Product Functionality Research Articles

Modeling circularity as Functionality Over Use-Time to reflect on circularity indicator challenges and identify new indicators for the circular economy

The Circular Economy describes an economic system that creates value without causing unrecoverable waste, a growing problem of the Anthropocene. The question remains what solutions to reversing this course could look like and how indicators should be designed to measure their capabilities to constitute a circular economy. These indicators should allow for a nexus approach, i.e., consider synergies and trade-offs with other important social, environmental, and economic factors. Earlier research shows a research gap in indicators able to assess value change and retention, i.e., the preservation of specific functions instead of products in general. Aiming to fill this gap, in this article, we discuss using the concept of functionality from Life Cycle Assessment over the time product systems are used to measure circularity. We create a Functionality Over Use-Time (FOUT) graph and use it to illustrate the challenges of existing circularity indicators. The challenges are grouped into four clusters: 1) multi-cyclic longevity; 2) up- & downcycling effects; 3) measuring disruptive change instead of incremental change; 4) integration into sustainability assessment. We discuss how considering FOUT could solve these challenges and propose two novel indicators derived from the approach: A functional circularity indicator and a cross-functional circularity indicator. The functional circularity indicator measures the integral surface of functionality over the use-time of the original product's materials. The cross-functional circularity indicator measures the time a product's functionality is reduced by half. Finally, FOUT modeling and the indicators are exemplified in a comparative case study of a steel-reinforced concrete double wall and a Carbon Reinforced Concrete double wall. Further case studies are needed for future research, including FOUT indicator integration in Life Cycle Sustainability Assessment and a detailed representation of the 10R in FOUT modeling.

Progress in Studies of Surface Nanotextures and Coatings with Nanomaterials on Glass for Anti-Dust Functionality.

Dust pollution presents a wide range of adverse effects to product functionalities and the quality of human life. For instance, when dust particles deposit on solar photovoltaic panels, sunlight absorption is significantly reduced, and solar-to-electrical energy conversion yield may be lowered by 51%- Conventional (manual) dust removal methods are costly, consume significant material resources, and cause irreparable damage to the solar glass surface. Therefore, it is critical to develop glass surfaces that can clean themselves or are easily cleaned by natural forces. Many approaches have been attempted to reduce dust deposition, such as developing superhydrophobic surfaces and preparing anti-static surfaces. This paper reviews the recent progress in studies of anti-dust and cleaning mechanisms or methodologies, which include investigation into micro- and nano-sized dust properties, dust deposition processes and adhesion mechanisms to surfaces, and the state-of-the-art approaches to anti-dust and easy-cleaning functions that tailor surface micro-/nanotextures, lowering surface energy via nanocoatings, and enhancing anti-static properties with nanomaterials. We compare the advantages and disadvantages of various approaches and discuss the research prospects. We envision that future research will be focused on developing transparent surfaces with multiple dust-proof functions to cope with dust-burdening operating environments.

Modularity in design and production relationships: a field study in two automakers

Modularity-in-design (MID) and modularity-in-production (MIP) relationship has been gaining the attention of scholars and practitioners along the years. However, the literature does not specify how this connection occurs and its implications. This paper analyzes the relationship between MID and MIP within the automotive scenario and investigates its main technical and organizational implications. Through an abductive, matched pair case study carried out in two large automakers, the study gathered data from interviews, on-site observations, and field notes from all interactions within the plants. The paper indicates that (i) both automakers prioritize modular design before modular production, characterizing a product-related approach, and (ii) the investigated automotive companies have different approaches when developing MID. One automaker focuses on product functionalities to develop the modules; the other company dedicates efforts towards a MID-MIP relationship through the industrial condominium concept. Results indicate significant propositions to be tested regarding MID-MIP connection, with original insights from two make-to-order (MTO) automotive companies.

