Development Of Functional Food Products Research Articles

Spray Dried Xanthone: Physicochemical Properties, Storage Stability and Controlled Release

AbstractXanthone has low aqueous solubility, thus limiting its food application. The aim of this study is to increase aqueous solubility of xanthone through spray drying xanthone in fish oil with maltodextrin and gum Arabic. Powder yield and microencapsulation efficiency at inlet temperature of 120 °C and wall‐to‐core ratio of 6:1 were 63.0 ± 2.0% and 50.8 ± 2.0%, respectively. Solubility of spray dried xanthone increased from 3.2 ± 0.2 µg/mL for free xanthone to 128.3 ± 5.6 µg/mL (approximately 40‐fold increase). Storage condition of 33% RH showed no structural changes for powder; thus, it is recommended as the suitable storage condition for spray dried xanthone. Approximately 37.2 ± 4.8% of xanthone was released in simulated gastrointestinal fluid after 6 h. Spray‐dried xanthone is potentially used as a potential functional food ingredient.Practical ApplicationsXanthone has gained much attention from the public as it exhibited antioxidant, antibacterial, anticancer, anti‐inflammatory and antimalarial activities. Its poor aqueous solubility, however, limits the application of xanthone in food and pharmaceutical industries. The current work is significant to improve the aqueous solubility of xanthone and to protect xanthone from oxidation (Beelders et al. 2015). The improved aqueous solubility of xanthone microcapsules is practical for functional food product development and also for improved bioavailability of xanthone.

Antioxidative potential, nutritional value and sensory profiles of confectionery fortified with green and yellow tea leaves (Camellia sinensis)

This paper presents a study on development of functional food products containing green and yellow tea leaves. The results indicated that green and yellow tea are significant tools in the creation of the nutritional value, antioxidative potential and stability of the lipid fraction of cookies. Tea-fortified cookies showed considerably higher contents of dietary fiber, especially hemicellulose and insoluble fractions, and were characterized by significantly higher antioxidant potential associated with their phenolics content. Results of ABTS, DPPH, ORACFL and PCL assay showed significantly higher antioxidant potential of tea cookies, highest for yellow tea. The antioxidative potential of applied teas was significant in terms of the inhibition of hydroperoxide content, while formation of secondary lipid oxidation products was less spectacular. It is concluded that tea leaves could be widely used as a source of polyphenols with high antioxidative potential, as well as fiber; thus introducing numerous health benefits for the consumer.

Sustainable valorisation of seafood by-products: Recovery of collagen and development of collagen-based novel functional food ingredients

Abstract Aquatic, especially marine ecosystem is still an untapped reservoir of bioactive compounds, which have considerable potential to supply novel ingredients towards the development of commercial functional food products. Seafood products are an important part of the diet in many nations. Moreover, as a source of protein, seafood plays a significant role as functional components that are essential to human health. In industry or local seafood shops, processing of seafood generates a huge quantity (50–80%) of nonedible by-products, which are discarded as waste or underutilised in several parts of the world. These seafood processing by-products are rich sources of various novel and valuable biomolecules such as collagen and gelatin. In this review, scope of seafood by-products has been explored to recover the realistic collagen. The sustainable valorisation of seafood by-products may lead towards the development of healthy and functional food ingredients/products. Furthermore, the significant challenges towards the development of collagen-based functional food ingredients are also discussed. Industrial relevance With the increasing amount of seafood processing by-products worldwide, the recent trend towards the utilisation of collagen and their derived biomaterials to develop the various functional food and beverages is gaining momentum. Seafood processing by-products are a rich source of bioactive collagen molecules with potential nutraceutical/functional properties. Seafood processing industries are constantly trying to maximum utilisation of seafood by-products. This review article puts forward an alternative use of seafood processing by-products which may help to accelerate their business with significant benefits. The collagen-based novel functional food ingredient contains a nutritional benefit, such as essential and non-essential amino acid to improve the quality of different food products. It can also be used as natural antioxidants and texturing agents that will reduce the utilisation of chemical preservatives and may be able to fulfil the consumer demands for safe and green food products. In addition, the current status, challenges and the future directions in the development of seafood derived collagen peptides as functional ingredients is also discussed. This review suggests a biological solution for the disposal of the seafood processing by-products that creates an environmental pollution issues. This article reveals the opportunity to utilise the seafood by-products for the development of high value-added collagen-based functional food ingredients.

