Functional Food Components Research Articles

Structural characteristics and antioxidant activity of a low-molecular-weight jujube polysaccharide by ultrasound assisted metal-free Fenton reaction

This study used an ultrasonically accelerated metal-free Fenton (H2O2-Vc system) reaction to promote water-extracted degrading polysaccharides from Ziziphus Jujuba cv. Muzao (DZMP). A novel jujube polysaccharide (DPZMP3) was obtained by degradation using DEAE-Sepharose Fast Flow and Sephacryl S-100 column chromatography. Methylation analysis, HPGPC, ion chromatography, FT-IR, and NMR spectroscopies were used to clarify the chemical structures of DPZMP3. Monosaccharide compositional analysis of DPZMP3 revealed the presence of Rha, Ara, Gal, and GalA at a molar ratio of 1.00:1.49:1.60:7.68, and the HPGPC data demonstrated the average Mw of 34.3 kDa. Based on the structural and linkage research using NMR spectroscopy and GC–MS, it was determined that DPZMP3 was a homogalacturonan pectic polysaccharide with a (1 → 4)-Galp branch at C-6 and a small amount of Araf and Rhap residues. The ultrasonic-aided Fenton treatment did not significantly alter the structure of DPZMP3. It may also be useful for DZMP and enhancing their antioxidant activity in vitro. The current study's findings could pave the way for the food sector to use jujube polysaccharides obtained by degradation as a functional food component.

Dietary bamboo charcoal powder ameliorates high-fat diet-induced hyperlipidemia by enhancing fecal lipid excretions in Sprague-Dawley rats.

Bamboo charcoal powder (BCP) is increasingly used as a food colorant. This study aims to evaluate the effects of BCP consumption on improving high-fat diet-induced hyperlipidemia. Fifty male SD rats were randomly assigned into five groups, with 10 rats in each group: the control group was fed a low-fat diet (LFD); the model control group was fed a high-fat diet (HFD); the low-BCP dose group was fed a HFD and given 2.81 g of BCP/kg of body weight (BCP-L) by gavage; the medium-BCP dose group was fed a HFD and given 5.62 g of BCP/kg of body weight (BCP-M) by gavage; the high-BCP dose group was fed a HFD and given 11.24 g of BCP/kg of body weight (BCP-H) by gavage. After 90 days, the consumption of BCP caused a decrease in body weight, plasma lipids (triglyceride, cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein (LDL)), liver triglyceride, and cholesterol levels, and liver histopathological scores. BCP caused a significant increase in superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) in liver tissues. BCP also led to an increase in 72-h fecal dry weight and crude fat in a rat metabolic cage. The analysis of fecal samples with liquid chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-Q-TOF-MS) showed that the biomarkers associated with BCP consumption were mainly related to fatty and amino acid metabolism. Notably, BCP treatment significantly promoted linoleic acid metabolism. These results suggest that BCP may have a preventive effect against diet-induced hyperlipidemia through the promotion of fecal fat excretion. BCP may potentially be used as an alternative functional food component for people with diet-induced hyperlipidemia.

Use of Neopyropia yezoensis in enriching vegan kefir from oat milk

Neopyropia yezoensis algae, which is a rich source of antioxidants and nutrients, has a potential to be a functional food component. In this research, the possibilities of using N. yezoensis algae to enrich vegan kefir were investigated. For this aim, protein, fat, ash, color, brix, antioxidant capacity, total phenolic content and sensory analysis were performed on kefir samples. Additionally, pH, titratable acidity, viscosity, syneresis and microbiological analysis were carried out during the storage period. As the algae concentration increased, dry matter, titratable acidity, fat, ash, total phenolic content, viscosity, antioxidant activity, a* and b* values of kefir samples increased, while pH and L* value decreased statistically significantly (p<0.05). A decrease was also found in syneresis values (p<0.05). According to the results of sensory analysis, up to 1% algae can be added without causing unacceptable product in terms of sensory properties. Having positive effects on the antioxidant and nutritional properties of kefir, N. yezoensis powder could be a potential healthy ingredient for various functional foods developed for special groups.

Antioxidant Effect of Naringin Demonstrated Through a Bayes' Theorem Driven Multidisciplinary Approach Reveals its Prophylactic Potential as a Dietary Supplement for Ischemic Stroke.