The effects of hive materials on phytochemical and biological properties of honeybee propolis

AbstractBackgroundPropolis has been of interest due to its indisputably rich chemical composition. It has gained attention in recent years because of its potential biological properties, such as antibacterial, cariostatic, antioxidant, and hepatoprotective. Therefore, there has been an increased demand for ways to benefit from these potential impacts by enriching the nutritional value, quality, and functionality of food products. Propolis antioxidants, antibacterial, and antifungal properties make it useful in food technology.Our present study was conducted to investigate the effects of beehive material on the phytochemical and bio‐functional properties of propolis. In this study, propolis was obtained from three different hive types: concrete, mud, and wood. The phytochemical content and bioactivities of the samples were analysed. Total phenolic content (TPC), total terpenoid content (TTC), total flavonoid content (TFC), total alkaloid content (TAC), 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) antioxidant capacity, and antibacterial activity were determined.ResultsThe highest phytochemical composition was determined in concrete beehives, followed by mud hives and wood hives in this study. Likewise, for bioactivities, concrete hives demonstrated a high level of both antioxidant activity and antibacterial activity for both Gram‐positive and Gram‐negative bacteria.ConclusionThis suggests that the hive material shows a noticeable effect on propolis biochemical properties, apart from being influenced by climate and vegetation.

Influence of test parameters on the operation of automotive high-pressure pumps

The service life for the assemblies represents a key factor when it comes to the product robustness. The concern for this factor starts from the beginning of each component manufacturing process. The parameters of the assembly process must be very well established, so that a compact, functional and reliable product to be the result. Thus, the existence of a testing step in the process is indispensable for the proper product functionality checking. Performing of the test procedures that simulate the components operation under certain conditions can take long period of time. This is caused by the multitude of the parameters that must be perfectly adapted according to the product operating capacity. In order to highlight these, our paper performs a comparative analysis between two automotive high-pressure pumps, using two special tests. After testing the two pumps, we noticed that the first one completed the test successfully and the second one failed the test. The purpose of this exercise is to demonstrate that the operating limits of an assembly must be precisely set. Also, a small deviation from the test parameters can lead to the total pump malfunction.

Оценка качества обогащенных криоконцентратами морепродуктов рыбных формованных изделий геродиетической направленности

At present, innovations in the field of food production are associated with the development and implementation of technologies for functional products, including those exhibiting the gerodietic properties. Under the production of such products, the dry powdered seafood cryoconcentrates developed by us, which have a unique chemical composition, can successfully act as a physiologically functional ingredient or enriching additive. The goal of research was to study the physicochemical, organoleptic characteristics and safety indicators of new species enriched molded fish products. The objects of research were molded fish products (sausages) obtained by technology in accordance with the current regulatory documentation. As enrichers for fish sausages, the mixtures 
 of cryoconcentrates from seafood were used: cucumaria, squid, Pacific herring milt, octopus skin, scallop mantle, and seaweed. The mixtures according to their characteristics met the requirements of STO 00471515-071-2019 “Dry seafood concentrates”. Structural-mechanical, biochemical properties, and sensory characteristics of molded fish products (sausages) enriched with cryoconcentrates developed by us were studied. The study of the biological activity of enriched fish sausages indicates that they contain biologically complete proteins, hexosamines, nucleatides, glycosides, carotenoids, and iodine in amounts that provide the physiological daily requirement of the human body by more than 22.3%, which allows attributing them to the functional foods. The calculation of the content of essential lipid components in a 100 g serving of sausages shows that it significantly exceeds the established daily intake 
 of these essential micronutrients (by more than 15%), which confirms the functionality of the product in this indicator. The enriched molded fish products have high organoleptic characteristics and water-holding capacity, which determines the yield of finished products, their juiciness and consistency. The physico-chemical and microbiological safety of a new range of enriched fish sausages has been experimentally confirmed. The high functionality of the molded fish products enriched with seafood cryoconcentrates justifies the recommendations for using them as gerodietetic food products.

