacity is built must beincreasingly professional to have a timely and effective responsiveness, and the resilience capacity for national defense should be based on the mental and armed resilience of thepopulation in the case of temporary occupation of the national territory. Membership of NATO and the European Union increases resilience through the commitments of the two organizationsto support the restoration of Romania's territorial integrity in the event of military aggression. The increasingly technologically evolved human society requires a rethinking of thenational mobilization system, both in terms of human resources and in terms of the involvement of the resources of the national economy. Maintaining the functioning of critical infrastructure,operationalizing industrial facilities and maintaining the capacity to provide the material and financial resources needed for the war effort are particularly important, and the workforce inthese areas cannot be made available to complement military structures. Law enforcement and civil emergency forces will be engaged in the specific missions of each of them but may formbases of resistance in the case of national occupation. Participation in NATO and EU force structures must be in line with the force structure designed for national needs, renegotiated,realistically, in the medium and long term, with sustainable promises corresponding to common standards. Allocating a 2% defense budget is not the single and sufficient solution to achievinga credible and sustainable defense capability. Difficult, socially and politically impact corrective measures are needed, but any delay will produce increasing imbalances.Keywords: Defense planning, national defense, NATO, Romania, European Union

Coordination of ensuring the protection of critical infrastructure objects

The article is devoted to the analysis of critical infrastructure objects protection problems, in particular coordination the provision of that protection. The article examines the problematic issues of legal and organizational support for the critical infrastructure protection, considers the establishment of coordination body in the field of critical infrastructure protection and proposes methodological principles of its activities. The authors state that the defined mechanisms and procedures of interaction between the existing national security and crisis response systems are insufficiently developed and tested for cases of large-scale crisis situations. It is indicated that the issues of CI protection were included in the number of priority areas of the state national security policy of Ukraine. The bill of law «On Intelligence», which defines the legal and organizational principles of intelligence, the legal status and social guarantees of intelligence officers and the procedure for monitoring intelligence, is analyzed. The article includes the analysis of the bill «On Critical Infrastructure and its Protection», the content of which provides for the establishment of the Authorized Body for Critical Infrastructure Protection, which is responsible for coordinating the activities of ministries and other central executive bodies in the field of protection and safety of critical infrastructure . The authors conclude that the establishment of coordinating bodies of special competence is an important component of ensuring the security of Ukraine's national interests from real and potential threats. It is noted that the experience of responding to the COVID-19 pandemic in the world and in Ukraine has shown high priority in ensuring the functioning of critical infrastructure. The article proposes that the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine submit to the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine a revised bill on critical infrastructure and its protection; develop and approve the procedure for classifying facilities as critical infrastructure and create a register of facilities classified as CI; develop and approve the National Plan for Critical Infrastructure Protection of Ukraine.

The Use of Virtual Reality for Training in Securing the Functioning of Critical Infrastructure

Our national security, economic prosperity and national welfare depend on a set of highly interdependent elements of critical infrastructure. Examples of critical infrastructure facilities include the national electricity grid, oil and gas systems, telecommunication and information networks, transportation networks, water systems and banking and financial systems. Given their importance, it is crucial to maintain the reliability of critical infrastructure facilities, especially power plants, both in times of peace and also in times of crisis or under conditions of attack. For this purpose, on the one hand, it is possible to improve and create new technical solutions supporting the restoration of the proper functioning of critical infrastructure facilities, such as remotely controlled mobile robots for example. On the other hand, it is important to prepare employees to operate in unusual conditions by organising appropriate training. In both cases, it can be useful to apply virtual reality techniques.

ECONOMIC AND LEGAL PRINCIPLES FOR PROTECTING CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURE PROTECTION

In the context of active reform of the economy of Ukraine, the issue of identification and economic and legal support for the protection of critical infrastructure in the national economy is relevant and needs further study. The existing approaches to the definition of the terms «critical infrastructure» and «critical infrastructure objects» in the scientific works of foreign and domestic scientists and in the regulatory documents of Ukraine and other countries are summarized. Gaps in the laws and bylaws of Ukraine on the identification and protection of critical infrastructure have been identified. The classification of critical infrastructure objects according to certain classification features is offered. The dynamics of emergencies on the territory of Ukraine for the period 2015—2019 and their consequences for the functioning of critical infrastructure are analyzed. There is a tendency to increase the number of emergencies due to natural phenomena and increase the damage caused by these emergencies. It was found that the greatest damage in the last 10 years was caused in 2020 by a medical and biological emergency, namely the pandemic caused by the coronavirus COVID-19. The author’s vision of conceptual provisions on critical infrastructure protection is offered. The main directions of improvement of the state policy on protection of critical infrastructure are substantiated, among which the most priority ones are singled out: complex improvement of the normative-legal base on the issues of ensuring the safety of critical infrastructure; creation of a system of state management of critical infrastructure safety; development of criteria for identification of critical infrastructure objects and compilation of inventory of these objects; establishing a partnership between the government and infrastructure operators on the principles of cooperation, trust and shared responsibility; development of public-private partnership in the field of security of critical infrastructure and prevention of emergencies; development of international cooperation in the field of critical infrastructure protection.

Cyber security as a foundation for the security of critical infrastructure in the context of modern threats

Abstract The article’s goal is to outline the most characteristic features of the problem of the growing role and predominance of cybersecurity as a key element in the functioning of critical infrastructure and the possibilities of the best solutions. Due to the fact that from all systems of critical infrastructure, the most important for the proper functioning of the economy and society is the system of energy and fuel supply. The article will analyze past, present and future threats and evolution of tools to combat them. Particular emphasis will be placed on the characteristics of these threats, especially cyberattacks, as well as the most effective ways of counter-actions. The article might be an element of the debate on the critical impact of cyberattacks on critical infrastructure, which has a direct impact on national security.

Features of Ensuring Cybersecurity of the Critical Infrastructure of the State

One of the most important tasks of national security in modern conditions is to ensure the security and stable functioning of critical infrastructure of the state. Control systems are an integral and most vulnerable part of critical infrastructure facilities. This determines the importance of ensuring they are protected from destructive cyber actions. Destructive cyber actions in it is accompanied, as a rule, by chain effects and synergistic effects that systematically influence and cover all other spheres of the life of society and the state, both in ordinary and, especially, in critical conditions. The authors systematically and comprehensively analyzed and presented in the article the results of investigations of the features of destructive cyber actions in the critical infrastructure of state, counteracting them and protecting from them.

Modeling interdependencies in multi-sectoral critical infrastructure systems: Evolving the DMCI approach

The adequate functioning of critical infrastructures is crucial for sustaining the development of today’s societies and economies. It is a priority, therefore, to foster our understanding of such systems and ability to assess interdependencies, vulnerabilities, and resilience. Starting from the DMCI (Dynamic functional Modelling of vulnerability and interoperability of Critical Infrastructure systems) framework proposed in [1], in this paper we present an evolved formalism (DMCI-e). This introduces novel modeling features and enhances applicability while keeping the original focus on a dynamic and network-centric characterization of disservice. A key objective is to respond to the need, expressed by policy-makers and critical infrastructure regulators, for sector-agnostic and multi-granular infrastructure models for the estimation of service supply capabilities and response during and after disruptive events.