Functionalization Of Cotton Fabric Research Articles

A flexible sanded cotton fabric coated with Au@polypyrrole for seawater desalination

Nowadays, freshwater has increasingly become a scarce resource. Seawater distillation is limited due to the high costs and low conversion rates. Herein, a functional cotton fabric with significant photothermal properties was prepared through a simple sanding treatment, followed by a polypyrrole (PPy) and Au nanoparticles coating. The functional materials were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and thermogravimetric analysis. The solar water evaporation measurements showed that the sanded cotton fabrics coated Au@PPy exhibited excellent photothermal conversion with an energy efficiency being 93.38 % for solar-steam generation under 1.0 sun irradiation, corresponding to a water evaporation rate of 1.33 kg·m−2·h−1. Moreover, the coated fabric also exhibited excellent tolerance to acidic and alkaline conditions.

Green modifications for rendering cotton fabric with antibacterial, anti-mite, and mosquito-repellent functions using single natural eugenol

Cotton fabrics are widely used in everyday life; however, increasing their versatility through green modifications remains a challenge. The current mainstream approach merely physically attaches the additives onto the fibers, resulting in low binding affinity. In this study, novel cotton fabrics (Cotton-Si-EU) with long-lasting antibacterial, anti-mite, and mosquito-repellent properties were facilely fabricated in a green procedure. In contrast to conventional coating and physical addition methods, the eugenol graft modification ensured the safety, environmental friendliness and long-lasting functionality of the Cotton-Si-EU. In addition, Cotton-Si-EU fabrics retained the softness, comfort, breathability, and moisture absorption originating from the cotton fabric. Cotton-Si-EU also showed over 99.99% antibacterial, 73% anti-mite, and 75% mosquito repellent rates, simultaneously destroying microorganisms and insects through oxidative stress, inhibiting enzyme activity, affecting cell structure, and other mechanisms. More importantly, after 50 washing cycles, the fabrics still exhibited durable antibacterial properties higher than the AAA requirements, indicating high functional longevity. In addition, good cytocompatibility, hemocompatibility, and negligible skin irritation demonstrated excellent biological safety. Therefore, this study is of great significance in providing a reference for modifying cotton fabrics using an infinite number of natural products after screening, which will broaden the application scope and improve the safety level of functional cotton fabrics.

Anti-candidiasis functional material for women’s cotton undergarments

The escalating incidence of Candida spp. infections among individuals with compromised immune systems is attributed to various factors, including broad-spectrum antibiotic usage, common health issues, and inadequate undergarments, requiring novel preventive measures. While the pathogenic mechanisms of Candida spp. infections remain incompletely understood, their virulence attributes and opportunistic nature challenge host defenses. In response, this research study introduces an innovative nanobiotechnological approach employing L-cysteine to develop nontoxic anti- Candida spp. textile materials. Cotton, an ideal material for women’s underwear, was functionalized with L-cysteine through an exhaustion procedure following activation with 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidinyl-1-oxy free radical. The results demonstrated increased energy dispersive X-ray peaks corresponding to sulfur atoms in the functionalized cotton fabric, confirming that L-cysteine remained attached to the cotton surface even after washing cycles. Moreover, the cotton containing L-cysteine displayed morphology and mechanical properties similar to the nonfunctionalized cotton, indicating that the incorporation of L-cysteine did not impact the cotton properties. In addition, cotton functionalized with L-cysteine exhibited a significant reduction in yeast growth – 87.04 ± 1.90% for Candida albicans and 65.28 ± 3.03% for Candida parapsilosis – highlighting its potential as a class I medical device, particularly for preventing candidiasis in women’s medical underwear.

Hierarchical nanoengineered emulsion with robust adhesion enables superior self-cleaning cotton fabrics

Self-cleaning treatment is of vital importance for the practical application of functional cotton fabrics. However, developing highly efficient, eco-friendly, and durable hydrophobic and oleophobic treatment agents still remains a great challenge. Herein, inspired by the design of the inorganic–organic nanonetwork, we successfully synthesized a novel core–shell structured emulsion of nano-SiO2/fluorine-silicon polyacrylate through semi-continuous emulsion polymerization. The introduction of long-chain alkyl methacrylate octadecyl ester within the shell phase results in a more organized arrangement of fluorine atoms on the surface of cotton fabrics, leading to a rapid reduction in the surface free energy of latex film. The sample is optimized with 20 wt% dodecafluoroheptyl methacrylate and 1 wt% SiO2. The nanoengineered emulsion exhibits strong adhesion and effectively transforms the hydrophilic cotton fabrics into hydrophobic (143.2°) and oleophobic (121.6°) materials. Besides, the self-cleaning characteristic can withstand 25 laundering cycles and 800 abrasion cycles with enhanced robustness. This work opens up a pathway to develop effective, green but long-lasting amphiphobic agents for functional fabrics and sustainable textiles.