Encapsulation of curcumin in polysaccharide-based hydrogel beads: Impact of bead type on lipid digestion and curcumin bioaccessibility

Curcumin was incorporated into three different delivery systems: free lipid droplets; lipid-loaded alginate beads; and, lipid-loaded carrageenan beads. Hydrogel beads were fabricated from polysaccharides (alginate or carrageenan) using an injection method combined with ion gelation (calcium or potassium, respectively). The delivery systems were passed through a simulated gastrointestinal tract (GIT) that included mouth, stomach, and small intestine phases. Light scattering and microscopy indicated that carrageenan beads had a relatively fragile structure that was easily disrupted in the GIT and released the encapsulated lipid droplets and curcumin. Conversely, alginate beads had a robust structure that remained relatively intact throughout the GIT and retained the lipid droplets and curcumin. The rate and extent of lipid digestion decreased in the following order: free lipid droplets > carrageenan beads > alginate beads. Curcumin bioaccessibility followed a similar order: free lipid droplets (73%) > carrageenan beads (33%) > alginate beads (16%). These results suggest that lipid droplets must be digested by lipase in order to release the encapsulated curcumin and to form mixed micelles capable of solubilizing the released curcumin. Overall, our results show that delivery systems with different structures and compositions can be designed to control the release of lipids and hydrophobic nutraceuticals in the GIT, which may be advantageous for the development of certain functional food products.

Engineering Digestion: Multiscale Processes of Food Digestion.

Food digestion is a complex, multiscale process that has recently become of interest to the food industry due to the developing links between food and health or disease. Food digestion can be studied by using either in vitro or in vivo models, each having certain advantages or disadvantages. The recent interest in food digestion has resulted in a large number of studies in this area, yet few have provided an in-depth, quantitative description of digestion processes. To provide a framework to develop these quantitative comparisons, a summary is given here between digestion processes and parallel unit operations in the food and chemical industry. Characterization parameters and phenomena are suggested for each step of digestion. In addition to the quantitative characterization of digestion processes, the multiscale aspect of digestion must also be considered. In both food systems and the gastrointestinal tract, multiple length scales are involved in food breakdown, mixing, absorption. These different length scales influence digestion processes independently as well as through interrelated mechanisms. To facilitate optimized development of functional food products, a multiscale, engineering approach may be taken to describe food digestion processes. A framework for this approach is described in this review, as well as examples that demonstrate the importance of process characterization as well as the multiple, interrelated length scales in the digestion process.

Production, properties, and industrial food application of lactic acid bacteria-derived exopolysaccharides.

Exopolysaccharides (EPS)-producing lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are industrially important microorganisms in the development of functional food products and are used as starter cultures or coadjutants to develop fermented foods. There is large variability in EPS production by LAB in terms of chemical composition, quantity, molecular size, charge, presence of side chains, and rigidity of the molecules. The main body of the review will cover practical aspects concerning the structural diversity structure of EPS, and their concrete application in food industries is reported in details. To strengthen the food application and process feasibility of LAB EPS at industrial level, a future academic research should be combined with industrial input to understand the technical shortfalls that EPS can address.

Impact of High Hydrostatic Pressure on Physicochemical Characteristics, Nutritional Content and Functional Properties of Cape Gooseberry Pulp (P hysalis peruviana L.)

