Functional Finishing Research Articles

Eco-Friendly Dyeing and Functional Finishing of PET Fabric at Mild Conditions

Eco-Friendly Dyeing and Functional Finishing of PET Fabric at Mild Conditions

Dyeing and Performance Testing of Chitosan-Modified Cotton Fabrics with Tea Polyphenols

Abstract Tea polyphenols are one of the primary components of tea leaves and possess various beneficial effects, including radiation resistance, detoxification, antioxidation, antibacterial properties, anti-aging effects, digestive support, anti-cancer properties, and immune system enhancement. This study focuses on utilizing tea polyphenols for the functional finishing of chitosan-modified cotton fabrics, with the aim of developing an environmentally friendly and efficient green functional finishing process. The analysis reveals that the optimal dyeing parameters for cotton fabrics modified with chitosan and using a mass fraction concentration of 3% tea polyphenols are as follows: a pH value of 7, temperature of 50°C, dyeing time of 60 minutes, and a tea polyphenol o.w.f concentration exceeding 6%. Under these processing conditions, the chitosan-modified cotton fabrics demonstrate excellent colorfastness to sunlight, water, and friction, all exceeding grade 4. Furthermore, they exhibit good antibacterial properties, UV protection, and odor resistance, making them highly practical.

Biofunctional Textiles: Antioxidant and Antibacterial Finishings of Cotton with Propolis and Honey.

The growing activity in the textile industry has been demanding the search for new and innovative technologies to meet consumers' needs regarding more sustainable and ecological processes, with functionality receiving more attention. Bee products are known for their wide spectra of properties, including antioxidant and antibacterial activities. Propolis and honey are the most popular and used since ancient times for the most diverse applications due to their health benefits. With the increasing need for safer and more sustainable practices, the use of natural products for the functional finishing process can be a suitable alternative due to their safety and eco-friendly nature. For that, a biosolution, composed of a mixture of propolis and honey in water, was used to perform the functional finishing of cotton knits, both in the presence and in the absence of potassium alum as a chemical mordant. The fastness strength was also evaluated after three washing cycles. The antioxidant potential of the biosolution, assessed with the in vitro ABTS scavenging assay, provided textiles with the capacity to reduce more than 90% of the ABTS radical, regardless of the mordant presence and even after three washing cycles. Furthermore, biofunctional textiles decreased the growth of Bacillus subtilis, Propionibacterium acnes, Escherichia coli, and, particularly, Staphylococcus aureus cultures after 24 h of incubation with an increase in antibacterial activity when potassium alum was used. These findings show that bee products are promising and effective alternatives to be used in the textile industry to confer antioxidant and antibacterial properties to cotton textiles, thereby enhancing human health.

Antibacterial finishing of compression fabrics based on Ti3C2Tx-APTES material

Patients with hyperplastic scarring need to wear compression garments for long periods of time during treatment with compression therapy. Compression garment fabrics (CGFs) are prone to bacterial growth during use, leading to patient infections. It is essential to apply antibacterial functional finishing to the CGFs. In this study, antibacterial CGFs based on Ti3C2Tx and amino-functionalized silane coupling agent (3-aminopropyl) triethoxysilane composite material (APTES) were prepared by dip-coating method. The binding mechanism between the Ti3C2Tx-APTES and the CGF was explored, and the antibacterial rate, wash fastness, and wearability of the antibacterial fabric were investigated. The addition of APTES resulted in the formation of covalent bonds between the CGF and the antibacterial agent. The unwashed CGF exhibited antibacterial rates of 99.9% against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus, AATCC 25922) and 99.76% against Escherichia coli (E. coli, AATCC 6538), respectively. The wash fastness of antibacterial CGF met industry standard AA level, and the wearability of the treated fabric could basically satisfy daily wear requirements. The Ti3C2TX-APTES antimicrobial CGF prepared in this study provides an effective solution for the development of antimicrobial fabrics for sports and medical applications.

Eco friendly functional finishes of polyester fabric using keratin from wool and feather wastes

This research showcases the use of hydrothermally extracted solutions from poultry feathers and wool as eco-friendly and versatile textile finishes. These solutions, derived from waste biomass containing the keratin biopolymer, were obtained through environmentally conscious hydrothermal degradation processes. Initially, the study focused on analysing the chemical parameters and properties of both dialysed and non-dialysed solutions extracted from feathers and wool. The investigation tracked primarily the presence of keratin within these solutions. Upon application to polyester textiles as the reference material, the presence of these solutions on the fabric surface was confirmed successfully. A thorough physicochemical analysis of the treated textiles involved various analytical techniques. These encompassed surface composition analysis via X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) and Attenuated Total Reflectance Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), assessment of wettability through Contact Angle measurements, determination of surface charge using surface zeta potential, and examination of the thermal and flame-retardant properties via Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), and calorimetric tests. In addition, the colour, UV radiation transmission and antioxidant activity were evaluated using standard tests.The remarkable effects of the treatment have been observed in the exceptional antioxidative action, fire resistance, UV protection and enhanced hydrophilicity of these innovative multifunctional textiles. This approach holds significant implications across research, economics and society, enriching Material Science by deepening the understanding of materials and their multifaceted properties. Moreover, it promotes resource efficiency, opens new sustainable textile market prospects, and contributes to social impact by supporting environmental sustainability, engaging communities and ensuring health and safety benefits.