Eco-friendly natural dyeing of submicron cotton fabrics

To explore the color diversity and performance of functional submicron cotton fabric dyed with ecological natural dyes, three types of natural dyes sappanwood, madder, and gardenia and orchid, were used to dye the fabric. The optimal dyeing conditions for sappanwood were found to be an insulation temperature of 95°C, a dyeing bath pH of 5.5, and a dyeing time of 60 min, resulting in the highest apparent color value ( K/S). For madder, the optimal conditions were an insulation temperature of 90°C, a dyeing bath pH value of 6, and a dyeing time of 60 min. Similarly, for gardenia and orchid, the optimal conditions were an insulation temperature of 90°C, a dyeing bath pH value of 5, and a dyeing time of 60 min. Based on these preferred dyeing processes, the K/S value, color characteristic value, color fastness, and biodegradability of the three natural dyes were compared and analyzed with synthetic dyes. The results showed that natural dyeing resulted in higher brightness ( L* values), lower color depth ( C* values), lower red-green ( a*) and yellow-blue ( b*) values, similar hues, and lower K/S values compared to synthetic dyeing. The color fastness of the natural dyes was slightly lower than that of chemical dyes by 0.5 grade. Additionally, the average breaking strength, elongation at break, tearing strength, and bursting strength of the fabric increased by 9.34%, 5.69%, 9.75%, and 7.31%, respectively. Furthermore, the biodegradability of the natural dyes was over 93%, significantly higher than that of synthetic dyes. These findings provide a theoretical basis for the production of eco-friendly dyeing of functional submicron cotton fabrics and their textile color applicability.

In situ growth of Bi-MOF on cotton fabrics via ultrasonic synthesis strategy for recyclable photocatalytic textiles.

Bismuth-based metal-organic framework (Bi-MOF) materials have shown potential for treating organic pollutants. In this work, multifunctional textiles were produced by in situ synthesis of CAU-17 on carboxymethylated cotton fabrics by solvothermal and ultrasonic strategies and employed as recyclable photocatalysts. The compositional and structural features of the dense MOF crystal coatings on cotton fibers were confirmed by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and other characterization approaches. Under optimized conditions, the developed functionalized cotton fabrics achieved a photodegradation efficiency of 98.8% under visible light for RhB in water, as well as good recyclability. The described results have provided the basis and reference for the fabrication of MOF-functionalized textiles.

Sustainable Chitosan Biomordant Dyeing and Functionalization of Cotton Fabrics Using Pomegranate Rind and Onion Peel Extracts

ABSTRACTA sustainable one-bath dyeing and functionalization process of cotton fabrics with pomegranate rind and onion peel extract using chitosan (CS) biomordant was investigated. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry was used to verify the presence of the main colorants, ellagic acid and quercetin, in the prepared extracts of pomegranate rind and onion peel. CS mordanting improved the color strength and wash fastness of pomegranate rind and onion peel dyed fabric by up to 36% and half a rating point, respectively. CS significantly enhanced the UV protection (UPF 50+) and antimicrobial activity (ranges from 93.8 to 99.9%) of dyed fabric. Chitosan mordanting improved the bending rigidity and compression recovery of the cotton fabric, but it also reduced the handle and flexibility of the treated fabrics owing to the formation of CS layer on the cotton fabrics. The dyed fabric also showed remarkable deodorizing (above 80%) and antioxidant (above 90%) properties. Overall, the proposed process could be a sustainable and economical alternative to the conventional metal mordant process.

