Flexible Function Research Articles

Deciphering Microbial Adaptation in the Rhizosphere: Insights into Niche Preference, Functional Profiles, and Cross-Kingdom Co-occurrences

Rhizosphere microbial communities are to be as critical factors for plant growth and vitality, and their adaptive differentiation strategies have received increasing amounts of attention but are poorly understood. In this study, we obtained bacterial and fungal amplicon sequences from the rhizosphere and bulk soils of various ecosystems to investigate the potential mechanisms of microbial adaptation to the rhizosphere environment. Our focus encompasses three aspects: niche preference, functional profiles, and cross-kingdom co-occurrence patterns. Our findings revealed a correlation between niche similarity and nucleotide distance, suggesting that niche adaptation explains nucleotide variation among some closely related amplicon sequence variants (ASVs). Furthermore, biological macromolecule metabolism and communication among abundant bacteria increase in the rhizosphere conditions, suggesting that bacterial function is trait-mediated in terms of fitness in new habitats. Additionally, our analysis of cross-kingdom networks revealed that fungi act as intermediaries that facilitate connections between bacteria, indicating that microbes can modify their cooperative relationships to adapt. Overall, the evidence for rhizosphere microbial community adaptation, via differences in gene and functional and co-occurrence patterns, elucidates the adaptive benefits of genetic and functional flexibility of the rhizosphere microbiota through niche shifts.

The Effect of Entrepreneurship and Digital Technology on Customer Relationship Management: Dependability Study Among Entrepreneur Logistic Operators

This study aims to determine the effect of marketing and entrepreneurship on customers relationship management. The study factors include functional value, time compression, reliability, flexibility, and capacity. This study was led at Pulau Pinang, Selangor, and Johor Bharu. Furthermore, individual customers who use logistic services were sampled. In addition, the total respondents to the questionnaires were 391. The method used in the study is applied research. A questionnaire on the Likert scale was applied for the survey. Results showed that the customer intention effect is significant to the study in entrepreneurship. The study was also conducted using SEM analysis. Further study is required on the subject. Keywords: planning, technology, virtual leadership

Investigating the Balance between Structural Conservation and Functional Flexibility in Photosystem I.

Photosynthesis, as the primary source of energy for all life forms, plays a crucial role in maintaining the global balance of energy, entropy, and enthalpy in living organisms. Among its various building blocks, photosystem I (PSI) is responsible for light-driven electron transfer, crucial for generating cellular reducing power. PSI acts as a light-driven plastocyanin-ferredoxin oxidoreductase and is situated in the thylakoid membranes of cyanobacteria and the chloroplasts of eukaryotic photosynthetic organisms. Comprehending the structure and function of the photosynthetic machinery is essential for understanding its mode of action. New insights are offered into the structure and function of PSI and its associated light-harvesting proteins, with a specific focus on the remarkable structural conservation of the core complex and high plasticity of the peripheral light-harvesting complexes.

How They Eat: An Examination of Digestive Physiology of Sympatric Prickleback Fishes

How fishes thrive on different diets is not understood as well as for terrestrial animals. Thus, examining the flexibility of gut function in fishes with different diets provides insight into dietary specialization in the largest vertebrate class. In this study, we measured the amylolytic activities in the guts of closely related, sympatric species: Xiphister mucosus (herbivore), X. atropurpureus (omnivore), Phytichthys chirus (omnivore), and Anoplacharus purpurescens (carnivore). For all species, the amylase activity decreased moving distally along the intestine, but less so for the carnivorous A. purpurescens. Overall, our results—more elevated amylase activity in those fish eating more algae—agree with the Adaptive Modulation Hypothesis (AMH), which suggests that there should be a match between enzymatic activity and dietary substrate intake. Measurements of proteases and lipases are in progress, but we anticipate some support for AMH in other enzyme classes. Moreover, we are also measuring these same enzyme activities in these same species fed omnivorous or carnivorous diets in the laboratory. The flexibility of the intestines of the fish species to accommodate different food types provides insight into their roles in the ecosystems and how fixed the vertebrate digestive system can be. NSF IOS 1355224 Undergraduate Research Opportunity Program at University of California, Irvine. This is the full abstract presented at the American Physiology Summit 2024 meeting and is only available in HTML format. There are no additional versions or additional content available for this abstract. Physiology was not involved in the peer review process.