Naringin (NAR), a flavanone glycoside, occurs widely in citrus fruits, vegetables, and alcoholic beverages. Despite evidence of the neuroprotective effects of NAR on animal models of ischemic stroke, brain cell-type-specific data about the antioxidant efficacy of NAR and possible protein targets of such beneficial effects are limited. Here, we demonstrate the brain cell type-specific prophylactic role of NAR, an FDA-listed food additive, in an in vitro oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) model of cerebral ischemia using MTT and DCFDA assays. Using Bayes' theorem-based predictive model, we first ranked the top-10 protein targets (ALDH2, ACAT1, CTSB, FASN, LDHA, PTGS1, CTSD, LGALS1, TARDBP, and CDK1) from a curated list of 289 NAR-interacting proteins in neurons that might be mediating its antioxidant effect in the OGD model. When preincubated with NAR for 2days, N2a and CTX-TNA2 cells could withstand up to 8h of OGD without a noticeable decrease in cell viability. This cerebroprotective effect is partly mediated by reducing intracellular ROS production in the above two brain cell types. The antioxidant effect of NAR was comparable with the equimolar (50µM) concentration of clinically used ROS-scavenger and neuroprotective edaravone. Molecular docking of NAR with the top-10 protein targets from Bayes' analysis showed the lowest binding energy for CDK1 (- 8.8kcal/M). Molecular dynamics simulation analysis showed that NAR acts by inhibiting CDK1 by stably occupying its ATP-binding cavity. Considering diet has been listed as a risk factor for stroke, NAR may be explored as a component of functional food for stroke or related neurological disorders.

Inhibition mechanism of buckwheat hulls polyphenols on α-amylase and α-glucosidase using kinetics, spectroscopics and molecular docking approaches

The work investigated the activity inhibition of phenolic compounds in buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) hulls (BH) on α-amylase and α-glucosidase, and clarified their possible mechanisms based on kinetics, spectroscopics and molecular docking analysis. The total polyphenols (BHP) from BH using an ultrasound-assisted alcohol extraction method was 210.50 mg GAE/g DW. The study identified a total of 33 polyphenolic compounds in the extracts of BH using UPLC-Q-Exactive Orbitrap/MS, revealing that sixteen of these were novel polyphenolic substances not previously documented in this plant. BHP demonstrated significant inhibitory effects on both α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzymes, with IC50 values recorded at 27.16 μg/mL and 7.00 μg/mL, respectively, suggesting noncompetitive and mixed-type inhibition mechanisms. The fluorescence intensity of the enzymes was effectively quenched by BHP through a combination of dynamic and static quenching mechanisms, driven predominantly by hydrophobic interactions. BHP's interaction with the enzymes resulted in conformational changes that reduced their enzymatic activities. Molecular docking further revealed that six polyphenolic components of BHP had a strong affinity for binding with the active sites nestled in the enzymes' hydrophobic cavities, inhibiting their activity and potentially contributing to a reduction in blood glucose levels. The results could provide perspective for using BHP in the functional components of sugar-controlling foods.

Toward improved human health: Ferroptosis‐related “Hyperfoods” as the nutritional supplement in COVID‐19

AbstractThe outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) stimulates a body of studies for better investigating the essential mechanisms and clinical characteristics of this disease. Notwithstanding, the underlying mechanisms of multiple organ failure (MOF) remain unclear. Understanding the mechanism of COVID‐19‐stimulated programmed cell death (RCD) may contribute to better strategies for these patients. Based on the exploration of COVID‐19‐related basic science reports and clinical research, we speculate that ferroptosis, a recently identified RCD, might be a substantial stimulator for MOF in COVID‐19, and it may act as a novel treatment target. However, the published investigations to determine how ferroptosis works in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection are still lacking. This review reveals new crucial missing links in our prevailing understanding of the mechanisms that ferroptosis‐triggered MOF in COVID‐19 patients. We also specifically summarize several literatures evidence about the functional food components as the nutritional supplement for COVID‐19 by its characteristics of ferroptosis inhibition. We hope this hypothesis may launch a new wave of studies to unveil the relationship between ferroptosis and COVID‐19 and explore more ferroptosis‐related functional food components in daily life for preventing the COVID‐19 and/or to improve the outcome during therapy.