Green in-situ synthesis of silver nanoparticles from natural madder dye for the preparation of coloured functional cotton fabric

Green in-situ synthesis of silver nanoparticles from natural madder dye for the preparation of coloured functional cotton fabric

Photocatalytic response of plasma functionalized and sonochemically TiO2/BiOBr coated fabrics for self-cleaning application

Sonochemical synthesis of nanophotocatalysts to produce functionalized fabrics is gaining significant attention worldwide. This study deals with coating sonochemically synthesized TiO2 and TiO2/BiOBr photocatalysts on pre-coating plasma functionalized cotton fabric. The photocatalytic activity of pristine, plasma-functionalized, and photocatalyst-coated fabrics was checked by degrading methyl red, Rhodamine B, and methyl orange under sunlight irradiation. The surface morphology, optical properties, structure, and purity of the coating material were elaborated using UV-visible spectroscopy, electrical resistivity measurements, x-ray diffraction measurements, inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy analysis, scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and photoluminescence spectroscopy. The nanoparticle-coated fabrics significantly reduced the photoluminescence intensity compared to plasma-functionalized fabrics. The TiO2/BiOBr decorated fabric had significantly higher photocatalytic efficiency than all other fabric samples. This photocatalyst showed 84% efficiency against Rhodamine B, 58% against methyl orange, and 55% against methyl red. The-self-cleaning UV protection applications of these photocatalyst-decorated fabrics are suggested in this study.

Step-by-step assembly of antimony tin oxide/polymer coatings on cotton fabrics for enhanced electrical conductivity and fire resistance properties

To prepare functional cotton fabric with good electrical conductive property, tin oxide antimony (ATO) and polymer was alternately assembled on the cotton fabric for fabricating functional coating by dipping-assisted layer-by-layer assembly technique. The microstructure of ATO/polymer coated fabric was characterized by scanning electron microscope and energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy, the electrical conductivity and air permeability were measured by multimeter, four-point resistance tester and air permeability tester. The results showed that the addition of ATO imparted electrical conductive property to the ordinary cotton fabric, and the polyanionic waterborne polyurethane (WPU) was beneficial to the deposition of ATO and polycationic polyethyleneimine (PEI) and thus improving the conductive property of the fabric. With the increase of the number of assembly layers, the quality, thickness and electrical conductive property increased, but the air permeability decreased. When the number of assembly layers increased from 3 to 6 and 9, the resistivity of the fabric decreased from 41.8 Ω·m to 6.1 and 4.7 Ω·m. Meanwhile, the addition of ATO and PEI improved the fire resistance property of cotton fabric. The exploration of the conductive fabric provides a feasible strategy for multi-functional wearable textiles.

Reversible bacteria-killing and bacteria-releasing cotton fabric with anti-bacteria adhesion ability for potential sustainable protective clothing applications

Multifunctional antibacterial surfaces are playing an essential role in various areas. Smart antibacterial materials equipped with switchable “bacteria-killing” and “bacteria-releasing” abilities have been created by scientists. However, most of them are either biologically incompatible, or complex fabricating procedures, or cannot prevent themselves from being attached by bacteria. In this work, a double-layer smart antibacterial surface was created easily by simple surface initiate atom transfer radical polymerization: the upper layer PSBMA provides anti-bacteria adhesion capacity, the NCl bond can show bacteria-killing ability and the under layer PNIPAM can exhibit bacteria-releasing property. Remarkably, the NCl bond can interconvert with the NH bond easily, which allows switching between bacteria-killing and bacteria-releasing. As a result, the functional cotton fabrics can resist about 99.66 % of bacteria attaching, kill nearly 100 % of attached bacteria after 5 min contacting and release about 99.02 % of the formerly attached bacteria. Furthermore, the functional cotton fabric kept excellent anti-bacteria adhesion ability (about 99.27 %) and bacteria-releasing capacity (about 98.30 %) after 9 cycles of re-chlorination. In general, a reversible “bacteria-killing” and “bacteria-releasing” cotton fabric was fabricated with well anti-bacteria adhesion capacity in a simple way, and this smart multifunctional cotton fabric shows a great potential application in reusable protective clothing.

Cotton Fabric Coating by rGO and Polymethylsiloxane Layer with Antibacterial, Hydrophobic and Photothermal Properties

The cotton fabric, which is widely used as personal protective equipment, is vulnerable to droplets that may contain pathogens. Thus, the functionalization of cotton fabric is usually carried out to get the desired properties. Graphene-based materials have some interesting properties like hydrophobic, photothermal, and antibacterial properties that can be used to modify cotton fabric. This research has made a cotton fabric coated with graphene from coconut shells and polymethyl siloxane. Graphite was obtained from burning coconut shells, and the modified Hummers method was used to get a graphene oxide solution (GO). A graphene oxide layer on cotton fabrics was added by the dip-pad-dry process, followed by reduction using ascorbic acid to produce a reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and immersion of cotton fabrics with methyl trichlorosilane in n-hexane to produce a polymethyl siloxane (PMS) layer. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) are used to determine the morphology and functional groups in rGO-PMS-coated cotton fabric. Contact angle measurements to determine the hydrophobicity of the rGO-PMS-coated cotton fabric, which exhibits hydrophobic properties with a contact angle of 146.3 °, which can show self-cleaning ability while preventing water droplets from entering the fabric. Antibacterial activity was carried out using the disc diffusion method against Staphylococcus aureus and delivered a good result. The rGO-PMS-coated cotton fabric also shows photothermal capability when irradiated with infrared lamps. HIGHLIGHTS Graphene is a material that has various properties that can be exploited for the functionalization of ready-to-use materials Waste derived from natural resources can be used as a source of graphene, which can reduce the cost of graphene production Cotton fabric as a functionalized material can adopt the combined properties of graphene and silane such as photothermal, antibacterial, and hydrophobic properties GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Construction of rough surface based on zein and rosin to hydrophobically functionalize cotton fabric with antibacterial activity