The aim of this research was to assess the effect of high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) treatments (300, 400 and 500 MPa/5 min) on physicochemical, nutritional and functional properties of Cape gooseberry pulp immediately after processing and after 30 days of refrigerated storage. Results showed that HHP as well as storage time clearly influenced sugars, vitamin C, β-carotene, mineral contents and antioxidant capacity. However, the physicochemical characteristics were not influenced by HHP. Pressurization led to a significant increase in fructose and glucose at 300–500 MPa both on day 0 and day 30 (P < 0.05). Potassium content increased 8–10% at 300 and 500 MPa, while phosphorus content increased 65% compared with control sample at 400 MPa at day 0 (P < 0.05). The antioxidant activity (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) increased after 30 days of storage in pressurized samples at 300 and 500 MPa. A maximum antioxidant activity value was observed at 300 MPa by means of the oxygen radical absorbance capacity analysis (P < 0.05). Practical Applications Influence of high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) on Cape gooseberry pulp quality was evaluated immediately after processing and after 30 days of storage at 4C. Physicochemical, nutritional and functional properties of the gooseberry pulp were determined. The results of this work may contribute to a better assessment of the benefits of high pressure processed gooseberry pulp. HHP processing preserves and enhances quality of bioactive compounds as well as improves their stability during storage, which may lead to the development of new functional food products with this pulp as basic ingredient.

Drumstick (Moringa Oleifera) as a food additive in livestock products

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to focus on natural food additives identified in the drumstick (Moringa Oleifera) and their probable application as novel ingredients in the development of functional food products. This plant additive has attracted interest as one of the prominent candidates for the purpose of improving processing, quality and the safety of various livestock foods such as meat, milk, fish and their products. The search of natural food additives for the processing and preservation of high-quality, ready-to-eat products has notably increased due to the adverse effects of chemical additives on human health. Design/methodology/approach – Traditionally, Moringa is a pan-tropical plant species, which is well-known for its nutritional and medicinal properties in human nutrition. Its leaves, seeds, flowers, pods (fruit), bark and roots are extremely valuable sources of nutrition for people of all ages. Moringa is nowadays also considered as an important source of nutraceuticals which may find wide application in the food industry. These nutraceuticals have a positive impact on the body’s function or condition by affecting the digestive, endocrine, cardiovascular, immune and nervous systems, and it may ultimately influence health. Findings – Several additives that are released in vitro or in vivo from various parts of Moringa have been attributed to different health effects, including antimicrobial properties, antioxidant activities, anti-tumour, anti-inflammatory, anti-ulcer, anti-atherosclerotic, anti-convulsant activities and there is enhancement of nutritional and organoleptic attributes of various livestock foods. Extensive research has been undertaken to identify and characterize these additives as a new source of biologically active ingredients for the development of functional foods with specific benefits for human health. Originality/value – This paper focuses on the properties, utilization and scope of Moringa Oleifera in livestock products, all of which indicate that its effective utilization is the need of the hour.

Free radical scavenging activity and comparative metabolic profiling of in vitro cultured and field grown Withania somnifera roots.

Free radical scavenging activity (FRSA), total phenolic content (TPC), and total flavonoid content (TFC) of in vitro cultured and field grown Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha) roots were investigated. Withanolides analysis and comprehensive metabolic profiling between 100% methanol extracts of in vitro and field grown root tissues was performed using high performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), respectively. Significantly higher levels of FRSA, TPC, and TFC were observed in in-vitro cultured roots compared with field grown samples. In addition, 30 day-cultured in vitro root samples (1MIR) exhibited a significantly higher FRSA (IC50 81.01 μg/mL), TPC (118.91 mg GAE/g), and TFC (32.68 mg CE/g) compared with those in 45 day-cultured samples (1.5MIR). Total of 29 metabolites were identified in in vitro cultured and field grown roots by GC-MS analysis. The metabolites included alcohols, organic acids, purine, pyrimidine, sugars, and putrescine. Vanillic acid was only observed in the in vitro cultured root samples, and higher level of the vanillic acid was observed in 1MIR when compared to 1.5MIR. Therefore, it is suggested that 1MIR might serve as an alternative to field grown roots for the development of medicinal and functional food products.

