Functional Groups Of Graphene Oxide Research Articles

Bioinspired GO/Au nanocomposite synthesis: Characteristics and use as a high-performance dielectric material in nanoelectronics

• O/Au nanocomposites were successfully synthesised using Ocimum basilicum . (basil) seed extract. • The GO/Au nanocomposite can also be used to demonstrate high-performance electronic devices. • The bioinspired approach enhances the dielectric behaviour of GO/Au nanocomposite matrixes by adding organic macromolecules capable of modest GO reduction. A bioinspired method was used to synthesise graphene oxide (GO) based noble metal (Au) nanocomposite (GO/Au nanocomposite) using chemical exfoliated graphene oxide as the base matrix and biosynthesised gold (Au) nanoparticles. The morphological characterization of GO and the GO/Au nanocomposite was determined using TEM and SEM analysis. The amount of Au nanoparticles conjugated with GO was determined using an EDAX analysis. The absorption and emission properties of GO and GO/Au nanocomposite are revealed through optical studies. FTIR analysis revealed the presence of different functional groups in GO and GO/Au nanocomposite, while XRD analysis confirmed the formation of crystalline GO and GO/Au nanocomposite of different sizes. TGA analysis was used to determine the degradation behaviour of the two products with respect to temperature. An LCR analysis was used to characterise the electrical characteristics of GO dielectric features as a function of frequency between 1 Hz and 1 MHz. The dielectric permittivity and electrical conductivity of GO were very frequency-driven. The results demonstrated that GO has direct current and correlated barrier hopping conductivity processes in the low and high frequency bands. The dielectric constant and loss factors of the GO/Au nanocomposite show that the bioinspired approach includes organic macromolecules capable of modest GO reduction and so modifying the C/O ratio, resulting in an enhancement in the matrix's dielectric characteristics. This study further demonstrates that high-performance electronic devices, as well as electrical and energy storage systems based on high dielectrics, might be scaled using GO-based materials.

Band alignment of 2 H-phase two-dimensional MoS2/graphene oxide van der Waals heterojunction

Two-dimensional van der Waals heterojunctions have been of particular interest owing to their superior properties and advantages of integrating the enhanced optoelectronic devices. Here, we demonstrate the band alignment at 2 H-phase molybdenum disulfide (MoS2)/graphene oxide (GO) van der Waals heterojunction and experimentally determine the valence band offset (VBO) using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The chemical and optical properties of MoS2 and GO nanosheet films are investigated by Raman and UV-Vis spectroscopy, and the VBO is also verified by Anderson’s model using ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy. Based on the results, type II band alignment at MoS2/GO heterojunction is revealed, where conduction band offset (0.21 ± 0.1 eV) is determined to be much smaller than VBO (2.19 ± 0.1). Further, charge transport across the MoS2/GO interface is investigated, leading to the p-type doping of MoS2 induced by electron-withdrawing functional groups of GO. Considering that modulation of bandgap can be achieved by engineering the thickness of MoS2 and degree of reduction in GO, the band alignment of MoS2/GO heterojunction can be controlled depending on the target devices. Thus, our proposed work provides a better understanding of band alignment at the MoS2/GO heterojunction which is essential for developing next-generation optoelectronic applications.

Amino-functionalized graphene oxide membranes for efficient separation of Sr2+ ions

Graphene oxide (GO) membranes were integrated with diverse nitrogen functional groups by subjecting to ammonia (NH3) vapours and evaluated for resultant changes in their chemical functioning and strontium (Sr) adsorption performance. Exposure to NH3 vapours amends the functional groups of GO, introduces amine, amide, ammonium functionalities and generates abundant sites prone to react with Sr2+ ions. The extent of GO restructuring and repercussions on Sr adsorption behaviour were examined using different GO precursors, NH3 treatment methods, membranes with varying GO mass and other nitrogen reagents namely, tri-isooctyl amine, pyridine, N,N-dimethyl acetamide. Nitrogen group functionalization enhances the Sr adsorption capacity of GO membranes nearly by two times, irrespective of the NH3 exposure duration and nature of precursor GO membranes. These NH3 subjected GO membranes displayed optimum Sr adsorption performance of ~475 mg/g, reusable at least for nine filtration cycles and importantly, capable of discharging 35–60 % of adsorbed Sr. The N-group supported Sr separation demonstrated in the present work is an energy efficient solid state membrane based procedure, which also lays a road map for development of amine, amide, ammonium functionalized GO layers and provides flexible platform for separation of all those toxic elements displaying affinity to complex with N-groups.

