Functional Insoles Research Articles

Biomechanical analysis on custom‐made insoles in gait of idiopathic pes cavus

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of custom-made insoles based on the foot pressures and electromyography (EMG) activities in a subject group of idiopathic pes cavus which the term used to describe a foot type with an excessively high medial longitudinal arch [1-3]. The study was conducted using on 10 persons who were diagnosed idiopathic pes cavus by a podiatrist (an age 22.3±0.08 years, a height 159.9±2.2 cm, a weight 50.8±3.69 kg, a foot size 237.9±3.27 mm, mean±SD) All subjects had no history of injury in the musculoskeletal system of the lower extremities except pes cavus. The subjects walked on a treadmill under two different experimental conditions: walking with Normal Shoes (NS) and walking with normal shoes equipped with custom-made insoles (CI) molded with the aim of reducing supination of pes cavus (Figure ​(Figure1).1). When walking, plantar foot pressure data such as the maximum force (MF), the contacting area (CA), the peak pressure (PP) and the mean pressure (MP) were collected using Pedar-X System (Novel Gmbh, Germany) and EMG activity of lower limb muscles such as Rectus Femoris (RF), Tibialis Anterior (TA), Musculus Biceps Femoris (MBF) and Medial Gastrocnemius (MG) were also gathered using Delsys EMG Work System (Delsys, USA) [4-6]. Accumulated data was then analyzed using paired t-test in order to investigate the effects of each of experimental condition. As a result of the analysis, MF, PP and MP of midfoot were increased by increased CA of midfoot on CI condition, so CA and MF of forefoot and rearfoot were decreased. In addition, PP and MP of rearfoot were decreased significantly. As a result of the analysis in the view point of stance phase, MF, PP and MP in the initial contact and the loading response were decreased significantly on CI condition. In the mid stance, MF, PP and MP were increased significantly by the increased CA of midfoot on CI condition. MF and PP were also increased significantly in the terminal stance but MP was decreased (Table ​(Table1).1). In case of EMG, all the muscle activities were decreased significantly on CI condition. An important contribution of this study is an analysis of all the changes in a muscle activities caused by wearing the custom-made insoles. Thus, the result of this study can be applied for designing functional insoles and lower extremity orthoses for individuals with pes cavus. Figure 1 Normal Shoes (NS) and Custom-made Insoles (CI) Table 1 The results of plantar pressure in stance phase.

키높이 인솔두께에 따른 족부의 생체역학적 특성변화에 대한 연구

Recently, functional insoles of wedge-type it is for the young to raise their height inserted between insole and heel cause foot pain and disease. Additionally, these have a problem with stability and excessively load-bearing during gait like high-heel shoes. In this study, we compared the changes in biomechanical characteristics of foot with different insole thickness then we will utilize for the development of the insole with the purpose of relieving the pain and disease. Subjects(male, n = 6) measured COP(center of pressure) and PCP(peak contact pressure) on the treadmill(140cm/s) using F-scan system and different insole thickness(0~50 mm) between sole and plantar surface during gait. Also, we computed changes of stresses at the foot using finite element model with various insole thick- ness during toe-off phase. COP moved anterior and medial direction and, PCP was increased at medial forefoot sur- face, 1 st and 2 nd metatarsophalangeal, (9%↑) with thicker insoles and it was show sensitive increment as the insole thickness was increased from 40 mm to 50 mm. Change of the stress at the soft-tissue of plantar surface, 1 st meta- tarsal head represents rapid growth(36%↑). Also, lateral moments were increased over the 100% near the 1 st meta- tarsal as the insole thickness was increased from 0 mm to 30 mm. And it is show sensitive increment as the insole thickness changed 10 mm to 20 mm. As a result, it was expected that use of excessively thick insoles might cause unwanted foot pain at the forefoot region. Therefore, insole thickness under 30 mm was selected.

A comparison of customised and prefabricated insoles to reduce risk factors for neuropathic diabetic foot ulceration: a participant‐blinded randomised controlled trial

BackgroundNeuropathic diabetic foot ulceration may be prevented if the mechanical stress transmitted to the plantar tissues is reduced. Insole therapy is one practical method commonly used to reduce plantar loads and ulceration risk. The type of insole best suited to achieve this is unknown. This trial compared custom-made functional insoles with prefabricated insoles to reduce risk factors for ulceration of neuropathic diabetic feet.MethodA participant-blinded randomised controlled trial recruited 119 neuropathic participants with diabetes who were randomly allocated to custom-made functional or prefabricated insoles. Data were collected at issue and six month follow-up using the F-scan in-shoe pressure measurement system. Primary outcomes were: peak pressure, forefoot pressure time integral, total contact area, forefoot rate of load, duration of load as a percentage of stance. Secondary outcomes were patient perceived foot health (Bristol Foot Score), quality of life (Audit of Diabetes Dependent Quality of Life). We also assessed cost of supply and fitting. Analysis was by intention-to-treat.ResultsThere were no differences between insoles in peak pressure, or three of the other four kinetic measures. The custom-made functional insole was slightly more effective than the prefabricated insole in reducing forefoot pressure time integral at issue (27% vs. 22%), remained more effective at six month follow-up (30% vs. 24%, p=0.001), but was more expensive (UK £656 vs. £554, p<0.001). Full compliance (minimum wear 7 hours a day 7 days per week) was reported by 40% of participants and 76% of participants reported a minimum wear of 5 hours a day 5 days per week. There was no difference in patient perception between insoles.ConclusionThe custom-made insoles are more expensive than prefabricated insoles evaluated in this trial and no better in reducing peak pressure. We recommend that where clinically appropriate, the more cost effective prefabricated insole should be considered for use by patients with diabetes and neuropathy.Trial registrationClinical trials.gov (NCT00999635). Note: this trial was registered on completion.