Bioactive peptides from egg: a review

Purpose – The aim of the article was to focus on various peptides identified in the egg and their probable application as novel ingredients in the development of functional food products. Bioactive peptides of egg origin have attracted increasing interest as one of the prominent candidates for development of various health-promoting functional and designer foods. Design/methodology/approach – Traditionally known as a source of highly valuable proteins in human nutrition, eggs are nowadays also considered as an important source of many bioactive peptides which may find wide application in medicine and food production. These specific protein fragments from egg proteins which, above and beyond their nutritional capabilities, have a positive impact on the body’s function or condition by affecting the digestive, endocrine, cardiovascular, immune and nervous systems, and may ultimately influence health. Findings – Several peptides that are released in vitro or in vivo from egg proteins have been attributed to different health effects, including antihypertensive effects, antimicrobial properties, antioxidant activities, anticancer activity, immunomodulating activity, antiadhesive properties and enhancement of nutrient absorption and/or bioavailability. Extensive research has been undertaken to identify and characterize these biologically active peptides of egg origin which has changed the image of egg as a new source of biologically active ingredients for the development of functional foods with specific benefits for human health and treatment and prevention of diseases. Originality/value – The paper mainly describes the above-stated properties of bioactive peptides derived from egg proteins.

Influence of variety and harvest maturity on phytochemical content in corn silk

Corn silk has been used as a traditional herb in Asia. The objective of this study was to evaluate variability in phytochemicals in corn varieties at three maturity stages of corn silk. Ten vegetable corn varieties were evaluated in a completely randomized design with three replications. Data were recorded for total phenolic (TPC), total flavonoids (TFC), total anthocyanin (TAC) and antioxidant activity (AA) by DPPH free-radical-scavenging assays. Differences among corn varieties were observed for all parameters at all maturity stages, and the interactions between maturity stage and corn variety were significant. TPC and TAC were highest at the milky stage, whereas TFC and AA were highest at the silking stage. TPC, TFC and AA were highest in super sweet corn and white corn at the silking stage. PWC5 variety of purple waxy corn at the milky stage had the highest values for all parameters, and it is useful for further development of functional food products.

Chemical profile and antiacetylcholinesterase, antityrosinase, antioxidant and α-glucosidase inhibitory activity of Cynometra cauliflora L. leaves.

The aim of the current study was (i) to evaluate the bioactive potential of the leaf methanolic extract of Cynometra cauliflora L., along with its respective hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate (EtOAc), n-butanol (n-BuOH) and aqueous fractions, in inhibiting the enzymes α-glucosidase, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and tyrosinase as well as evaluating their antioxidant activities. (ii) In addition, in view of the limited published information regarding the metabolite profile of C. cauliflora, we further characterized the profiles of the EtOAc and n-BuOH fractions using liquid chromatography-diode array detection-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry. The leaf methanolic extract of C. cauliflora exhibited potent inhibition of all three enzymes and high antioxidant activity. The bioactivity was found to be concentrated in the EtOAc and n-BuOH fractions. A total of 18 compounds were identified in these bioactive fractions, comprising a procyanidin trimer, procyanidin tetramer, procyanidin hexamer, taxifolin pentoside, catechin, vitexin, isovitexin, kaempferol hexoside, quercetin pentoside, quercetin hexoside, apigenin-6-C-glucoside-8-C-glucoside, kaempferol-coumaroyl hexoside and isorhamnetin hexoside. The results indicated that C. cauliflora, the leaves in particular, is a rich source of bioactive compounds and could be beneficial for further development of high-value phytomedicinal preparations and functional food products.

Potential of novel Lactobacillus helveticus strains and their cell wall bound proteases to release physiologically active peptides from milk proteins

The release of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitory (ACE-I), antioxidant and immunomodulatory peptides from milk proteins by selected Lactobacillus helveticus strains and their crude protease extracts (CPE) was investigated. Reconstituted skim milk (RSM) was incubated with L. helveticus strains or CPE and samples were tested for functionality using a human peripheral blood mononuclear cell model. Milk peptides produced by L. helveticus 474 CPE with ACE-I activity increased significantly after 6 h incubation followed by a significant reduction after 12 h. Peptides formed by CPE of L. helveticus 1188 showed a significantly greater antioxidative capacity than those from other strains. These peptides also differentially stimulated human peripheral blood mononuclear cells with those liberated by L. helveticus 1188 CPE inducing the highest production of interleukin-10, whereas the CPE of L. helveticus 474 formed peptides with significant induction of interferon-γ. These strains might potentially be used in the development of functional fermented food products.