Understanding the nature of graphene oxide functional groups by modulation of the electrochemical reduction: A combined experimental and theoretical approach

Oxygen functional groups (OFGs) in graphene oxide (GO) are responsible for its different properties and peculiar reactivity in water and different solvents. A detailed assignment, both theoretical and experimental, of OFGs is still missing, and a full reconstruction of GO electrochemical behavior remains unreached. The spatial localization of OFGs is expected to play an important role in the reduction process, but so far, this important aspect remains undisclosed in the literature. Here, the nature and interactions of adjacent OFGs have been investigated, shedding light on the energetics of their electrochemical reduction. GO chemical modifications upon modulated and controlled electrochemical reduction conditions have been studied, in order to excite and reveal the contribution from single reactive OFGs. The characterization has been conducted via X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic analysis supported by theoretical modelling, to compose a detailed picture of the various local environments participating to the rich chemistry of GO. As a result, the interplay between XPS, cyclic voltammetry and DFT computation allowed for a consistent parallel assessment of both the C 1s ionization energy and the electrochemical reduction potential of the various carbonaceous species of GO.

Modification of the interfacial glass fiber surface through graphene oxide-chitosan interactions for excellent dye removal as an adsorptive membrane

In the present study, the interfacial surface of glass fiber, i.e., GF-like inorganic membrane, was modified using the functional groups of graphene oxide (GO)/chitosan (CTS) hybrid network for the first time. It is considered as a successful incorporation to fabricate the GO/CTS-GF-GO/CTS (GC-GF-GC) composite membrane for wastewater treatment applications, using a very simple and low-cost casting process, which can become a promising adsorptive membrane (AM). More obviously, the adsorption performance of the AM in removing cationic and anionic dyes was excellent, and it exhibited superb recycling performance compared to other existing types of AM. In addition, the adsorption performance was shown to be consistent with the pseudo-second-order and Langmuir models, regard with a chemical adsorption and a monolayer approach, respectively. Due to the additional linking bond formations and interactions between the GF surface and the active GC hybrid network through their functional groups, the dye adsorption and desorption capacities were significantly enhanced. The interfacial GF surface was formed by its interfacial linking bridges, as well as it sustained the composite membrane and provided an outstanding performance in the recycling approach. Thus, the GC-GF-GC membrane is a superb adsorbent for wastewater treatment that may contribute to build an eco-friendly AM in this field, i.e., the organic dye removal in textile industries wastewater.

Facile production of graphene quantum dots using a molecular adhesive membrane filter

AbstractDespite the myriad of studies on graphene quantum dots (GQDs), the commercialization of GQDs has been extremely limited until recently. The biggest bottleneck is the absence of a method for the mass production of GQDs. In this paper, we report a facile method for separating GQDs from chemically modified graphene suspensions using a filter paper embedded with polydopamine nanoparticles. The polydopamine nanoparticles, which have excellent molecular adhesion, interact more preferably with graphene oxide (GO) than with GQDs owing to the larger size of GO particles and high ratio of oxygenated functional groups in GO. We analyze the electron diffraction patterns, photoluminescence properties, and diameter/height profiles of the collected GQDs and conclude that the proposed separation technique yields high‐purity GQDs. We believe that this technology can revolutionize the GQD field and relevant applications in fuel cells, semiconductors, bioimaging, and biosensing.

Preparation and derivation mechanism of methyl methacrylate/nitrile butadiene rubber/graphene oxide composites by ball‐milling

AbstractMethyl methacrylate/nitrile butadiene rubber/graphene oxide (MMA/NBR/GO) composite materials were prepared by ball‐milling based on the mechano‐chemical principle. The effects of some key process parameters, such as graphene oxide (GO) content, ball‐to‐powder ratio (BPR), and ball‐milling time on textures and structures of MMA/NBR/GO composite materials were studied systematically by Zeta potentials, Raman spectroscopy, Thermogravimetric analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectrometry, and the derivation mechanism was examined. The results indicated composite materials with excellent dispersion stability at GO content of 0.3%, BPR of 3.87, and ball‐milling time of 5 h, the value of sedimentation rate is only 1.0%, the Zeta potential is −41.5 mV, and the mass loss ratio is 40.36%. FT‐IR result shows that the intensity of the characteristic peak all decreases after ball milling, and carboxyl group of GO and hydroxyl group connected to the benzene ring is broken. The graft position is CN and CH2 of NBR, and CH3 of MMA. Under these conditions, the oxygen‐containing functional groups of GO were successfully grafted onto the MMA and NBR.