Structural identification and immunostimulatory effect of Bacillus velezensis GV1 polysaccharides via TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway in RAW264.7 macrophages

Microbial polysaccharides derived from bacterial sources possess unique properties because of their structural complexity contributing to exceptional characteristics, including potent immunostimulatory effects. In this study, we extracted crude polysaccharide from Bacillus velezensis GV1 (BPS) which was isolated from Korean ginseng vinegar, and subsequently characterized for sugar composition and functional groups using FT-IR and methylation method. Structural analysis indicated that BPS was composed of mannan and glucan in a ratio of 7.5:2.5. The immunostimulatory effect of BPS was investigated in RAW264.7 macrophages. The results revealed that BPS significantly increased NO production, as well as the secretion and expression of key cytokines, such as IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-1β. These effects were confirmed using a TLR4 antagonist (TAK-242). Moreover, BPS exhibited immunostimulatory potential by promoting the NF-κB signaling pathway. In conclusion, this study establishes a foundation for the potential application of BPS as an immunostimulatory adjuvant or alternative component in functional foods, particularly for enhancing innate immune responses.

Capsaicin‐mediated repair of circadian disruption‐induced Intestinal barrier damage via the gut microbiota

AbstractCircadian clock serves as a regulator of gastrointestinal health, and the disruption of circadian rhythm may trigger the dysregulation of the intestinal barrier functions. This study investigated the effectiveness of capsaicin (CAP) in mitigating intestinal barrier dysfunction induced by circadian disruption in male SPF C57BL/6J mice. Our findings indicated that CAP supplementation attenuated abnormal weight gain, alterations in serum lipid levels, and misalignment in hepatic and colonic circadian clock gene expressions in mice caused by constant darkness (CD) treatment. The restoration of the intestinal barrier integrity was also observed through the increase in mucosal thickness and goblet cell numbers. Both the diversity and the circadian rhythm of gut microbiota were improved in CAP‐treated group. Correlation analysis indicated that CAP could modulate the gut microbiota by affecting intestinal barrier function and systemic metabolism in CD‐treated mice. These results highlight the potential of CAP as a functional food component in maintaining the intestinal barrier homeostasis through regulating gut microbiota.

Soy lysolecithin prevents hypertension and cognitive impairment induced in mice by high salt intake by inhibiting intestinal inflammation

High salt (HS) intake induces hypertension and cognitive impairment. Preventive strategies include against dietary supplements. Soybean lecithin is a widely used phospholipid supplement. Lysolecithin is important in cell signaling, digestion, and absorption. This study aimed to investigate the effects of lysophosphatidylcholine containing >70% of the total phospholipids (LPC70), on hypertension and cognitive impairment induced in mice by HS intake. Mice were provided with HS solution (2% NaCl in drinking water) with or without LPC70 for 12 weeks. Blood pressure, cognitive function, and inflammatory response of intestine were determined. Hypertension and impaired object recognition memory induced by HS intake were implicated with increased inducible nitric oxide synthase in the small intestine and tau hyperphosphorylation in the prefrontal cortex. LPC70 treatment prevented cognitive impairment by suppressing inducible nitric oxide synthase and tau hyperphosphorylation. LPC70 may be valuable as a functional food component in preventing HS-induced cognitive impairment.

Physicochemical properties and in vitro release of formononetin nano-particles by ultrasonic probe-assisted precipitation in four polar organic solvents

Although formononetin has a considerable biological activity, its therapeutic use is limited by its low solubility. Formononetin was dissolved in ethanol, methanol, N, N-dimethylformamide (DMF), and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) in this investigation, the antisolvent precipitation procedure with the assistance of an external ultrasonic probe was used to manufacture the formononetin nano-particles. The ideal parameters for response surface BBD optimization are as follows: feed volume flow rate of 6 mL/min; ultrasonic power of 860 W; and liquid-liquid ratio of 1:12.5. The formononetin nano-particles have a smaller particle diameter than raw sample; the lowest size can be as small as (329 ± 1.99) nm, which is 45 times smaller than raw. An in vitro digestion test using a solution that simulated intestinal solution revealed that the release rate of the nano-particle was 1.75 times than that of the raw formononetin. The formononetin nano-particles generated by the aforementioned four solvents have the following order of diameter: ethanol > methanol > DMF > DMSO. This study provided a technical reference for the functional food components in deep processing.

Fucoxanthin Inhibits the Proliferation and Metastasis of Human Pharyngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma by Regulating the PI3K/Akt/mTOR Signaling Pathway.