양산형 BIPV 복합 유닛 패널 및 모니터링 서비스 디자인개발

This study develops a 'mass-production BIPV composite unit panel and IoT-based monitoring service that can be mass-produced in the form of factory standard products to improve the economic feasibility of the overall installation work when installing BIPV (Building Integrated Photovoltaic) solar modules Research and development was carried out to monitor and manage possible errors or events at all times. In order to carry out this research purpose, a hypothesis was established as a research question and verified. In the area of product design development, not only the development of the shape design of the product appearance, but also the design and functional parts to improve the usability of the user should be considered in a complex manner. It belongs to items that are difficult to pursue diversity. Although it is attracting attention as photovoltaic power generation and eco-friendly products, there are difficulties in market formation and preoccupation due to low product transport, constructability, aesthetic dissatisfaction, and usability satisfaction. Therefore, we proceeded to develop an external design that can be faithful to the role of the building exterior material, improve product functionality, and improve the ease of installation and management. In addition, design revisions and supplements were reviewed through the developed design satisfaction survey, the results were reflected, and the usability evaluation of the product linkage system was conducted to review the customer's service design satisfaction and requirements together. The research method was developed so that BIPV can be freely applied without compromising the aesthetics of the building, designing the structure of the ventilation path to solve the heat problem inside the BIPV composite unit panel, designing fasteners for easy installation in various installation spaces (roof or wall) In addition, in conjunction with the user experience-based monitoring system, the maintenance convenience is increased by allowing the administrator to accurately determine the presence or absence of a failure and the location of the failure of the BIPV composite unit panel. Through this research and development, we have completed the development of an ioT sensor module capable of detecting individual unit failures, and the demonstration construction and service verification of a user-oriented photovoltaic monitoring system for a user-centered building with IoT data collection notes and communication gateways applied. Through the demonstration of the R&D results, the significance of the established hypothesis was verified by deriving the user's product usage pattern, product problem derivation, and user's requirements in detail and solving the problem.

Методика каскадирования целей в проектно-ориентированной компании

One of the most effective tools for managing a project-oriented company are the key performance indi-cators – quantitative indicators that allow to measure the degree of company's activities success through definition of strategic goals. In a project-oriented company, activities are implemented within projects execution. At the same time, each project has a set of parameters that characterize, on the one hand, the progress of the project (terms and cost of implementation, qualification of performers, frequency of changes in requirements), and, on the other hand – the final product (functionality, performance, usabil-ity and maintenance). It should be noted that a success of project implementation depends not least on the built in the company interaction processes, which make it possible to make decisions effectively to achieve the project goals. Visualization of the goals relations on the strategic map significantly facilitates the employees interacting at various levels and making management decisions in problem situations. Building a strategic map based on a balanced scorecard implies appointment of persons, responsible for achieving the target values of indicators, entering the correct values and monitoring the projects and its constituent processes implementation. This allows forming a project participants responsibility matrix, which, in turn, helps to determine a degree of performers workload when the processes execution, related to various knowledge areas. The authors' proposed method of cascading goals in a project-oriented com-pany will allow building a project management system taking into account various factors affecting the success of its implementation. Cascading is based on building a hierarchy of a project-oriented company performance indicators in accordance with the hierarchy of projects of various types and scales. Using this approach contributes to improving the quality of a project-oriented organization strategic manage-ment due to the fact that strategic goals and its corresponding indicators are consistently decomposed to the level of tactical and operational management, and then concretized and adapted in structural divi-sions. A novelty of the proposed cascading technique lies in development of the projects hierarchy in terms of its implementation priority, as well as in use of project management knowledge areas in the company's strategic map.

Sugarcane Metabolome Compositional Stability in Pretreatment Processes for NMR Measurements.

Sugarcane is essential for global sugar production and its compressed juice is a key raw material for industrial products. Sugarcane juice includes various metabolites with abundances and compositional balances influencing product qualities and functionalities. Therefore, understanding the characteristic features of the sugarcane metabolome is important. However, sugarcane compositional variability and stability, even in pretreatment processes for nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)-based metabolomic studies, remains elusive. The objective of this study is to evaluate sugarcane juice metabolomic variability affected by centrifugation, filtration, and thermal pretreatments, as well as the time-course changes for determining optimal conditions for NMR-based metabolomic approach. The pretreatment processes left the metabolomic compositions unchanged, indicating that these pretreatments are compatible with one another and the studied metabolomes are comparable. The thermal processing provided stability to the metabolome for more than 32 h at room temperature. Based on the determined analytical conditions, we conducted an NMR-based metabolomic study to discriminate the differences in the harvest period and allowed for successfully identifying the characteristic metabolome. Our findings denote that NMR-based sugarcane metabolomics enable us to provide an opportunity to collect a massive amount of data upon collaboration between multiple researchers, resulting in the rapid construction of useful databases for both research purposes and industrial use.