Hydrophobic and antibacterial functionalization of cellulosic fabric(cotton) were performed via a simple immersion process with two natural polymers: zein and rosin. Compared to zein-treated cotton fabric, the water contact angle (WCA) value of cotton fabric treated with zein-rosin complex increased from 119.62 ± 3.11° to 133.14 ± 2.5° and the water resistance was long-lasting. The micromorphology, roughness and chemical composition for the surface of different cotton fabrics were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, infrared spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, respectively. The results showed that a rougher surface from zein was obtained with the addition of rosin, which contributed to the hydrophobic property of the fabric. In addition, the results showed that the functional cotton fabrics exhibited good antibacterial activity against E. coli and S. aureus and the bacterial inhibition rates were 92.2 % and 87.2 %, respectively. The functional fabrics retained their mechanical properties, air permeability and water vapor permeability.

Highly conductive composites using polypyrrole and carbon nanotubes on polydopamine functionalized cotton fabric for wearable sensing and heating applications

Highly conductive composites using polypyrrole and carbon nanotubes on polydopamine functionalized cotton fabric for wearable sensing and heating applications

Durable biobased hybrid compounds: Potential modifying agents for the development of functional cotton fabrics

The advancementof antibacterial, stain-resistant, and easy-to-clean multifunctional cotton fabrics finds its scientific appeal and practical value due to their multidisciplinary uses in pharmacy, sanitation, clinics, etc. In this investigation, the cotton fabric was immersed in chitosan- vinyltriethoxy silane (Ch-VTES) and N-(2-hydroxy)propyl-3-trimethylammonium chitosan chloride- vinyltriethoxy silane (HTACC-VTES), prepared via the cost-effective sol–gel process to produce self-cleaning and antimicrobial cotton fabrics for end-uses. The Ch-VTES and HTACC-VTES modified cotton fabrics showed encouraging water contact angles of 102° and 139° respectively i.e. closer to superhydrophobicity as well as strong self-cleaning behavior without compromising the physicochemical properties of unmodified cotton fabric. Notably, the modified fabric demonstrated enchanting bacterial killing efficiency with a noticeable zone of inhibition against E. coli (17 mm for Ch-VTES and 21 mm for HTACC-VTES modified fabrics) and S. aureus (20 mm for Ch-VTES and 25 mm for HTACC-VTES modified fabrics) bacteria. Both modified cotton textiles showed an absorption peak at 1208 cm−1 (Si-O-C bending) in FTIR, suggesting that silane binds to the cotton substrate more firmly. The stability and longevity of the modified cotton fabrics with desired properties remain unchanged till 15 cycles of washing for the antibacterial test and the 20 cycles for the water contact angle. The fabricated textiles would be used for a wide range of uses, including medical applications as well as personal care products.

Photocatalytic Activity and Biocide Properties of Ag-TiO2 Composites on Cotton Fabrics.

Composites of Ag and TiO2 nanoparticles were synthesized in situ on cotton fabrics using sonochemical and solvothermal methods achieving the successive formation of Ag-NPs and Ti-NPs directly on the fabric. The impregnated fabrics were characterized using ATR-FTIR spectroscopy; high-resolution microscopy (HREM); scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS); Raman, photoluminescence, UV-Vis, and DRS spectroscopies; and by tensile tension tests. Results showed the successful formation and impregnation of NPs on the cotton fabric, with negligible leaching of NPs after several washing cycles. The photocatalytic activity of supported NPs was assessed by the degradation of methyl blue dye (MB) under solar and UV irradiation revealing improved photocatalytic activity of the Ag-TiO2/cotton composites due to a synergy of both Ag and TiO2 nanoparticles. This behavior is attributed to a diminished electron-hole recombination effect in the Ag-TiO2/cotton samples. The biocide activity of these composites on the growth inhibition of Staphylococcus aureus (Gram+) and Escherichia coli (Gram-) was confirmed, revealing interesting possibilities for the utilization of the functionalized cotton fabric as protective cloth for medical applications.