Human pharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (HPSCC) is the most common malignancy in the head and neck region, characterized by high mortality and a propensity for metastasis. Fucoxanthin, a carotenoid isolated from brown algae, exhibits pharmacological properties associated with the suppression of tumor proliferation and metastasis. Nevertheless, its potential to inhibit HPSCC proliferation and metastasis has not been fully elucidated. This study represents the first exploration of the inhibitory effects of fucoxanthin on two human pharyngeal squamous carcinoma cell lines (FaDu and Detroit 562), as well as the mechanisms underlying those effects. The results showed dose-dependent decreases in the proliferation, migration, and invasion of HPSCC cells after fucoxanthin treatment. Further studies indicated that fucoxanthin caused a significant reduction in the expression levels of proteins in the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (AKT)/mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway, as well as the downstream proteins matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and MMP-9. Specific activators of PI3K/AKT reversed the effects of fucoxanthin on these proteins, as well as on cell proliferation and metastasis, in FaDu and Detroit 562 cells. Molecular docking assays confirmed that fucoxanthin strongly interacted with PI3K, AKT, mTOR, MMP-2, and MMP-9. Overall, fucoxanthin, a functional food component, is a potential therapeutic agent for HPSCC.

Improvement of intestinal microbial structure in patients with cerebral infarction through in vitro fermentation of anthocyanins from Lycium ruthenicum Murray

AbstractAnthocyanins in Lycium ruthenicum Murray can be degraded into metabolites by intestinal microorganisms and have a wide range of biological functions. However, there are limited studies on the effect of anthocyanins on the intestinal flora structure in patients with cerebral infarction. To explore the new probiotic effects of ACN, the gut microbiota present in fecal samples obtained from healthy volunteers and patients with acute cerebral infarction underwent in vitro fermentation analysis. The in vitro fermentation product of ACN with L. ruthenicum Murray can significantly increase the diversity of the gut flora in patients with cerebral infarction. It can also promote beneficial bacteria (e.g., Bifidobacterium) in the guts of patients with acute cerebral infarction (e.g. Bifidobacterium, Allisonella, and Prevotell), reduce the growth of potentially harmful bacteria (Dialister, Megamonas, and Clostridium), and increase the levels of SCFAs. This investigation demonstrated the capability of ACN in vitro fermentation to improve the gut microbiota structure in patients with cerebral infarction. This, in turn, furnishes new theoretical underpinnings for its potential development as a functional food component.

Integrated Metabolomics and Metagenomics Unveiled Biomarkers of Antioxidant Potential in Fermented Brewer's Grains.

About one-third of the global food supply is wasted. Brewers' spent grain (BSG), being produced in enormous amounts by the brewery industry, possesses an eminence nutritional profile, yet its recycling is often neglected for multiple reasons. We employed integrated metagenomics and metabolomics techniques to assess the effects of enzyme treatments and Lactobacillus fermentation on the antioxidant capacity of BSG. The biotreated BSG revealed improved antioxidant capability, as evidenced by significantly increased (p < 0.05) radical scavenging activity and flavonoid and polyphenol content. Untargeted metabolomics revealed that Lactobacillus fermentation led to the prominent synthesis (p < 0.05) of 15 novel antioxidant peptides, as well as significantly higher (p < 0.05) enrichment of isoflavonoid and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis pathways. The correlation analysis demonstrated that Lactiplantibacillus plantarum exhibited strong correlation (p < 0.05) with aucubin and carbohydrate-active enzymes, namely, glycoside hydrolases 25, glycosyl transferases 5, and carbohydrate esterases 9. The fermented BSG has potential applications in the food industry as a culture medium, a functional food component for human consumption, and a bioactive feed ingredient for animals.

Structure, physicochemical and adsorption properties of insoluble dietary fiber from Lycium barbarum residue: A potential functional factor

This study was designed to explore the dietary fiber potential of Lycium Barbarum residue, aiming to ascertain its viability as a sustainable dietary fiber source. The study examined the extraction of water-insoluble dietary fiber (LBIDF) from Lycium barbarum residue (LBR) using the enzymatic method. The comparison involved analyzing the monosaccharide composition, microstructure, physicochemical properties, and adsorption properties of LBR and LBIDF. The results indicated that LBIDF possesses the ideal physicochemical properties compared to LBR. Through instrumental analysis, it has been demonstrated that LBIDF possesses a specific structure and functional group of fibers, making it suitable for processing below 300 °C. Furthermore, LBIDF exhibited an optimal functional capacity for cholesterol (41.749 mg/g vs. 31.464 mg/g in LBR), bile acid (30.623 mg/g vs. 19.875 mg/g in LBR), nitrite ion (1159.394 μmol/g vs. 783.261 μmol/g in LBR), glucose (3.552 mmol/g vs. 2.664 mmol/g in LBR), and glucose dialysis retardation index (6.43% vs. 13.52% in LBR). LBIDF can inhibit the digestion of fat and starch in vitro. These findings implied that dietary fiber samples from LBR may offer potential as functional food components.