Adropin Treatment Restores Cardiac Function and Metabolic Flexibility in Diabetic Cardiomyopathy

Background: Diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM) is a major complication of diabetes, and has been recognized as a cause of heart failure independent of other common risk factors. Metabolic inflexibility is a hallmark feature, where increased free fatty acid availability and decreased myocardial glucose uptake lead to an over-reliance on fatty acid oxidation, reducing cardiac work effciency. Energetic ineffciency in diabetic hearts may have profound implications for cardiac function under conditions of increased workload, and therefore therapeutic approaches are warranted. Adropin is a liver- and brain-secreted peptide hormone shown to regulate fuel metabolism in the heart. Adropin levels are significantly reduced in obese and diabetic human subjects, and this decrease is linked to increased adiposity, insulin resistance, and impaired glucose tolerance. Our lab recently showed that acute adropin treatment restores glucose oxidation activity in the hearts of prediabetic obese mice. However, the effects of chronic adropin exposure in the heart remains unknown. Hypothesis: We hypothesize that adropin treatment will exhibit beneficial effects on cardiac fuel metabolism that may lead to long-term improvements in functional output. Methods: We used a preclinical model of DCM to investigate the effects of long-term adropin treatment on cardiac structural and metabolic remodeling. Mice were treated with adropin daily for four weeks, and subjected to echocardiography, glucose tolerance tests, histopathology, RNA-sequencing, and metabolomics. Results: We report that long-term adropin treatment restores normal cardiac structure and metabolic function in the diabetic heart, by inhibiting flux of non-oxidative glycolytic intermediates into the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway. Conclusions: Our findings highlight the therapeutic potential of adropin signaling to attenuate cardiac remodeling in DCM. The project described was supported by NIDDK 1F31DK134089 and NHLBI R01HL147861. This is the full abstract presented at the American Physiology Summit 2024 meeting and is only available in HTML format. There are no additional versions or additional content available for this abstract. Physiology was not involved in the peer review process.

Optofluidic chip with directly printed polymer optical waveguide Mach-Zehnder interferometer sensors for label-free biodetection

Optofluidic devices hold great promise in biomedical diagnostics and testing because of their advantages of miniaturization, high sensitivity, high throughput, and high scalability. However, conventional silicon-based photonic chips suffer from complicated fabrication processes and less flexibility in functionalization, thus hindering their development of cost-effective biomedical diagnostic devices for daily tests and massive applications in responding to public health crises. In this paper, we present an optofluidic chip based on directly printed polymer optical waveguide Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI) sensors for label-free biomarker detection. With digital ultraviolet lithography technology, high-sensitivity asymmetric MZI microsensors based on a width-tailored optical waveguide are directly printed and vertically integrated with a microfluidic layer to make an optofluidic chip. Experimental results show that the sensitivity of the directly printed polymer optical waveguide MZI sensor is about 1695.95 nm/RIU. After being modified with capture molecules, i.e., goat anti-human immunoglobulin G (IgG), the polymer optical waveguide MZI sensors can on-chip detect human IgG at the concentration level of 1.78 pM. Such a polymer optical waveguide-based optofluidic chip has the advantages of miniaturization, cost-effectiveness, high sensitivity, and ease in functionalization and thus has great potential in the development of daily available point-of-care diagnostic and testing devices.

Tunable stochastic memristors for energy-efficient encryption and computing

Information security and computing, two critical technological challenges for post-digital computation, pose opposing requirements – security (encryption) requires a source of unpredictability, while computing generally requires predictability. Each of these contrasting requirements presently necessitates distinct conventional Si-based hardware units with power-hungry overheads. This work demonstrates Cu0.3Te0.7/HfO2 (‘CuTeHO’) ion-migration-driven memristors that satisfy the contrasting requirements. Under specific operating biases, CuTeHO memristors generate truly random and physically unclonable functions, while under other biases, they perform universal Boolean logic. Using these computing primitives, this work experimentally demonstrates a single system that performs cryptographic key generation, universal Boolean logic operations, and encryption/decryption. Circuit-based calculations reveal the energy and latency advantages of the CuTeHO memristors in these operations. This work illustrates the functional flexibility of memristors in implementing operations with varying component-level requirements.