Silicon dioxide nanoparticles decorated on graphene oxide nanosheets and their application in poly(l-lactic acid) scaffold

IntroductionThe aggregation of graphene oxide (GO) is considered as main challenge, although GO possesses excellent mechanical properties which arouses widespread attention as reinforcement for polymers. ObjectivesIn this study, silicon dioxide (SiO2) nanoparticles were decorated onto surface of GO nanosheets through in situ growth method for promoting dispersion of GO in poly(l-lactic acid) (PLLA) bone scaffold. MethodsHydroxyl and carboxyl functional groups of GO provided sites for SiO2 nucleation, and SiO2 grew with hydrolysis and polycondensation of tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) and finally formed nanoparticles onto surface of GO with covalent bonds. Then, the GO@ SiO2 nanocomposite was blended with PLLA for the fabrication of bone scaffold by selective laser sintering (SLS). ResultThe results indicated that the obtained SiO2 were distributed relatively uniformly on surface of GO under TEOS concentration of 0.10 mol/L (GO@SiO2-10), and the covering of SiO2 on GO could increase interlayer distance of GO nanosheets from 0.799 nm to 0.894 nm, thus reducing van der Waals forces between GO nanosheets and facilitating the dispersion. Tensile and compressive strength of scaffold containing GO@SiO2 hybrids were significantly enhanced, especially for the scaffold containing GO@SiO2-10 hybrids with enhancement of 30.95 % in tensile strength and 66.33 % in compressive strength compared with the scaffold containing GO. Additionally, cell adhesion and fluorescence experiments demonstrated excellent cytocompatibility of the scaffold. ConclusionsThe good dispersion of GO@SiO2 enhances the mechanical properties and cytocompatibility of scaffold, making it a potential candidate for bone tissue engineering applications.

Electrodeposition-based fabrication of graphene/copper composites with excellent overall properties

Graphene reinforced copper composites (Gr/Cu) have considerable potential applications in many fields of modern industry. However, the present preparation methods are complicated, expensive, and time-consuming, which restricts the large-scale application. Therefore, it is vital to find an industrial method to prepare Gr/Cu composites with overall properties. In this work, Gr/Cu composites were prepared by combining electrodeposition of Gr/Cu powders, thermal reduction, and sintering (denoted as the EP-TS method). The composite shows outstanding overall properties when the current density is 62.5 mA/cm2 and the graphene oxide (GO) concentration in the electrolyte is 0.1 g/L. The addition of graphene promotes the nucleation process and refines the grains resulting in improved mechanical properties. During the process of electrodepositing and thermal reduction, the copper matrix is purified and most of the oxygen-containing functional groups of GO are removed. And the GO structure is partially repaired resulting in improved electrical properties. Compared with the one-step electrodeposition method, the graphene in the composites has fewer oxygen-containing functional groups which guarantee the thermal stability of the Gr/Cu composite. Our method provides a promising prospect for rapid mass production of graphene reinforced copper matrix composites with excellent overall properties, which has good compatibility with current copper industry technology.

Preparation and physical properties of conductive silk fabrics used in wearable clothes and flexible supercapacitors