Изучение некоторых функциональных характеристик ферментативных гидролизатов пищевых белков

Food allergy is a matter of global concern, proteins being a popular allergen worldwide. Enzymatic protein hydrolysates serve as hypoallergenic components in functional foods. This article describes enzymatic hydrolysates of egg and soy proteins as potential antigens, sensitizers, and antioxidants. The research featured soy protein isolate and egg albumin. The protein hydrolysates were obtained in a two-step process with pepsin and trypsin to measure hydrolysis, total antioxidant activity, and residual antigenicity. The sensitizing ability of native proteins and their hydrolysates was studied using a delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) skin test of paw swelling in mice. The egg albumin and soy protein were hydrolyzed by sequentially adding the proteases, i.e., pepsin and trypsin. The degree of protein hydrolysis was calculated against total nitrogen and its contents in non-hydrolyzed raw materials and hydrolysate. It was 82.6% for the egg hydrolysate and 88.3% for the soy hydrolysate, the total antioxidant activity being 114.3 and 91.4 mg/100 mL, respectively. The residual antigenicity of the hydrolysates determined by ELISA in a sandwich version was 1.55×10–4 and 3.30×10–4 RU, respectively. The native egg and soy proteins demonstrated good allergenic properties, and the DTH response index increased fivefold. The hydrolysates reduced the DTH response indices by an average of 3.5 for egg hydrolysate and 2.6 times for soy hydrolysate. The resulting enzymatic hydrolysates of egg albumin and soy protein demonstrated a high degree of hydrolysis and antioxidant activity. They had low residual antigenicity (10–4) and low sensitizing ability. The resulting enzymatic hydrolysates could be used as hypoallergenic components and antioxidants in new functional foods.

Preparation and characterization of hydrophobically-modified sodium alginate derivatives as carriers for fucoxanthin

Micelles are nano-architectured structures capable of encapsulating hydrophobic substances in aqueous solutions, thereby improving their stability, solubility, and bioavailability to control the release of bioactive compounds. In this study, the sodium alginate backbone was modified via a hydrophobic modification scheme where octyl chains were covalently attached to the alginate chains via esterification reactions. Fourier-transformed infrared spectrometry (FTIR), 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) were used to characterize the structure of the sodium alginate derivatives of varying molar mass (ALG-C8). Fluorescence spectroscopy, surface tension measurements, and dynamic light scattering (DLS) were employed to assess the self-assembly performance of ALG-C8. The three methods produced consistent results, indicating that self-assembly decreased with higher molar mass. The self-assembled ALG-C8 micelles were utilized to encapsulate fucoxanthin. The loading capacity (LC) and encapsulation efficiency (EE) were determined using UV–Vis spectrophotometry. The molar mass of ALG-C8 has a key influence on fucoxanthin loading and release behavior. The ALG-C8 molecules with the lowest molar mass produced micelles with the smallest hydration diameter, resulting in the highest LC and EE. Furthermore, the release of fucoxanthin is significantly influenced by the pH and ionic strength of the medium. ALG-C8 micellar-like aggregates exhibit resistance to low pH and high ionic strength environments, releasing encapsulated material at the target site under alkaline conditions. Therefore, synthesized ALG-C8 is a potential candidate for preparing pH-responsive self-assembled micellar-like aggregates, enabling targeted delivery and gradual release of hydrophobic functional food components.

Optimized extraction, enrichment, identification and hypoglycemic effects of triterpenoid acids from Hippophae rhamnoides L pomace

The Hippophae rhamnoides L. pomace was generated in the production process for juice, wine of food industry. To expand the application of pomace, the extraction process optimization, enrichment and identification of triterpene acids were performed in this study. The extraction yield was 14.87% under optimal ultrasound-assisted extraction techniques performed via response surface methodology. The extract was subsequently purified to obtain the triterpenoid acid enrichment fraction (TPF) with the content of 75.23% ± 1.45%. 13 triterpenoid acids were identified via UPLC-Triple-TOF MS/MS and further semi-quantified through comparison with triterpenoid acid standards. TPF exhibited a strong inhibitory effect on α-glucosidase with IC50 value of 5.027 ± 0.375 μg/mL, as determined via enzyme inhibition experiment and molecular docking. Additionally, the TPF significantly reduced postprandial glucose levels, as revealed via carbohydrate tolerance tests, as well as ameliorate serum lipid profiles. Therefore, pomace may be a promising resource of functional food components with therapeutic and commercial values.