The impact of voice assistants’ intelligent attributes on consumer well-being: Findings from PLS-SEM and fsQCA

The enhancement of consumer well-being is critical for technology companies in building customer loyalty. Voice assistants (VAs), as the intelligent products launched by technology companies, are increasingly used by consumers in their daily lives. While many technology companies are striving to increase the intelligent attributes of VAs to improve product functionality, little is known about how such attributes affect consumer well-being. Drawing on the means-end chain theory, this study aims to explore the effect of VAs’ intelligent attributes (i.e., autonomy, interactivity) on consumer perceived consequences (i.e., psychological ownership, perceived intrusiveness) and subjective well-being, involving the moderating effect of technology readiness and brand credibility. The resulting relationships were tested by analyzing survey data collected from 412 valid samples in China through partial least squares-structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) and fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA). PLS-SEM indicates that intelligent attributes have significant impacts on perceived consequences, thus affecting subjective well-being. Findings also reveal the moderating roles of technology readiness in the link between intelligent attributes and perceived consequences. Finally, brand credibility moderates the effect of perceived intrusiveness on subjective well-being. The fsQCA results reinforce the PLS-SEM findings and indicate five configurations leading to high subjective well-being. These findings can help technology companies develop novel strategies for improving consumer well-being.

Omega-3 fatty acid and B12 vitamin content in Baltic algae

Seaweeds have been gaining popularity in the Western world due to increased interest in alternative food sources and improving the nutritional profile and functionality of food products. This paper analyzed the omega-3 fatty acids such as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and α-linoleic acid (ALA) and B12 vitamin content in the most common Baltic seaweeds. These nutrients have an important part in the human diet. Five seaweeds species (Fucus vesiculosus, Furcellaria lumbricalis, Cladophora glomerata, Pilayella littoralis and Ulva intestinalis) were sampled during April–May, June–July, and August–September. The fatty acids were determined by GC–MS whereas B12 content was analyzed by HPLC-UV. 16S rRNA amplification from community DNA and sequencing was carried out to evaluate B12 synthesizing microorganisms associated with the studied seaweeds. The results showed that F. vesiculosus (5.19 ± 0.32 mg/gDW) was the best source of EPA, followed by F. lumbricalis, C. glomerata, P. littoralis and U. intestinalis irresponsibly of sampling time. The ALA content had little variability between species (1.07–2.45 mg/ g DW). The B12 concentration varied across seasons, being generally lowest during the June–July period. The highest concentration of B12 across all three seasons was in C. glomerata samples (53.55 ± 9.69 μg/100gDW). The lowest B12 vitamin concentration was in F. vesiculosus (4.14 ± 0.36 μg/100gDW). 16S RNA amplicon analysis revealed a correlation between Cyanobacteria and EPA, while no correlation could be found between B12 neither on phyla nor family levels. B12 content in the samples was in correlation with 5 potentially B12 synthesizing bacteria species (Rhodobacter capsulatus, Rhodobacter sphaeroides, Pseudomonas putida, Xanthomonas oligotrophicus and Aeromonas hydrophila) although the abundance of corresponding OTUs did not exceed 1 %.

761P Tumor infiltrating lymphocytes expressing membrane-bound IL-2 and IL-12 exhibit enhanced proliferation, function, and persistence without requiring exogenous IL-2 support

Tumor Infiltrating Lymphocyte (TIL) therapies have shown significant solid tumor activity in patients, but many current TIL regimens require lymphodepletion and high-dose IL-2 after cell infusion to support TIL persistence and clinical activity. Removing these requirements that cause systemic toxicity while maintaining or improving TIL product functionality by ex vivo engineering of the TIL product with transient expression of mRNA could dramatically improve the patient experience, expand the eligible patient population, and potentially allow repeat dosing.

The Impact of minimalism on product Design: A Case study of Muji

Simplicity and naturalness, and a focus on product materials and functionality itself are typical features of the minimalist style, which, as a popular modern design style, has also had a profound impact on product design. Muji develops minimalism in its design philosophy and product content, espousing a philosophy of simple and natural living and the removal of superfluous decoration. The appearance of the products is presented only through the use of simple lines and geometric shapes, the use of high purity colours to return the properties of the raw materials themselves, and the use of environmentally friendly recycled materials to simplify the packaging to its most basic state. The product is presented to the consumer in a minimalist manner, while retaining its functionality and practicality. Taking Muji as an example, this article explores the application of minimalism in Muji's design from both the design concept and the product, and analyses the reasons for its transformation from an 'unbranded' to a 'branded' brand.