The present work was designed to study several functions of Silk coated with polyaniline (PANI), graphene oxide (GO), and a composite of PANI@GO. The samples were characterized by XRD, SEM, FTIR, and thermal analysis. The investigated fabrics' resistivity, weight gain, tensile strength, elongation, and antimicrobial efficiency were monitored according to ASTM procedures. The FTIR spectra show the presence of the GO and PANI functional groups in the treated fabrics, and the SEM images show the formation of coating materials on the silk surface. The electrical conductivity of the coated silk with composite PANI@GO is 29 times higher than that of the uncoated one. The heat generation efficiency of the studied fabrics is in the order: of PANI@GO-SL > PANI-SL > GO-SL > SL. All coated silk samples have antimicrobial activity in the order: PANI@GO-SL > PANI-SL > GO-SL > SL. The results showed that the PANI@GO-SL sample exhibits the highest specific capacitance of all the coated silk electrodes with 450 Fg−1 at 10 mVs−1, which renders PANI@GO-SL fabric a promising electrode material for supercapacitors. The capacitance value of the symmetric capacitor of PANI@GO-SL/PVA/PANI@GO-SL using PVA-H3PO4 gel as an electrolyte is 71.2 Fg−1 at a current density of one Ag−1 and 87.4% retention at 5000 cycles. The Ragone plot of the symmetric cell showed the highest energy density is 25.31 Wh/kg and a power density of 8018 W/kg. The results suggest using coated silk (PANI@GO-SL) prepared via low-cost processing as smart textiles for different applications.

Enhancing corrosion resistance of magnesium alloy by rGO/Mg(OH)2 composite coating

AbstractrGO/Mg(OH)2 composite films were fabricated on AZ61 alloy by the hydrothermal method in alkaline solutions containing deionized water and graphene oxide (GO). During the hydrothermal reaction, the Mg(OH)2 nanosheets and GO plates grew freely on the AZ61 substrate without any special orientation, and the GO was simultaneously reduced to rGO. With the increase of GO content in the hydrothermal solution, the corrosion resistance of the prepared composite films showed a trend of increasing first and then decreasing. When the content of GO incorporated in the hydrothermal solution is 5 mg, the corrosion current density (icorr) of the composite coating is reduced to the minimum (4.9 μA/cm2), which is seven times lower than that of the substrate and 3.5 times lower than that of the Mg(OH)2 monolayer. Based on experimental and molecular dynamics simulation results, the enhancement mechanism of the composite film was proposed, which is related to the growth of Mg(OH)2 layer, the “tortuous path” effect of GO and the slowing of chloride ion diffusion by GO functional groups.

Superabsorbent graphene oxide/carbon nanotube hybrid Poly(acrylic acid-co-acrylamide) hydrogels for efficient salinity gradient energy harvest

Hydrogels can be employed to recover salinity gradient (SG) energy as they can exhibit reversible swelling and shrinking behaviors in alternate freshwater and sea water. The swelling ratio and mechanic property of hydrogels are essential for the SG energy harvest. Herein, different amounts of graphene oxide (GO) or carbon nanotube (CNT) were successfully introduced to the matrix of poly(acrylic acid-co-acrylamide) (PAAM) hydrogels. Compared to the original PAAM hydrogels, both the swelling property and mechanic strength of the GO/CNT hybrid PAAM hydrogels were significantly enhanced. Although the CNT/PAAM hydrogels exhibited relatively higher swelling ratio (1578 g g−1) than that of GO/PAAM (1423 g g−1), the highest SG energy recovery was obtained by using GO/PAAM hydrogels (7.07 J g−1). The reason was due to the better mechanical strength of GO/PAAM hydrogels, which resulted from the covalent bonds between the extensive oxygenated functional groups in GO and the polymeric chains. Moreover, excellent reproducibility was observed with GO/PAAM hydrogels over 10 cycles because of their highly structure integrity. These results demonstrated that GO/CNT hybrid hydrogels are efficient for SG energy recovery attributed to the high swelling ability as well as the strong mechanical property.

Diffusion of Water Confined between Graphene Oxide Layers: Implications for Membrane Filtration

Among the carbon-based two-dimensional (2D) materials, graphene oxide (GO) has been attracting growing interest because of its ability to be utilized in the field of water remediation. Therefore, an atomistic understanding of the transport properties of water in layered GO is pivotal for the development of novel GO membranes. Surprisingly, the very issue of the 2D self-diffusion of water confined between two GO sheets appears to be controversial, and simulations showing either a slowdown or no effect have been reported. In any case, the formation of hydrogen bonds, i.e., among the confined water and between water and the GO functional groups, was identified to control diffusion. However, the results of molecular dynamics (MD) simulations heavily depend on the forces used. Density functional theory (DFT) and empirical force fields are opposite when it comes to accuracy and numerical costs. As a compromise in the present study, we performed MD simulations using a DFT-based tight-binding method to investigate the diffusion of water confined between GO sheets. Specifically, we considered six GO/water models, differing in the ordering of the epoxide and hydroxyl groups as well as in the thickness of the water layer. For these models having GO interlayer distances between 8 and 12 Å, we find a reduction of the diffusion coefficient by a factor between 2 and 3 compared with bulk water. One possible origin of this effect is the temporary trapping of water within hydrogen-bonded water bridges between the GO sheets. The proposed mechanism should be taken into account in the development of, for instance, GO membranes for water remediation or applications in the field of selective transport in separation membranes.