Quantum Chemical Computations, Molecular Docking, and ADMET Predictions of Cynarin

Cynarin (1,3-o-dicaffeoylquinic acid) is one of the biologically active functional food components which is the most well-known caffeoylquinic acid derivative found in artichoke. The structural and electronic features of cynarin compound were investigated theoretically using density functional theory (DFT). The highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and the least occupied molecular orbital (LUMO) are the most significant orbitals in molecules, these orbitals are quite helpful to know several molecular features such as the chemical reactivity, kinetic stability, electronegativity, chemical potential, electrophilicity index, chemical hardness and softness and electronegativity. Molecular orbital analysis HOMO-LUMO was used to explore the stability of the molecule. Moreover, physicochemical properties, drug-likeness, and toxicity estimation of the cynarin compound were appraised owing to ADMET (including absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicology). Molecular docking was carried out to examine the biological activity of the cynarin compound. 5A19, a liver cancer biomarker, is human methionine adenosyl-transferase enzymes. Cynarin-methionine adenosyl-transferase enzyme binding energy value was calculated as -7.9 kcal/mol. As a result, this in silico study confirmed that cynarin has the potential to be a drug by revealing its protective effect against liver diseases.

Physicochemical and functional characteristics of a gourd (Cucurbita argyrosperma Huber) seed protein isolate subjected to high-intensity ultrasound

The impact of high-intensity ultrasound (HIU, 20 kHz) on the physicochemical and functional characteristics of gourd seed protein isolate (GoSPI) was studied. GoSPI was prepared from oil-free gourd seed flour through alkaline extraction (pH 11) and subsequent isoelectric precipitation (pH 4). The crude protein concentration of GoSPI ranged from 91.56 ± 0.17 % to 95.43 ± 0.18 %. Aqueous suspensions of GoSPI (1:3.5 w/v) were ultrasonicated at powers of 200, 400, and 600 W for 15 and 30 min. Glutelins (76.18 ± 0.15 %) were the major protein fraction in GoSPI. HIU decreased the moisture, ash, ether extract, and nitrogen-free extract contents and the hue angle, available water and a* and b* color parameters of the GoSPI in some treatments. The L* color parameter increased (7.70 %) after ultrasonication. HIU reduced the bulk density (52.63 %) and particle diameter (39.45 %), as confirmed by scanning electron microscopy, indicating that ultrasonication dissociated macromolecular aggregates in GoSPI. These structural changes enhanced the oil retention capacity and foam stability by up to 62.60 and 6.84 %, respectively, while the increases in the solvability, water retention capacity, and emulsifying activity index of GoSPI were 90.10, 19.80, and 43.34 %, respectively. The gelation, foaming capacity, and stability index of the emulsion showed no improvement due to HIU. HIU altered the secondary structure of GoSPI by decreasing the content of α-helices (49.66 %) and increasing the content of β-sheets (52.00 %) and β-turns (65.00 %). The electrophoretic profile of the GoSPI was not changed by HIU. The ultrasonicated GoSPI had greater functional attributes than those of the control GoSPI and could therefore be used as a functional food component.

Flaxseeds Composition And Phytochemical Screening Methods

Flaxseed, often known as linseed (Linum usitatissimum L.), is derived from the annual flax plant. The human nutrition industry is the primary application for flaxseed, as it is becoming recognized as a significant functional food component because to the active ingredient content, which is shown to have health advantages. Flaxseed can be consumed in a variety of forms, such as ground, as oil, or combined with baked goods. Flaxseed consumption is supported by scientific evidence due to its high content of omega-3 and omega-6 rich oil, lignans, α-linolenic acid, high-quality proteins, and fibers. These compounds are biologically active and can prevent various chronic diseases like diabetes, cardiovascular disease, cerebrovascular stroke, and many types of cancer. Additionally, benefits from flaxseed diet have been demonstrated in the field of animal nutrition, and as a result in healthier food from animal origin. In fact, the fatty acid profile of the meat and fat is directly affected by the source of fat in diet in swine and poultry, feeding omega-3 enriched diets by the addition of flaxseed would increase the omega-3 content in eggs and meat and thus enrich the products.