Functional Integral Method Research Articles

SOLITONS EXPERIENCE FOR BLACK HOLE PRODUCTION IN ULTRARELATIVISTIC PARTICLE COLLISIONS

We discuss the analogy between soliton scattering in quantum field theory and black hole/wormholes (BH/WH) production in ultrarelativistic particle collisions in gravity. It is a common wisdom of the current paradigm suggests that BH/WH formation in particles collisions will happen when a center-mass energy of colliding particles is sufficiently above the Planck scale (the transplanckian region) and the BH/WH production can be estimated by the classical geometrical cross section. We compare the background of this paradigm with the functional integral method to scattering amplitudes and, in particular, we stress the analogy of the BH production in collision of ultrarelativistic particle and appearance of breathers poles in the scattering amplitudes in the Sin–Gordon model.

Spectral properties of the massless relativistic harmonic oscillator

The spectral properties of the pseudo-differential operator(−d2/dx2)1/2+x2 are analyzed by a combination of functional integration methods and direct analysis. We obtain a representation of its eigenvalues and eigenfunctions, prove precise asymptotic formulae, and establish various analytic properties. We also derive trace asymptotics and heat kernel estimates.

New evolution equations for the joint response-excitation probability density function of stochastic solutions to first-order nonlinear PDEs

By using functional integral methods we determine new evolution equations satisfied by the joint response-excitation probability density function (PDF) associated with the stochastic solution to first-order nonlinear partial differential equations (PDEs). The theory is presented for both fully nonlinear and for quasilinear scalar PDEs subject to random boundary conditions, random initial conditions or random forcing terms. Particular applications are discussed for the classical linear and nonlinear advection equations and for the advection–reaction equation. By using a Fourier–Galerkin spectral method we obtain numerical solutions of the proposed response-excitation PDF equations. These numerical solutions are compared against those obtained by using more conventional statistical approaches such as probabilistic collocation and multi-element probabilistic collocation methods. It is found that the response-excitation approach yields accurate predictions of the statistical properties of the system. In addition, it allows to directly ascertain the tails of probabilistic distributions, thus facilitating the assessment of rare events and associated risks. The computational cost of the response-excitation method is order magnitudes smaller than the one of more conventional statistical approaches if the PDE is subject to high-dimensional random boundary or initial conditions. The question of high-dimensionality for evolution equations involving multidimensional joint response-excitation PDFs is also addressed.

Functional integral approach to a full Dicke model with nearest-neighbour interaction

We discuss a possible phase transition in a full Dicke model that allows a local excitation in a two-level system to migrate to the nearest-neighbour sites. This model is found to be singular in the sense that a conventional scheme to handle a Dicke model with a generic interaction is not applicable. We thus begin with devising an appropriate method for the present model, and then evaluate a partition function associated with the model within a framework of imaginary time functional integral method. Through the stationary phase analysis of the partition function, we show that a condensation of a coupling mode of two degrees of freedom that constitute the model, photon and the local excitation, would occur. The result demonstrates contrasting features of the phase, depending on the sign of the migration term. A connection of our findings with an experimental realization, Frenkel exciton polariton condensation in an organic dye aggregate, is pointed out.

Entanglement dynamics in a non-Markovian environment: An exactly solvable model

We study the non-Markovian effects on the dynamics of entanglement in an exactly-solvable model that involves two independent oscillators each coupled to its own stochastic noise source. First, we develop Lie algebraic and functional integral methods to find an exact solution to the single-oscillator problem which includes an analytic expression for the density matrix and the complete statistics, i.e., the probability distribution functions for observables. For long bath time-correlations, we see non-monotonic evolution of the uncertainties in observables. Further, we extend this exact solution to the two-particle problem and find the dynamics of entanglement in a subspace. We find the phenomena of `sudden death' and `rebirth' of entanglement. Interestingly, all memory effects enter via the functional form of the energy and hence the time of death and rebirth is controlled by the amount of noisy energy added into each oscillator. If this energy increases above (decreases below) a threshold, we obtain sudden death (rebirth) of entanglement.