Application of an Extended Cubic B-Spline to Find the Numerical Solution of the Generalized Nonlinear Time-Fractional Klein–Gordon Equation in Mathematical Physics

A B-spline function is a series of flexible elements that are managed by a set of control points to produce smooth curves. By using a variety of points, these functions make it possible to build and maintain complicated shapes. Any spline function of a certain degree can be expressed as a linear combination of the B-spline basis of that degree. The flexibility, symmetry and high-order accuracy of the B-spline functions make it possible to tackle the best solutions. In this study, extended cubic B-spline (ECBS) functions are utilized for the numerical solutions of the generalized nonlinear time-fractional Klein–Gordon Equation (TFKGE). Initially, the Caputo time-fractional derivative (CTFD) is approximated using standard finite difference techniques, and the space derivatives are discretized by utilizing ECBS functions. The stability and convergence analysis are discussed for the given numerical scheme. The presented technique is tested on a variety of problems, and the approximate results are compared with the existing computational schemes.

Strain-insensitive viscoelastic perovskite film for intrinsically stretchable neuromorphic vision-adaptive transistors

Stretchable neuromorphic optoelectronics present tantalizing opportunities for intelligent vision applications that necessitate high spatial resolution and multimodal interaction. Existing neuromorphic devices are either stretchable but not reconcilable with multifunctionality, or discrete but with low-end neurological function and limited flexibility. Herein, we propose a defect-tunable viscoelastic perovskite film that is assembled into strain-insensitive quasi-continuous microsphere morphologies for intrinsically stretchable neuromorphic vision-adaptive transistors. The resulting device achieves trichromatic photoadaptation and a rapid adaptive speed (<150 s) beyond human eyes (3 ~ 30 min) even under 100% mechanical strain. When acted as an artificial synapse, the device can operate at an ultra-low energy consumption (15 aJ) (far below the human brain of 1 ~ 10 fJ) with a high paired-pulse facilitation index of 270% (one of the best figures of merit in stretchable synaptic phototransistors). Furthermore, adaptive optical imaging is achieved by the strain-insensitive perovskite films, accelerating the implementation of next-generation neuromorphic vision systems.

Feasibility of a novel eHealth intervention for Parkinson’s disease targeting motor-cognitive function in the home

BackgroundParkinson’s disease (PD) drastically affects motor and cognitive function, but evidence shows that motor-cognitive training improves disease symptoms. Motor-cognitive training in the home is scarcely investigated and eHealth methods can provide continual support for PD self-management. Feasibility testing is however required.ObjectiveTo assess the feasibility (i) Recruitment capability (ii) Acceptability and Suitability (iii) Demand and Safety of a home-based motor-cognitive eHealth exercise intervention in PD.MethodsThe 10-week intervention was delivered using the ExorLive® application and exercises were individually adapted and systematically progressed and targeted functional strength, cardiovascular fitness, flexibility, and motor-cognitive function. People with mild-to moderate PD were assessed before and after the intervention regarding; gait performance in single and dual-task conditions; functional mobility; dual-task performance; balance performance; physical activity level; health related quality of life and perceived balance confidence and walking ability; global cognition and executive function. Feasibility outcomes were continuously measured using a home-exercise diary and contact with a physiotherapist. Changes from pre- and post-intervention are reported descriptively.ResultsFifteen participants (mean age 68.5 years) commenced and 14 completed the 10-week intervention. In relation to intervention Acceptability, 64% of the motor sessions and 52% of motor-cognitive sessions were rated as “enjoyable”. Concerning Suitability, the average level of exertion (Borg RPE scale) was light (11–12). Adherence was high, with 86% of all (420) sessions reported as completed. No falls or other adverse events occurred in conjunction with the intervention.ConclusionsThis motor-cognitive eHealth home exercise intervention for PD was safe and feasible in terms of Recruitment capability, Acceptability, Safety and Demand. The intensity of physical challenge needs to be increased before testing in an efficacy trial.Trial registrationThis trial is registered at Clinicaltrials.gov (NCT05027620).

Responses to political partisans are shaped by a COVID-19-sensitive disease avoidance psychology: A longitudinal investigation of functional flexibility.