Behavior of mixed pea-whey protein at interfaces and in bulk oil-in-water emulsions

Due to the growing interest in creating mixed plant-dairy protein emulsion-based foods, it is important to understand how to include plant-dairy protein mixes in existing and new formulations. The aim of this work was to study the dynamics occurring at the oil-water interface in systems containing mixtures of pea and whey protein isolates. By using drop tensiometry combined with bulk-phase exchange, we compared the interfacial dynamics and viscoelastic properties of plant-dairy protein interfaces formed through simultaneous or sequential adsorption. Differences in the adsorption isotherm and interfacial behaviors suggest different interfacial structures for simultaneous and sequential addition. These results were supported by changes in the interfacial composition observed in bulk emulsions. Bulk emulsions prepared with simultaneous adsorption of whey and pea protein isolate showed the lowest creaming stability. The results show how different emulsion properties can be achieved using the same protein mixtures by fine tuning their interfacial composition to reach maximum product functionality.

Concurrent product-process-supply chain strategy formulation for small medium enterprises

Small-medium enterprises (SMEs) have the potentials to translate ideas into innovative products in a quick and efficient manner. Therefore, they should be supported to transform into well-established companies. However, SMEs often lack knowledge regarding operation and management. This study proposes three-dimensional concurrent engineering (3DCE) approach to help SMEs accelerate their growth through differentiation and efficiency, leading to high-quality yet low-cost products with efficient delivery. This study aimed to develop a strategic formulation framework incorporating the 3DCE concept in product functionality, concurrent process design, and appropriate supply chain solutions. The framework has been developed and implemented in food and beverage SME. Strategy development follows the traditional approach, including environmental analysis, strategy formulation, and strategy mapping. However, the result of environmental analysis extracted in the form of SWOT and Grand Strategy matrices are specifically piled into concurrent strategic theme covering the concurrent product, process, and supply chain aspects. Predominantly, product features covering the product innovation and functionality and process features covering segmentation-based and cross-functional process designs were tailored with innovative supply chain solutions based on the segmented model. The detailed framework and its implementation are highlighted accordingly.

Quality model for recycled plastics (QMRP): An indicator for holistic and consistent quality assessment of recycled plastics using product functionality and material properties

One of the key challenges for plastics in a circular economy is its degradation during use, washing and reprocessing. The reduced quality of recycled plastic waste leads to its use in inferior applications. This study presents a novel quality model which incorporates degradation, degree of mixing and contaminations. The model estimates a single quality value between 0 and 1 based on the mathematical relationship that uses: 1) a list of material properties , 2) minimum and maximum permissible values per property, 3) an ideal or desired value (or range) for the property and 4) relative importance (or weighing) factor (J) for the property. The quality model for recycled plastic (QMRP) was tested for three different real-life scenarios to evaluate the quality of recycled plastic for applications in food packaging film and toys. The results showed the superior prediction of QMRP in comparison to the existing models, in terms of application-based assessment, inclusion of all aspects of quality, credit allocation to upcycling and the use of a Go/No-go criteria. A single value quality indicator is to be applied in correlation studies, application prioritization for product development, managerial decision making and as a substitution ratio for the allocation of avoided products in life cycle assessment (LCA) studies. The QMRP indicator can be used by the recyclers to assess the quality of its material and strategically position their recycled plastic grades in the market. • First model for quality assessment of recycled plastic which includes all properties. • The quality model (QMRP) indicates the best application of the recyclates. • The model highlights the importance of non-mechanical properties. • The model reflects the quality using a single value. • The outcome can be used as substitution ratio in life cycle assessment.

Facilitators and barriers for harm reduction after first use of novel nicotine delivery devices: a qualitative investigation of cigarette smokers