Functionality and performance of customized sole inlays for various sports applications

To increase product value and consumer satisfaction customization has become a major aspect in product development. From the consumers’ perspective this trend towards individual fitting is certainly positive as long as it does not negatively influence other sports specific functionality parameters. The current study is dealing with this interaction heading towards customizing effects in footwear. A long term field test was conducted to determine which design parameters of a customized insole embodies the highest benefit for the athlete perceived performance. A test assembly of 20 athletes evaluated a traditional and a customized insole under three different sport conditions 1) indoor sports, 2) outdoor sports, and 3) running). A questionnaire was designed that asked for nine functions at six decisive foot segments (heel, metatarsal, forefoot; lateral, medial); 1) optimal roll off, 2) cushioning, 3) force transmission, 4) feet support, 5) bedding, 6) secure step, 7) avoid slipping 8) avoid pressure and 9) avoid pain. These items were subjectively evaluated by our test persons and finally correlated with initially collected objective measures. Static and dynamic plantar pressure measurements provided data for individual foot sole profiles. Results showed four important outcomes. Firstly, different sports applications require different functional insoles to ensure optimal athlete perception and performance. Secondly the grade of customization increases their perceived performance. Thirdly objective and subjective data are both required to ensure optimal insole supply. And fourthly subjects are rather limited in their ability to distinguish effects of insole design modifications. Especially the last finding raises the question how far customization should be expanded and where it unnecessarily goes beyond practical relevance.

기능성 인솔 착용이 노인 여성의 계단 오르기 동작에 미치는 영향

기능성 인솔 착용이 노인 여성의 계단 오르기 동작에 미치는 영향

보행 시 변형 및 복원이 가능한 인솔에 대한 족저압력 비교 분석

The purpose of this study was to analyze the distribution of foot pressure generated by active materials of a functional insole. Comfort is an important consideration while selectingfootwear and insoles. Consequently, it has an influence on injury. The development of new materials for functional insoles is considered one of the more important points for their manufacture. The method adopted in this study is as follows. First, ten healthy males were selected as subjects for the study. Each subject's foof was pre-screened podoscope(Alfoots, Korea) to check for the presence of any foot abnormalities, Two kinds of equipment were used for the study: a foot pressure device from Pedar-X, Germany, and a treadmill from Pulsefitness, UK. Next, each subject was asked to test four types of insoles(insoles of outdoor shoes, indoor shoes, walking shoes, and sports shoes) via walking trials on the treadmill at a constant speed of 4.2 km/h. The pressure distribution data(contact area, maximum force, maximum peak pressure, and maximum mean pressure) was collected using the pressure device at a sampling rate of 100 Hz. Results of the tests showed that all four types of functional insoles increased contact areas whit the foot. Further, functional insoles of walking shoes and sport shoes decreased the foot pressure. From these results, we conclude that the active materials of functional insoles of shoes can increase the contact area and provide greater comfort.

기능성 인솔유형들의 생체역학적 평가

The purpose of this study was to compare and biomechanical evaluate the effects of three varying functional insoles on the kinematics of the lower extremities and foot pressure distribution during gait. For this 12 subjects participated in this study and each worn the 3 functional insoles during gait which kinematics, kinetics, electromyography and foot pressures were recorded. The function on the first insole was to absorb shock and increase the dynamic stability, the second was a gel type to absorb shock, and the third was to massage the center regions of the foot sole. the results were as follows; the first insole reduced the joints range of motion and reduced muscular fatigue, the second insole reduce the maximum, total and average foot pressures. Finally, the third insole produced larger values for the contact times and contact area.