How do natural changes in disease avoidance motivation shape thoughts about and behaviors toward ingroup and outgroup members? During the COVID-19 pandemic, political party affiliation has been a strong predictor in the United States of COVID-19-related opinions, attitudes, and behaviors. Using a six-wave longitudinal panel survey of representative Americans (on Prolific, N = 1,124, from April 2020 to February 2021), we explored how naturally occurring changes across time in both risks of COVID-19 infection and people's disease avoidance motivation shaped thoughts about and behaviors toward Republicans and Democrats (e.g., perceived infection threat, feelings of disgust, desires to avoid). We found a significant effect of dispositional level of motivation, over and above powerful effects of in-party favoritism/out-party derogation: Participants with a dispositionally stronger motivation to avoid disease showed greater infection management responses, especially toward Republicans; this held even for Republican participants. More importantly, we also found a significant interactive effect of within-person variability and ecological infection risk: Participants who sensitively upregulated their motivation during the rapid spread of COVID-19 perceived greater infection threat by Republicans and felt less disgust toward and desire to avoid Democrats. This finding, too, held for Republican participants. These results provide evidence of functionally flexible within-person psychological disease avoidance-a theoretically important process long presumed and now demonstrated-and suggest another mechanism contributing to U.S. political polarization. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Protein structure-function continuum model: Emerging nexuses between specificity, evolution, and structure.

The rationale for replacing the old binary of structure-function with the trinity of structure, disorder, and function has gained considerable ground in recent years. A continuum model based on the expanded form of the existing paradigm can now subsume importance of both conformational flexibility and intrinsic disorder in protein function. The disorder is actually critical for understanding the protein-protein interactions in many regulatory processes, formation of membrane-less organelles, and our revised notions of specificity as amply illustrated by moonlighting proteins. While its importance in formation of amyloids and function of prions is often discussed, the roles of intrinsic disorder in infectious diseases and protein function under extreme conditions are also becoming clear. This review is an attempt to discuss how our current understanding of protein function, specificity, and evolution fit better with the continuum model. This integration of structure and disorder under a single model may bring greater clarity in our continuing quest for understanding proteins and molecular mechanisms of their functionality.

Extra-stigmatic pollen germination and pistil elongation: a novel strategy towards reproductive assurance in Dodonaea viscosa subsp. angustifolia

Context Reproductive success in dioecious plant species may be limited by severe pollen limitation owing to their separate sexes and pollination barriers. Aims Dodonaea viscosa subsp. angustifolia (Jacq.) (Sapindaceae) is a dioecious and wind-pollinated species that has a long flowering period. This study sought to determine the relationship between its reproductive behaviour and pollen availability during different flowering phases. Methods Extra-stigmatic pollen germination and reproductive performance during different phases of flowering were investigated and correlated with pistil elongation under natural conditions. Results The species offers whole stigmatic and stylar surfaces for pollen to land and germinate under natural conditions. During pollen-limiting conditions, the length of the pistil increases significantly to enhance pollen capture. Depending on where on the pistil pollen lands, the timing of pollen tube arrival at the ovary varies. Conclusions Dodonaea viscosa subsp. angustifolia is the first reported wild species in the Sapindaceae where pistil elongation is regulated by pollination conditions and extra-stigmatic pollen germination ensures reproduction during phases of differing pollen availability. Our results indicated that the flexibility of female function and reproductive behaviour in Dodonaea viscosa subsp. angustifolia adds to the evolutionary possibilities to overcome pollination constraints. Implications This unique strategy for increasing female fitness through pollen presentation in D. viscosa subsp. angustifolia could be explored in other subspecies of D. viscosa on the Australian subcontinent.

Association between soybean product consumption and executive function in Chinese Tibetan children and adolescents.

This sought to explore the association between soybean product consumption and executive function (EF) in Chinese Tibetan adolescents in high-altitude areas. A total of 1,184 Tibetan children and adolescents were tested on demographic variables, soybean product consumption, and executive function in Lhasa and Nagchu regions of Tibet, China, using stratified whole population sampling. One-way ANOVA, linear regression analysis, and logistic regression analysis were used to analyze the associations existing between soybean product consumption and executive function. The proportions of Hardly ever, Occasionally, and Often in Soy Consumption among Tibetan children and adolescents in high altitude areas of Tibet, China were 21.7, 50.3, and 28.0%, respectively. The difference in 2 back reaction time among Tibetan children and adolescents with different soybean product consumption was statistically significant (F = 6.374, p = 0.002). The difference in conversion function reaction time was also statistically significant (F = 8.129, p < 0.001). Taking the soybean product consumption ≥6 t/w group as the reference group, after adjusting the relevant factors, those with soybean product consumption ≤1 t/w showed a statistically significant increase in Inhibit Function Dysfunction (OR = 1.844, 95% CI: 1.152, 2.951) and Conversion Function Dysfunction (OR = 2.008, 95% CI: 1.106, 3.646) had an increased risk of Conversion Function Dysfunction (OR = 2.008, 95% CI: 1.106, 3.646), which was significantly different (p < 0.05). There is an association between soybean product consumption and inhibitory control and translational flexibility of brain executive functions in Chinese Tibetan children and children and adolescents at high altitude.