Recovery Effect of Onion Peel Extract against H2O2‐Induced Inhibition of Gap‐Junctional Intercellular Communication is Mediated through Quercetin

Cellular oxidative damage mediated by reactive oxygen species has been reported to inhibit gap-junctional intercellular communication (GJIC). In turn, the inhibition of GJIC can be attenuated by functional food compounds with antioxidant properties. In this study, we compared the protective effects of onion peel extract (OPE) and onion flesh extract (OFE) on oxidative stress-mediated GJIC inhibition, and investigated the mechanisms of action responsible. OPE restored H2 O2 -induced GJIC inhibition to a higher degree than OFE in WB-F344 rat liver epithelial cells. OPE was found to inhibit H2 O2 -induced phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and Cx43. A radical scavenging assay demonstrated superiority of OPE over OFE, suggesting that the observed effects might be mediated via an antioxidant mechanism. Quercetin is the major compound that is likely to be responsible for the protective effect against H2 O2 -mediated GJIC inhibition. This study suggests that OPE, a material often discarded, may be of value for the future development of functional food products. This study demonstrates that onion peel extract (OPE) exhibits a protective effect against the inhibition of gap-junctional intercellular communication (GJIC) mediated by H2 O2 , which is likely to occur via its antioxidant activity. OPE contains significant concentrations of bioactive phenolic compounds. Reductions in oxidative stress can lead to recovery of GJIC, which has been reported to be implicated in the prevention and treatment of cancers. These findings suggest that onion peel, a common waste product, could be used as potential resources for functional food development. Onion peel could be processed into a quercetin-rich powder or a pill for the prevention of cancer and other oxidative stress-related diseases.

Quercetin Nanosuspensions Produced by High-Pressure Homogenization

High-pressure homogenization (HPH) was used to increase the water solubility of quercetin crystals, which exhibit antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer properties but poor water solubility and oral bioavailability. The improved water solubility of quercetin by HPH treatment could be attributed to very fine suspensions produced in the nanometric range (~400 nm) and loss of crystallinity caused by mechanical friction and stresses, which were verified by particle size measurements, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) results. Easily water redispersible powders were fabricated by the combination of HPH treatment and spray-drying process when maltodextrin was used as a carrier agent. HPH-treated spray-dried powders exhibited higher antioxidant activities than nontreated samples through increased water dispersity in terms of radical scavenging activity, reducing ability, and oxygen radical absorbance capacity determinations. This study suggests that the combination of HPH treatment with spray-drying would be an excellent processing method for the development of quercetin-based functional food products.

Synergistic Antioxidant Activity of Sweet Potato Extracts in Combination with Tea Polyphenols and Pueraria Flavonoid in Vitro

The antioxidant activity of Sweet Potato Extracts (SPE) can be enhanced by the presence of these other active antioxidants such as Tea Polyphones (TP) and Pueraria Flavonoid (PF). Since many of these natural antioxidants are consumed together in foods, the potential for synergistic interactions is high in the human diet. The aim of this study was to determine what concentrations and combinations of antioxidants among SPE, TP and PF are capable of producing synergistic antioxidant effects, based on potato-based food products. Solutions of the antioxidant activity of SPE, TP and PF, alone and in different combinations were measured using the stable free radical 2, 2-Diphenyl-1-Picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and Ferric Reducing Anti-oxidant Power (FRAP) method. A comparison of the antioxidant activity of the combinations of antioxidants to the arithmetic sum of the antioxidant activity of the individual antioxidants was used to calculate the Synergistic Effects (SEs) between the antioxidants. The results showed that all concentrations of TP and PF combination with SPE (1 and 1.5%) could produce significant SEs (p<0.05) of DPPH and FRAP for the two or three component mixtures. With the concentration of 1% SPE,1×10^-5 g/mL TP and 5×10^-5 g/mL PF in the three-component mixture, the highest SE of DPPH and FRAP was both detected. The results suggested that the antioxidant property of this combination was substantially superior to the sum of the individual antioxidant effects and these interactions can enhance the antioxidant effectiveness of SPE. The results could guide in the formulation and development of functional food products that have high antioxidant potential.