Lifting the Gribov ambiguity in Yang–Mills theories

We propose a new one-parameter family of Landau gauges for Yang–Mills theories which can be formulated by means of functional integral methods and are thus well suited for analytic calculations, but which are free of Gribov ambiguities and avoid the Neuberger zero problem of the standard Faddeev–Popov construction. The resulting gauge-fixed theory is perturbatively renormalizable in four dimensions and, for what concerns the calculation of ghost and gauge field correlators, it reduces to a massive extension of the Faddeev–Popov action. We study the renormalization group flow of this theory at one-loop and show that it has no Landau pole in the infrared for some – including physically relevant – range of values of the renormalized parameters.

Bayesian Functional Integral Method for Inferring Continuous Data from Discrete Measurements

Inference of the insulin secretion rate (ISR) from C-peptide measurements as a quantification of pancreatic β-cell function is clinically important in diseases related to reduced insulin sensitivity and insulin action. ISR derived from C-peptide concentration is an example of nonparametric Bayesian model selection where a proposed ISR time-course is considered to be a “model”. An inferred value of inaccessible continuous variables from discrete observable data is often problematic in biology and medicine, because it is a priori unclear how robust the inference is to the deletion of data points, and a closely related question, how much smoothness or continuity the data actually support. Predictions weighted by the posterior distribution can be cast as functional integrals as used in statistical field theory. Functional integrals are generally difficult to evaluate, especially for nonanalytic constraints such as positivity of the estimated parameters. We propose a computationally tractable method that uses the exact solution of an associated likelihood function as a prior probability distribution for a Markov-chain Monte Carlo evaluation of the posterior for the full model. As a concrete application of our method, we calculate the ISR from actual clinical C-peptide measurements in human subjects with varying degrees of insulin sensitivity. Our method demonstrates the feasibility of functional integral Bayesian model selection as a practical method for such data-driven inference, allowing the data to determine the smoothing timescale and the width of the prior probability distribution on the space of models. In particular, our model comparison method determines the discrete time-step for interpolation of the unobservable continuous variable that is supported by the data. Attempts to go to finer discrete time-steps lead to less likely models.

DIFFERENTIAL CONSTRAINTS FOR THE PROBABILITY DENSITY FUNCTION OF STOCHASTIC SOLUTIONS TO THE WAVE EQUATION

By using functional integral methods we determine new types of differential constraints satisfied by the joint probability density function of stochastic solutions to the wave equation subject to uncertain boundary and initial conditions. These differential constraints involve unusual limit partial differential operators and, in general, they can be grouped into two main classes: the first one depends on the specific field equation under consideration (i.e., on the stochastic wave equation), the second class includes a set of intrinsic relations determined by the structure of the joint probability density function of the wave and its derivatives. Preliminary results we have obtained for stochastic dynamical systems and first-order nonlinear stochastic particle differential equations (PDEs) suggest that the set of differential constraints is complete and, therefore, it allows determining uniquely the probability density function of the solution to the stochastic problem. The proposed new approach can be extended to arbitrary nonlinear stochastic PDEs and it could be an effective way to overcome the curse of dimensionality for random boundary and initial conditions. An application of the theory developed is presented and discussed for a simple random wave in one spatial dimension.

Viscoelastic description of electron subsystem of a semi-bounded metal within generalized "jellium" model

Viscoelastic description of the electron subsystem of a semi-bounded metal on the basis of the generalized "jellium" model using the method of nonequilibrium statistical Zubarev operator is proposed. The nonequilibrium statistical operator and the quasi-equilibrium partition function calculated by means of the functional integration method are obtained. Transport equations for nonequilibrium mean values of electron density and momentum are received in the Gaussian approximation and in the following higher approximation that corresponds to the third-order cumulant averages in calculation of the quasi-equilibrium partition function.