Catalytic applications of graphene oxide towards the synthesis of bioactive scaffolds through the formation of carbon–carbon and carbon–heteroatom bonds

Abstract During the past several decades, metal-based catalysis is one of the major and direct approaches for the synthesis of organic molecules. Nowadays, materials containing predominantly carbon element which are termed as carbocatalysts, become the most promising area of research to replace transition metal catalysts. In this context of carbocatalysis, the use of graphene oxide (GO) and GO-based materials are under spotlight due to their sustainability, environmental benignity and large scale-availability. The presence of oxygen containing functional groups in GO makes it benign oxidant and slightly acidic catalyst. This chapter provides a broad discussion on graphene oxide (GO) as well as its preparation, properties and vast area of application. The catalytic activity of GO has been explored in different organic transformations and it has been recognized as an oxidation catalyst for various organic reactions.

Functionalized graphene-oxide nanosheets with amino groups facilitate macroscale superlubricity

Graphene-oxide (GO) has been recognized as an excellent lubrication material owing to its two-dimensional structure and weak interlayer interactions. However, the functional groups of GO that can contribute to anti-friction, anti-wear, and superlubricity are yet to be elucidated. Hence, further improvement in GO-family materials in tribology and superlubricity fields is impeded. In this study, macroscale superlubricity with a coefficient of friction of less than 0.01 is achieved by exploiting the high adhesive force between amino groups within aminated GO (GO-NH2) nanosheets and SiO2. It was observed that GO-NH2 nanosheets form a robust adsorption layer on the worn surfaces owing to the high adsorption of amino groups. This robust GO-NH2 adsorption layer not only protects the contact surfaces and contributes to low wear, but also causes the shearing plane to transform constantly from solid asperities (high friction) into GO-NH2 interlayers (weak interlayer interactions), resulting in superlubricity. A SiO2-containing boundary layer formed by tribochemical reactions and a liquid film are conducive to low friction. Such macroscale liquid superlubricity provides further insights into the effect of functional groups within functionalized GO materials and a basis for designing functionalized GO materials with excellent tribological performances.

Polydopamine Coating Doped with Graphene Oxide Enhances Enantioseparation of Capillary Column.

How to improve the enantiomer separation efficiency of drugs is a hot topic. In this paper, polydopamine (PDA) coating doped with graphene oxide (GO) by physical adsorption was used to modify the capillary column to enhance the enantioseparation efficiency of the drugs. In the capillary electrochromatography (CEC) system, the novel capillary column with carboxymethyl-β-cyclodextrin (CM-β-CD) as a chiral selector has completed the enantioseparation of four basic drugs (propranolol, metoprolol, amlodipine and chlorpheniramine). The optimum separation conditions were obtained by optimizing the pH of the buffer, the concentration of organic modifier, the concentration of the chiral selector and the voltage, and the resolution and peak shape were significantly improved compared with uncoated bare-fused column. The stability and reproducibility of the new capillary column were satisfactory and the relative standard deviation of intra-day and inter-day was <3.2%, and of column-to-column was <4.8%. The rich functional groups of GO are key factors to improve the enantioseparation efficiency, which also indicates that nanomaterials with easy modification of functional groups and large specific surface area are excellent resources for capillary modification applications.