Against the tide: A case of industrial relations transformation in the Indian coal sector

AbstractAlthough the scholarly debate on industrial relations (IR) transformation is inclined toward the conclusion that the IR transformation is bound to take place with changes in the surrounding business environment, we observe a few exceptions in each economy. The current study investigates one of such curious IR contexts, that is, the Indian coal sector. We rely on the ‘logic of the action’ framework and the IR transformation measures to assess the sector at an aggregate and micro level. The coal sector in India consists of a mix of both permanent and informal workforce. With respect to the permanent workforce, we analysed the collective bargaining agreements spanned over five decades (1975–2021). For the informal workforce, we analysed the recommendations of the HPC on wages and working conditions, the provisions of relevant legislation, internal circulars of coal companies and important judicial pronouncements. Our analyses revealed vast differences in wages and working conditions between the permanent and informal workforce. Despite a significant decline in the permanent workforce, they could negotiate better terms as the growing size of the informal workforce was yet to form a collective bargaining mechanism for better wages and working conditions. These results are indicative of a paradox which needs to be explored further. Our study advances the thesis of adaptive state capitalism in the coal sector through functional and numerical flexibility despite a politicised multi‐union model in India.

Deciphering the molecular choreography of Janus kinase 2 inhibition via Gaussian accelerated molecular dynamics simulations: a dynamic odyssey.

The Janus kinases (JAK) are crucial targets in drug development for several diseases. However, accounting for the impact of possible structural rearrangements on the binding of different kinase inhibitors is complicated by the extensive conformational variability of their catalytic kinase domain (KD). The dynamic KD contains mainly four prominent mobile structural motifs: the phosphate-binding loop (P-loop), the αC-helix within the N-lobe, the Asp-Phe-Gly (DFG) motif, and the activation loop (A-loop) within the C-lobe. These distinct structural orientations imply a complex signal transmission path for regulating the A-loop's flexibility and conformational preference for optimal JAK function. Nevertheless, the precise dynamical features of the JAK induced by different types of inhibitors still remain elusive. We performed comparative, microsecond-long, Gaussian accelerated molecular dynamics simulations in triplicate of three phosphorylated JAK2 systems: the KD alone, type-I ATP-competitive inhibitor (CI) bound KD in the catalytically active DFG-in conformation, and the type-II inhibitor (AI) bound KD in the catalytically inactive DFG-out conformation. Our results indicate significant conformational variations observed in the A-loop and αC helix motions upon inhibitor binding. Our studies also reveal that the DFG-out inactive conformation is characterized by the closed A-loop rearrangement, open catalytic cleft of N and C-lobe, the outward movement of the αC helix, and open P-loop states. Moreover, the outward positioning of the αC helix impacts the hallmark salt bridge formation between Lys882 and Glu898 in an inactive conformation. Finally, we compared their ligand binding poses and free energy by the MM/PBSA approach. The free energy calculations suggested that the AI's binding affinity is higher than CI against JAK2 due to an increased favorable contribution from the total non-polar interactions and the involvement of the αC helix. Overall, our study provides the structural and energetic insights crucial for developing more promising type I/II JAK2 inhibitors for treating JAK-related diseases.

Unraveling the dynamics of hepatitis C virus adaptive mutations and their impact on antiviral responses in primary human hepatocytes.

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection remains a global health burden with 58 million people currently chronically infected. However, the detailed molecular mechanisms that underly persistence are incompletely defined. We utilized a long-term cell culture-adapted HCV, exhibiting enhanced replicative fitness in different human liver cell lines, in order to identify molecular principles by which HCV optimizes its replication fitness. Our experimental data revealed that cell culture adaptive mutations confer changes in the host response and usage of various host factors. The latter allows functional flexibility at different stages of the viral replication cycle. However, increased replicative fitness resulted in an increased activation of the innate immune system, which likely poses boundary for functional variation in authentic hepatocytes, explaining the observed attenuation of the adapted virus population in primary hepatocytes.