Nonequilibrium phase transitions in biomolecular signal transduction

We study a mechanism for reliable switching in biomolecular signal-transduction cascades. Steady bistable states are created by system-size cooperative effects in populations of proteins, in spite of the fact that the phosphorylation-state transitions of any molecule, by means of which the switch is implemented, are highly stochastic. The emergence of switching is a nonequilibrium phase transition in an energetically driven, dissipative system described by a master equation. We use operator and functional integral methods from reaction-diffusion theory to solve for the phase structure, noise spectrum, and escape trajectories and first-passage times of a class of minimal models of switches, showing how all critical properties for switch behavior can be computed within a unified framework.

A computable evolution equation for the joint response-excitation probability density function of stochastic dynamical systems

By using functional integral methods, we determine a computable evolution equation for the joint response-excitation probability density function of a stochastic dynamical system driven by coloured noise. This equation can be represented in terms of a superimposition of differential constraints, i.e. partial differential equations involving unusual limit partial derivatives, the first one of which was originally proposed by Sapsis & Athanassoulis. A connection with the classical response approach is established in the general case of random noise with arbitrary correlation time, yielding a fully consistent new theory for non-Markovian systems. We also address the question of computability of the joint response-excitation probability density function as a solution to a boundary value problem involving only one differential constraint. By means of a simple analytical example, it is shown that, in general, such a problem is undetermined, in the sense that it admits an infinite number of solutions. This issue can be overcome by completing the system with additional relations yielding a closure problem, which is similar to the one arising in the standard response theory. Numerical verification of the equations for the joint response-excitation density is obtained for a tumour cell growth model under immune response.

Dissipative dynamics of the Josephson effect in binary Bose-Einstein-condensed mixtures

The dissipative dynamics of a pointlike Josephson junction in binary Bose-Einstein-condensed mixtures is analyzed within the framework of the model of a tunneling Hamiltonian. The transmission of unlike particles across a junction is described by the different transmission amplitudes. The effective action that describes the dynamics of the phase differences across the junction for each of two condensed components is derived by employing the functional integration method. In the low-frequency limit the dynamics of a Josephson junction can be described by two coupled equations in terms of the potential energy and dissipative Rayleigh function using a mechanical analogy. The interplay between mass currents of each mixture component appears in the second-order term in the tunneling amplitudes due to the interspecies hybridizing interaction. The asymmetric case of the binary mixtures with different concentrations and order parameters is considered as well.

An efficient curvilinear non‐hydrostatic model for simulating surface water waves

AbstractAn efficient curvilinear non‐hydrostatic free surface model is developed to simulate surface water waves in horizontally curved boundaries. The generalized curvilinear governing equations are solved by a fractional step method on a rectangular transformed domain. Of importance is to employ a higher order (either quadratic or cubic spline function) integral method for the top‐layer non‐hydrostatic pressure under a staggered grid framework. Model accuracy and efficiency, in terms of required vertical layers, are critically examined on a linear progressive wave case. The model is then applied to simulate waves propagating in a canal with variable widths, cnoidal wave runup around a circular cylinder, and three‐dimensional wave transformation in a circular channel. Overall the results show that the curvilinear non‐hydrostatic model using a few, e.g. 2–4, vertical layers is capable of simulating wave dispersion, diffraction, and reflection due to curved sidewalls. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Evolution from Bardeen–Cooper–Schrieffer to Bose–Einstein condensate superfluidity in the presence of disorder

We describe the effects of disorder on the critical temperature of s-wave superfluids from the Bardeen–Cooper–Schrieffer (BCS) to the Bose–Einstein condensate (BEC) regime, with direct application to ultracold fermions. We use the functional integral method and the replica technique to study Gaussian correlated disorder due to impurities, and we discuss how this system can be generated experimentally. In the absence of disorder, the BCS regime is characterized by pair breaking and phase coherence temperature scales that are essentially the same, allowing strong correlations between the amplitude and phase of the order parameter for superfluidity. As non-pair-breaking disorder is introduced, the largely overlapping Cooper pairs seek to maintain phase coherence such that the critical temperature remains essentially unchanged, and Anderson's theorem is satisfied. However, in the BEC regime, the pair breaking and phase coherence temperature scales are very different such that non-pair-breaking disorder can dramatically affect phase coherence, and thus the critical temperature, without the requirement of breaking tightly bound fermion pairs simultaneously. In this case, Anderson's theorem does not apply, and the critical temperature can be more easily reduced in comparison to the BCS limit. Lastly, we find that the superfluid is more robust against disorder in the intermediate region near unitarity between the two regimes.