BiOI/PPy/cotton photocatalytic fabric for efficient organic dye contaminant degradation and self-cleaning application

Water pollution caused by industrial organic dyes poses a serious threat to human health and the ecological environment. Natural cellulose fibers functionalized with photocatalysts are regarded as promising materials for removing organic dyes. However, the immobilized photocatalysts usually exhibit a high recombination rate of photo-generated charge carriers, which seriously reduces the photocatalytic efficiency. Herein, a photocatalytic functional cotton fabric was prepared by a two-step process, including in-situ gas-phase polymerization of pyrrole and layer-by-layer self-assembly process of bismuth oxyiodide. The conjugated molecular structure of polypyrrole (PPy) conductive polymer could effectively facilitate the separation of photo-generated electron-hole pairs of bismuth oxyiodide photocatalyst on the fiber surface. The ability of composite fabrics to absorb visible light was greatly enhanced. The photocatalytic functional fabric exhibited a high photocatalytic degradation efficiency towards organic dye contaminants. On the other hand, the PPy nano-layers on cotton fibers induced bismuth oxyiodide nanosheets to self-assemble a more dense porous structure, which trapped a large amount of tiny air. The prepared fabric exhibited an obvious superhydrophobicity with a water contact angle above 150° and an excellent self-cleaning ability toward liquid/solid contaminants. This work provides a new insight into water treatment through the development of efficient photocatalytic textiles.

Functionalization of cotton fabrics by sol-gel method using ionic liquids with high-hydrophobic, excellent water repellent, oil/water separation, and self-cleaning properties

Functionalization of cotton fabrics by sol-gel method using ionic liquids with high-hydrophobic, excellent water repellent, oil/water separation, and self-cleaning properties

A facile and scalable strategy for constructing Janus cotton fabric with persistent antibacterial activity

Natural cotton fibers have attached considerable attention due to their excellent wearing comfort, breathability and warmth. However, it remains a challenge to devise a scalable and facile strategy to retrofit natural cotton fibers. Here, the cotton fiber surface was oxidized by sodium periodate with a mist process, then [2-(methacryloyloxy) ethyl] trimethylammonium chloride (DMC) was co-polymerized with hydroxyethyl acrylate (HA) to obtain an antibacterial cationic polymer (DMC-co-HA). The self-synthesized polymer was covalently grafted onto the aldehyde-functionalized cotton fibers via an acetal reaction between hydroxyl groups of the polymer and aldehyde groups of the oxidized cotton surface. Finally, the resulted Janus functionalized cotton fabric (JanCF) revealed robust and persistent antimicrobial activity. The antibacterial test showed that when the molar ratio of DMC/HA was 50: 1, JanCF possessed the best BR (bacterial reduction) values of 100 % against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Furthermore, the BR values could be maintained over 95 % even after the durability test. In addition, JanCF exhibited excellent antifungal activity against Candida albicans. The cytotoxicity assessment confirmed that JanCF exhibited a reliable safety effect on human skin. Particularly, the intrinsic outstanding characteristics (strength, flexibility, etc.) of the cotton fabric were not considerably deteriorated compared to the control samples.

Study of stability, kinetic parameters and release of lysozyme immobilized on chitosan microspheres by crosslinking and covalent attachment for cotton fabric functionalization

Chitosan microspheres are used in the biotechnological, biomedical, and enzyme immobilization fields. This study synthesized lysozyme-chitosan microspheres by crosslinking and covalent attachment. The synthesis conditions were adjusted, and spherical particles content lysozyme were obtained and characterized by Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR). Activity and stability assays were conducted to determine the immobilization method's influence, and the kinetics parameters were calculated. The enzymatic activity recovery yields of 65.8% and 20.0% were obtained for crosslinking and covalent attachment, respectively. Surface lysozyme-chitosan microspheres' enzymatic activity was obtained by covalent attachment. By the crosslinking method, surface and into particle enzyme activity were observed. The functionalization of cotton fabric was achieved, and the impregnation slightly modified cotton fabric properties such as resistance and permeability. Finding antimicrobial properties against bacteria S. aureus and P. aeruginosa, with a growth of 49.12% and 65.31%, respectively, were obtained.