BackgroundNovel nicotine delivery devices (NNDDs) are a safer alternative to combustible tobacco smoking. Understanding what factors can facilitate people who smoke to use NNDDs can inform intervention design and public health messaging. This study aims to explore the facilitators and barriers to NNDD use from the perspective of smokers without prior use, after trialling two NNDDs.MethodUK adults who smoke combustible cigarettes (n = 11) were recruited from a larger quantitative study after trialling two NNDDs, an electronic cigarette and a heated tobacco product (order randomly allocated). Semi-structured interviews were conducted, transcribed and thematically analysed, using the COM-B model of behaviour and NVivo12 pro software.ResultsFive main themes were identified: health knowledge, availability of and accessibility to NNDD products, cost, social acceptance, and NNDD use experience. There was curiosity and interest in the uptake and use of NNDDs, but the absence of centralised product information was identified as a barrier. Other themes were related to the design and functionality of the NNDD products. For example, the e-cigarette with its low maintenance was seen as easier to use than the heated tobacco product, which offered too short a single use duration and was described as ‘cumbersome’. Throat discomfort and high anticipated cost were among additional barriers identified for both product types.ConclusionThis study highlights the need for reliable objective information on the health effects of NNDDs compared with combustible cigarettes, which could facilitate their regular use. Product adjustment such as single use duration alignment with combustible cigarette smoking duration may encourage uptake. Interventions offering opportunity for experience of NNDD use and knowledge dissemination of NNDDs could increase motivation to adopt harm reducing behaviours as demonstrated in this study.

Texturing Technologies for Plastics Injection Molding: A Review.

Texturing is an engineering technology that can be used to enable surface functionalization in the plastics injection molding industry. A texture is defined as the geometrical modification of the topography by addition of surface features that are characterized by a smaller scale than the overall surface dimensions. Texturing is added to products to create novel functionalities of plastic products and tools, which can be exploited to modify interactions with other materials in contact with the surface. The geometry, dimensions, and positioning on the surface define the function of a texture and its properties. This work reviews and discuss the wide range of texturing technologies available in the industry. The advantages and limitations of each technology are presented to support the development of new surface engineering applications in the plastics manufacturing industry.

Longitudinal two-dimensional gas chromatography mass spectrometry as a non-destructive at-line monitoring tool during cell manufacturing identifies volatile features correlative to cell product quality

Background aimsCell therapies have emerged as a potentially transformative therapeutic modality in many chronic and incurable diseases. However, inherent donor and patient variabilities, complex manufacturing processes, lack of well-defined critical quality attributes and unavailability of in-line or at-line process or product analytical technologies result in significant variance in cell product quality and clinical trial outcomes. New approaches for overcoming these challenges are needed to realize the potential of cell therapies. MethodsHere the authors developed an untargeted two-dimensional gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC×GC-MS)-based method for non-destructive longitudinal at-line monitoring of cells during manufacturing to discover correlative volatile biomarkers of cell proliferation and end product potency. ResultsSpecifically, using mesenchymal stromal cell cultures as a model, the authors demonstrated that GC×GC-MS of the culture medium headspace can effectively discriminate between media types and tissue sources. Headspace GC×GC-MS identified specific volatile compounds that showed a strong correlation with cell expansion and product functionality quantified by indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase and T-cell proliferation/suppression assays. Additionally, the authors discovered increases in specific volatile metabolites when cells were treated with inflammatory stimulation. ConclusionsThis work establishes GC×GC-MS as an at-line process analytical technology for cell manufacturing that could improve culture robustness and may be used to non-destructively monitor culture state and correlate with end product function.

Ultrafast Laser Texturing of Stainless Steel in Water and Air Environment

Ultrafast laser texturing allows the generation of micro- and nanostructures on steel substrates. Laser-ablated textures show a wide range of structure geometries, from the micro to the nanoscale, which can enable plastic product functionalization. Polymer processing technologies are used to replicate mold textures on a large manufacturing scale. To enable new product functionalities, developing novel texture geometries is critical. The laser-ablated texture dimensions are primarily linked to the laser light properties, such as the laser wavelength, thus limiting the achievable structure shapes. This work uses ultrafast laser to manufacture textures in air and water environments. The effect of the different mediums on structures formation is characterized. The irradiation is performed over a wide range of fluence values. The texture geometry and characteristics are evaluated by scanning electron microscopy. For decreasing fluence values, the structures transitioned from micro bumps, to LIPSS, to nanostructures, regardless of the irradiation environment. Conversely, structure morphology is affected by the irradiation environment. The LIPSS pitch is lower for the underwater environment due to the change in the laser angle of incidence, which changes with the refraction index ratio of the air and water. A novel nano-lamellae texture was generated when irradiating the steel surface underwater at relatively low fluence. The dynamics of different LIPSS generations are discussed, considering the irradiation medium’s optical, thermal, and physical properties.