Bridge the activity and durability of Ruthenium for hydrogen evolution reaction with the Ru O C link

• In-situ reduced graphene oxide supported Ru nanoparticles is synthesized. • A stable Ru O C interface is established by a simple annealing strategy at 700 ℃. • The introduction of oxygen leads to the electron-deficient of Ru NPs. • The catalyst shows high activity and stability for the hydrogen evolution reaction. Exploring efficient and robust electrocatalysts with low cost for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) is critical for the practical application of electrochemical water splitting. Ruthenium (Ru)-based catalysts exhibit great potential in HER, whereas the extensive application is largely hampered by the insufficient performance and durability at current stage. In addition, understanding and revealing the activity enhancement mechanism of Ru-based catalysts is still very tempting while challenging. Herein, we use the oxygen-rich functional groups of graphene oxide (GO) to adsorb Ru species and in situ generate reduced graphene oxide supported Ru nanoparticles (NPs) catalysts by annealing (Ru/rGO-700). Ru/rGO-700 exhibits low overpotential of 26 mV at 10 mA cm −2 in alkaline electrolytes, and simultaneously the strong interaction induced by the Ru-O bond between the support and the anchored Ru NPs endows the catalyst a desirable stability, thus the activity of the catalysts barely decays after 50,000 cycles of durability testing. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations demonstrate that the introduction of anionic oxygen leads to the electron-deficient characteristics of Ru NPs, which weakens the Ru-H affinity and accelerates/ or favors water dissociation and hydrogen desorption. In addition, the integrated crystal orbital Hamilton population (ICOHP) confirms that the introduction of electron holes weakens the antibonding interactions between Ru atoms, thus the stability of the catalysts is greatly improved.

Stability of Graphene Oxide Composite Membranes in an Aqueous Environment from a Molecular Point of View

We used molecular dynamics to investigate the stability of graphene oxide (GO) layers supported on three polymeric materials, namely a polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), a pristine and a crosslinked polyamide–imide (PAI and PAI-cr). The membrane configurations consisted of a few layers of GO nanosheets stacked over the specified polymeric supports and submerged in water. We monitored the position, the tilt angle, and the radial distribution function of the individual GO nanosheets in respect to the plane of the supports. We showed that the outermost GO nanosheets were more distorted than those attached directly on the supports. The greatest distortion was observed for the GO nanosheets of the PVDF-supported system. Next, we recorded the density profiles of the water molecules across the distance from the layers to the polymer and discussed the hydrogen bonds between water hydrogens and the oxygen atoms of the GO functional groups.

Mechanical influence of graphene oxide in the interface between calcium silicate hydrate and quartz: A molecular dynamics study

The interactions of calcium silicate hydrates (C-S-H) with aggregates are at the heart of critical features of cement-based materials mechanical behavior. In this article, the molecular dynamics method was employed to simulate the uniaxial tensile behavior of the interface between C-S-H, graphene oxide (GO) and quartz. The radial distribution function, stress–strain curves and energy variation curves were analyzed with different oxygen-containing functional groups of GO and different hydroxyl surface densities of quartz. The interfacial bonding energy increased by 62.97%∼109.44% after inserting GO into the interface. The tensile strength increased by 32.5%∼41.60% when the hydroxyl surface density of quartz increased. A two-stage tensile failure process was observed due to the buckling and rotating of GO, which contributes to dissipating more energy during the whole tensile deformation. Our studies enable to provide some parameters values of cement-based composites interface systems for macro-simulation and calculating mechanical properties of other similar structures. The fundamental understanding of the nanoscale interfaces properties can help us to predict the macroscopic mechanical behavior of cement-based materials more accurately.

Effect of graphene oxide on the performance of foamed concrete and its action mechanism in cement

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of graphene oxide (GO) on the performance of foamed concrete and its action mechanism in cement. The GO increased the nine-day and 15-day compressive and flexural strengths of foamed concrete compared to concrete without GO. When the GO dispersion (GOd) content was 0.75% (by the cement weight), the 15-day compressive strength of the foamed concrete increased by 36.36%. However, excess GO adversely affected the late-age compressive strength (30 days) because it was difficult to disperse uniformly in cement. The microstructure and hydration products of the foamed concrete were analysed using field-emission scanning electron microscopy combined (FEM) with X-ray diffraction (XRD) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy techniques (EDS). The GO could regulate the shape of hydration products, probably because GO exhibited a strong covalent bond between the oxygen-containing functional groups of GO and the cement hydration products, and the GO content and curing age influenced such regulations. The pore structure was examined using X-ray computed tomography, (X-CT) and the GO significantly influenced the pore structure of the foamed concrete. The findings of this study indicate that GO has potential as a nanometre-sized material to improve the strength of foamed concrete without affecting the dry density.