Acceptability of wine produced with an increased content of grape seeds and stems as a functional food

Owing to a globally increased interest in the relationship between nutrition and health, the development of new functional food products is gaining more importance. The aim of this research was to evaluate the quality and acceptability of a wine produced with increased amounts of grape seeds and stems as a functional beverage. Sensory properties of the wines produced were evaluated and the market potential of this product was estimated through a survey carried out among wine consumers in Novi Sad, Serbia. It was shown that addition of enhanced amounts of grape seeds in the pomace had a greater influence on the phenolic composition and antioxidant capacity towards DPPH and hydroxyl radicals than supplementation with stems. Flavan-3-ols and their monomers [(+)-catechin and (−)-epicatechin], as predominant phenolic compounds extracted from grape seeds, showed a high positive correlation with antioxidant activity (r ≥ 0.950). Based on the best relationship between phenolic composition and sensory acceptability, the addition of 80 g seeds per kilogram of pomace has been suggested as the most acceptable quantity. The survey showed the necessity for promoting the health-beneficial effects of catechins through various channels, despite the high percentage of respondents (68%) who were willing to pay up to two times more for this functionally enhanced wine. The major obstacle to the official acceptance of this wine as a functional beverage in Serbia is the insufficiently examined question of the effect of moderate alcohol intake on health. Copyright © 2014 The Institute of Brewing & Distilling

Industry and Consumers Awareness for Effective Management of Functional Animal-based Foods in South Korea

In recent years, manufacturers of animal-based foods with health claims have encountered difficulties in the labeling of their products because of a lack of regulation on defining the functionality of animal-based foods. Therefore, this study was conducted to establish the basic requirements for the development of a definition for functional animal-based foods by investigating consumer and industry awareness. Survey data were collected from 114 industry representatives and 1,100 consumers. The questions of the survey included items on production status and future production plans, functionality labeling, promotion plans, establishment of definition, the role of the government, consumer perception, and selection of products. The results show that both industry representatives and consumers believe that legislation and the provision of scientific evidence should be improved for the development of a functional animal-based foods market. The results obtained from this study will contribute to consumer trust by supplying correct information and can be utilized in the industry as basic data for the development of functional animal-based food products.

Обогащенные белковые продукты морского происхождения - новые компоненты рационов питания для людей с физической нагрузкой

The possibility of the use of the native and enzyme modified shrimp biomass (Pandalus borealis) for the development of functional foods that compensate for the lack of protein in people engaged in various sports (cyclic, speed-strength, competitive, complex coordination, technically complex, and combat sports) is scientifically substantiated and experimentally confirmed. For the first time, the technology is developed for the production of combined high-protein structured food systems (pate) using the native and enzyme modified shrimp biomass. Organoleptic, physico-chemical, and microbiological indicators of quality of high-protein structured food systems (pate) have been analyzed. In order to prove the biological effect and activity, amino acid and fatty acid comparative compositions of the native and enzyme modified shrimp biomass for the development of functional sport food products have been investigated. For the first time, fatty acid compositions of pate with and without the addition of an ant ioxidant have been examined. The storability of these products has been analyzed. The purpose of the paper is the development of the technology for the production of combined high-protein structured food systems (pate) using the native and enzyme modified shrimp biomass and the comparative analysis of their biological value.

Functional components of grape pomace: their composition, biological properties and potential applications

SummaryThe roles of functional foods on human health have been realised by more and more researchers, food producers and consumers. Functional food ingredients from both plant and animal sources such as dietary fibre, soy protein isolate, whey protein isolate and omega 3 fatty acid have been widely used in functional food product development. Many fruit processing by‐products such as grape, apple and orange peels are rich in bioactive phytochemicals, dietary fibre and unsaturated fatty acids, hence have potential to serve as functional food ingredients. In this review, we summarise recent advancement of research in grape pomace (GP), the residual of grapes after wine making. The polyphenol profile of GP and their biological, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities, the stability of GP polyphenols in food system, the interaction between GP polyphenol and other food ingredients, as well as the functionalities of grape seed oil and GP fibre are covered.