To switch or not to switch? Individual differences in executive function and emotion regulation flexibility.

Emotion regulation (ER) constitutes strategies that modulate the experience and expression of emotions. While past work has predominantly assumed that ER strategies are consistently adaptive (or maladaptive) across situations, recent research has begun to examine individual-difference factors that are associated with the flexible use of ER strategies in line with contextual demands (i.e., ER flexibility). Theoretical accounts maintain that the choice to use ER strategies in a given context is contingent on individual differences in executive function (EF), which refers to a collection of general-purpose regulatory operations. Based on a comprehensive battery of EF tasks, we investigated how the various EF facets (i.e., common EF, working-memory-specific, and shifting-specific factors) are related to the frequency of maintaining and switching ER strategies in response to stimuli that elicit varying levels of emotional intensity. Results indicated that individuals with higher EF demonstrated a more flexible pattern of ER strategy use across high- and low-intensity conditions. Specifically, better working-memory-specific ability (i.e., manipulating information within a mental workspace) was associated with a greater frequency of reappraisal-to-distraction strategy switching in high-intensity contexts. Furthermore, more proficient common EF (i.e., sustaining relevant goals in the face of competing goals and responses) corresponded to a higher propensity to maintain the use of reappraisal in low-intensity situations. The outcomes of this study offer a first glimpse of the cognitive factors underlying ER flexibility. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Controlling human causal inference through in silico task design

Learning causal relationships is crucial for survival. The human brain's functional flexibility allows for effective causal inference, underlying various learning processes. While past studies focused on environmental factors influencing causal inference, a fundamental question remains: can these factors be manipulated for strategic causal inference control? This paper presents a task control framework for orchestrating causal learning task design. It utilizes a two-player game setting where a neural network learns to manipulate task variables by interacting with a human causal inference model. Training the task controller to generate experimental designs, we confirm its ability to accommodate complexities of environmental causal structure. Experiments involving 126 human subjects successfully validate the impact of task control on performance and learning efficiency. Additionally, we find that task control policy reflects the intrinsic nature of human causal inference: one-shot learning. This framework holds promising potential for applications paving the way for targeted behavioral outcomes in humans.

How brain structure-function decoupling supports individual cognition and its molecular mechanism.

Functional signals emerge from the structural network, supporting multiple cognitive processes through underlying molecular mechanism. The link between human brain structure and function is region-specific and hierarchical across the neocortex. However, the relationship between hierarchical structure-function decoupling and the manifestation of individual behavior and cognition, along with the significance of the functional systems involved, and the specific molecular mechanism underlying structure-function decoupling remain incompletely characterized. Here, we used the structural-decoupling index (SDI) to quantify the dependency of functional signals on the structural connectome using a significantly larger cohort of healthy subjects. Canonical correlation analysis (CCA) was utilized to assess the general multivariate correlation pattern between region-specific SDIs across the whole brain and multiple cognitive traits. Then, we predicted five composite cognitive scores resulting from multivariate analysis using SDIs in primary networks, association networks, and all networks, respectively. Finally, we explored the molecular mechanism related to SDI by investigating its genetic factors and relationship with neurotransmitter receptors/transporters. We demonstrated that structure-function decoupling is hierarchical across the neocortex, spanning from primary networks to association networks. We revealed better performance in cognition prediction is achieved by using high-level hierarchical SDIs, with varying significance of different brain regions in predicting cognitive processes. We found that the SDIs were associated with the gene expression level of several receptor-related terms, and we also found the spatial distributions of four receptors/transporters significantly correlated with SDIs, namely D2, NET, MOR, and mGluR5, which play an important role in the flexibility of neuronal function. Collectively, our findings corroborate the association between hierarchical macroscale structure-function decoupling and individual cognition and provide implications for comprehending the molecular mechanism of structure-function decoupling. PRACTITIONER POINTS: Structure-function decoupling is hierarchical across the neocortex, spanning from primary networks to association networks. High-level hierarchical structure-function decoupling contributes much more than low-level decoupling to individual cognition. Structure-function decoupling could be regulated by genes associated with pivotal receptors that are crucial for neuronal function flexibility.