Key Technology of Predicting Dynamic Surface Subsidence Based on Knothe Time Function

A method for calculating the parameter of Knothe time function was presented. The principle of predicting dynamic mining subsidence was discussed based to the relationship between the periodic fractures of main roof and surface subsidence. Pointed out there might be a section whose width was shorter than a mining unit when divided a workface into equal mining elements, the section should be calculated specially in the algorithm. A model of predicting dynamic mining subsidence was made according to the Knothe time function and probability integral method. A model how to divide a workface and two coordinate transformation models among three coordinates also were made. An algorithm step of the dynamic prediction model for multi-face mining was designed and implemented. And the algorithm was tested by nine measured subsidence data in different times of some mine 1176 east face, the result showed that the prediction results agreed well with the observation data, and the feasibility and effectiveness of the algorithm were demonstrated. Finally, the process of surface subsidence and deformation of 1176 east face was back analyzed.

Histories and observables in covariant field theory

Motivated by DeWitt’s viewpoint of covariant field theory, we define a general notion of a non-local classical observable that applies to many physical Lagrangian systems (with bosonic and fermionic variables), by using methods that are now standard in algebraic geometry. We review the methods of local functional calculus, as they are presented by Beilinson and Drinfeld, and relate them to our construction. We partially explain the relation of these with Vinogradov’s secondary calculus. The methods present here are all necessary to understand mathematically properly, and with simple notions, the full renormalization of the standard model, based on functional integral methods. Our approach is close in spirit to non-perturbative methods since we work with actual functions on spaces of fields, and not only formal power series. This article can be seen as an introduction to well-grounded classical physical mathematics, and as a good starting point to study quantum physical mathematics, which make frequent use of non-local functionals, like for example in the computation of Wilson’s effective action. We finish by describing briefly a coordinate-free approach to the classical Batalin–Vilkovisky formalism for general gauge theories, in the language of homotopical geometry.

Transverse beam dynamics including higher order perturbations in the thermal wave model using a functional method

We studied the transverse beam dynamics including sextupole and octupole perturbations in a thermal wave model. A functional integration method was used to calculate the first order perturbation effects. We found that the model successfully explains a PARMILA simulation results for proton beams without space charge effects in a lattice with 10 FODO cells.

Functional integrals and energy density fluctuations on black hole background

The propagator and effective action in quantum Thirring model are derived by using variational functional integrals method. The energy density fluctuations of weak and strong coupling Fermi matter are calculated in two-dimensional black hole model, scalar field fluctuations are calculated in the same physics background. The relative ratios of density fluctuations for Fermi and scalar matter are also estimated.

Quantum phases of a dipolar Bose-Einstein condensate in an optical lattice with three-body interaction

We investigate the quantum phases of a dipolar Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC) in an optical lattice based on the extended Bose-Hubbard model taking into account the three-body scattering. Accordingly, the phase diagrams from the superfluid state to the Mott-insulator state for such BEC systems are obtained and analyzed, employing both the mean-field approach and the functional-integral method. In particular, we explore the combined effects of three-body interaction and dipole-dipole interaction on the insulating lobes in detail. The experimental scenario is also discussed.

Polarization of an electromagnetic wave in a randomly birefringent medium: A stochastic theory of the Stokes parameters

We present a framework for the stochastic features of the polarization state of an electromagnetic wave propagating through the optical medium with both deterministic (controlled) and disordered birefringence. In this case, the Stokes parameters obey a Langevin-type equation on the Poincaré sphere. The functional integral method provides for a natural tool to derive the Fokker-Planck equation for the probability distribution of the Stokes parameters. We solve the Fokker-Planck equation in the case of a random anisotropic active medium submitted to a homogeneous electromagnetic field. The possible dissipation and relaxation phenomena are studied in general and in various cases, and we give hints about how to validate experimentally the corresponding phenomenological equations.