다기능성 인솔 착용 시 하지의 근활성도 분석

The purpose of this study was to analyze muscle activities on functional insole with diet effect. Originally, ten healthy female subjects with an average age of 23.2 year(S.D

Manufacturing methodology for personalised symptom-specific sports insoles

Orthotic insoles are used for numerous applications; they can be prescribed to treat medical conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis and to maintain the health of the feet of diabetic patients. Orthotic devices are also extensively used in sporting activities and can be used for improving skeletal function, thus enhancing the biomechanical performance of the user and subsequently providing a more economical gait. This paper focuses on the manufacture of sports insoles and provides a methodology for the design and manufacture of a personalised symptom-specific sports (3S) insole. The framework includes the biomechanical assessment methods required for the effective prescription of a personalised insole. The requirements of a functional insole should relate not only to the geometry and condition of the foot but also the application in which it will be used. Different sports are played using specialised footwear, on varying surfaces and using diverse movements and so require an alternative design regarding the geometry and materials used. Thus novel manufacturing methods are required and two examples are described, namely the cryogenic machining of soft foamed polymers to achieve suitable impact attenuation and the autoclaving of a carbon-fibre composite material to produce a slim, rigid design.

인솔 차이에 따른 런닝화의 운동역학적 비교

J. Y. WAN, and S. H. SHIN, The Biomechanical Comparison of Runn ing Shoes According to the Difference of Insole. Korean Journal of Sport Biomechanics, Vol . 17, No. 2, pp. 51-59, 2007. These studies show that I applied to functional insole (a specific A company) for minimizing shocks and sprain people's ankle arising from running. How to an effect on human body which stud ied a kinematics and kinetics from 10 college students during experiments. This study imposes several conditi ons by barefoot, normal running shoes and put functional insole shoes ran under average 2.0 ±0.24 m/sec by motion analysis and ground reaction force that used to specific A company. First of all, motion analysis was c aused by achilles tendon angle, angle of the lower leg, angle of the knee, initial sole angle and barefoot angle. The result of comparative analysis can be summarized as below. Motion analysis showed that statically app roximates other results from achilles tendon angle (p<.01), initial ankle angle(p<.05), initial sole angle(p <.001) and barefoot angle(p<.001). Ground reaction force also showed that statically approximates other results from impact peak timing (p<.001), Maximum loading rate(p<.001), Maximum loading rate timing (p<.001) and impulse of first 20 percent (p<.001).Above experiment values known that there was statically difference between Motion analysis and Ground reaction force under absorbing of the functional insole shoes w hich was not have an effect on our body for kinetics and kinematics. KEYWORDS : FUNCTIONAL INSOLE, RUNNING, SHOES, BAREFOOT

Effect of Functional Knee Brace and Lateral Wedge Insole in Management of Patients with Osteoarthritic Knee

Chao Jung Hsieh, Fen Ling Kuo, Sai Wei Yang and Lin Fen Hsieh 4 1 Institute of Rehabilitation Science and Technology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan 2 Department of Rehabilitation, Taipei Municipal Wanfang Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan 3 Institute of Biomechanical Engineering, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan Department of Rehabilitation, Shin Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan web: http://rehab.ym.edu.tw/

런닝화의 일반인솔과 기능성인솔의 운동역학적 비교 분석

These studies show that I applied to functional insole (a specific S company) for minimizing shocks and sprain people's ankle arising from running. How to an effect on human body which studied a kinematics and kinetics from 10 college students during experiments. This study imposes several conditions by barefoot, normal running shoes and put functional insole shoes ran under average <TEX>$2.0{\pm}0.24$</TEX> meter per second by motion analysis, ground reaction force and electromyography that used to specific A company. First of all, Motion analysis was caused by Achilles tendon angle, Angle of the lower leg, Angle of the knee, Initial sole angle and Barefoot angle. Second, Contact time, Vertical impact force peak timing, Vertical active force and Active force timing, and Maximum loading rate under impulse of first 20 percent and Value of total impulse caused Ground reaction force. Third. The tendon fo Quadriceps femoris, Biceps femoris, Tibialis anterior and gastronemius medials caused. electromyography. 1. Ground reaction force also showed that statically approximates other results from impact peak timing (p.001), Maximum loading rate(p<.001), Maximum loading rate timing (p<.001) and impulse of first 20 percent (p<.001). 2 Electromyography showed that averagely was distinguished from other factors, and did not show about that. Above experiment values known that there was statically difference between Motion analysis and Ground reaction force under absorbing of the functional insole shoes which was not have an effect on our body for kinetics and kinematics.

생체역학적 분석을 통한 보행 부하 감소용 인솔 개발

The mailman's shoes should be designed in due consideration of occupational features they spend most of times to walk. For that reason, the shoes required functions to reduce the foot fatigue and to protect body by dispersing the body weight to the whole foot. In this research, for the functional improvement of the insole, insoles are investigated and analyzed by biomechanics experimentation. Under the base of these experimental results, we develop insoles that can reduce the body load and muscular-skeletal disorder. The pressures are concentrated on the metatarsus and heel by the result of analyzing pressure distributions of the using shoes. Accordingly, we offer the prototype functional insole that is ranked from high pressure to low pressure on the base of a shock absorb function. This prototype functional insole is examined for statistical significance by pressure distribution areas. The experimental results show that pressure areas are dispersed to whole foot, for this reason, pressures of the metatarsus and heel are reduced. Results of this research can not only improve the function of insoles which is suitable for occupational features, but also be a base on constructing data bases for biomechanics gait insoles.