Eco-Dyeing and Functional Finishing of Cotton Fabric Using a Natural Colour Derived From Lotus Seed: Enhanced Fastness Properties with Chitosan

Medicinal plant-based dyeing introduces vibrant colours alongside antibacterial and anti-odor properties, fostering sustainability. Innovations include mass sampling for consistent pigment production. Furthermore, lotus seedpods, rich in bioactive compounds, exhibit potential in diverse fields. Chitosan, a biopolymer derived from chitin, boasts versatility in drug delivery systems, wound healing, and antimicrobial applications. This experimental inquiry delves into the dyeability and antimicrobial efficacy of cotton fabric subjected to treatment with chitosan and dyed using Lotus seeds. The investigation encompasses varied parameters such as dye concentration, duration, and temperature for fabric dyeing. The study elucidates the aqueous extraction methodology for dye from Lotus seeds, the chitosan-based mordanting techniques. Standardized assessments are utilized to gauge colour fastness characteristics, encompassing washing, rubbing, and perspiration fastness, along with assessing the antimicrobial attributes of the treated cotton fabric. The study indicates that the application of chitosan-treated cotton fabric enhances dye intensity and overall dyeing quality, consequently improving the colour fastness property of washing, rubbing, and perspiration. Additionally, the treated cotton fabric exhibits significant antimicrobial activity against common bacteria, highlighting the potential of Lotus seed-derived colourants and chitosan mordant in the development of sustainable and antimicrobial textiles. The future scope lies in optimizing the integration of Lotus seed-derived colourants and chitosan mordant for enhanced sustainability and antimicrobial efficacy in textile applications, leveraging advancements in dyeing technology and antimicrobial formulation techniques.

Miniaturization of Palladium and Gold in Nanosize to Hold Immense Potentiality for Application in Wool Functional Finishing

Miniaturization of Palladium and Gold in Nanosize to Hold Immense Potentiality for Application in Wool Functional Finishing

Construction of efficient and environmentally friendly bio-based flame retardant cotton fabric through layer by layer self-assembly of alkylammonium functional silsesquioxane/phosphorylated sodium alginate

As an important source of green cleaning flame retardants, bio-based materials have been widely studied by researchers. However, the development of efficient biobased flame retardants and convenient finishing methods was of great significance for the functional finishing of materials. Herein, a convenient and efficient flame retardant cotton fabric was prepared via layer by layer self-assembly (LbL) by alternating precipitation of a novel bio-based flame retardant phosphorylated sodium alginate (PSA) and alkylammonium functionalized siloxane (A-POSS). The effect of coating number on flame retardancy and thermal properties of coated cotton fabric was systematically studied. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) results showed that residual char contents of AP/PS-15BL under air and N2 atmospheres increased by 252.0% and 225.2%, respectively, compared with control cotton. In vertical flammability tests, both the AP/PS-10BL and AP/PS-15BL showed self-extinguishing behavior and successfully passed the UL-94 V-0 rating. More importantly, the LOI value of AP/PS-15BL was significantly increased to 35.0% from 20.0% of pure cotton fabric. Additionally, coated samples showed good mechanical properties and washable resistance. In CONE test, the peak heat release rate (PHRR) and total heat release rate (THR) of AP/PS-15BL decreased by 89.3% and 49.3% respectively, compared with control cotton. Therefore, this green and convenient flame-retardant finishing method has great application potential in the multi-functional finishing of cotton fabrics.

Eco-Friendly Antimicrobial and UV Protection Functional Finishing of Cotton and Bamboo Fabric using Tulsi (Ocimum sanctum)

Eco-Friendly Antimicrobial and UV Protection Functional Finishing of Cotton and Bamboo Fabric using Tulsi (Ocimum sanctum)

Agricultural waste Ipomoea batatas leaves for low-temperature dyeing and functional finishing of polyester fabrics

The increasing focus on eco-friendly textiles and cleaner production manufacturing techniques have made natural pigments for coloring and enhancing the functionality of textiles become a popular trend. This research aimed to extract plant pigment from bio-waste Ipomoea batatas leaves and utilize it for dyeing and functional decoration of polyester fabric at low temperature. The study optimized the parameters for pigment extraction and fabric dyeing and also investigated the stability of the pigment solution. The finding indicated that strong acids and bases, intense light, high temperatures, and oxidants have a greater impact on pigment stability. Observation and analysis using SEM, bio-optical microscope, FTIR, and UV–vis–NIR absorption spectroscopy revealed that chlorophyll pigment entered into the interior of polyester molecular chains through hydrophobic end intercalation and was retained by the physical forces, enabling low-temperature coloring and functional finishing of polyester fabrics. As a result, the polyester fabrics dyed with natural pigment exhibited excellent resistance to rubbing, washing, saliva, and perspiration (rated at level 4 or higher), except for the average light fastness (only grade 4). Additionally, the dyed polyester fabrics demonstrated outstanding UV resistance (UPF of 33.57 for raw polyester and 120.77 for pre-mordant dyed polyester) and antibacterial properties (raw polyester agar plates showed bacterial growth, while the colored polyester agar plates had almost no bacterial growth). Even after 10 wash cycles, the dyed polyester fabrics maintained their UV protection and antibacterial properties. This research is expected to provide a new approach to the valuable utilization of agricultural residues in the textile industry.

Multipurpose pigment printing and functional finishing of cellulosic fabrics

AbstractFunctional fabrics that are economical and environmentally friendly are desired for many applications. Here in, individual inclusion of different additives, such as softeners, polyurethane, polyethylene glycol (PEG‐600) and benzophenone in suitable pigment printing formulation were applied to various cellulose containing fabrics, using flat screen and microwave curing methods. The imparted multifunctional and performance finishes to cellulosic fabrics namely ultraviolet (UV) protection, antibacterial, anti‐crease, and softening were evaluated. The developed functional properties and the depth of the pigment prints produced are governed by the nature of the substrate, concentration/location/distribution in addition to fixation of the added active compounds and pigment colourants. The surface alteration, morphological modifications, and immobilisation of the certain active components onto the printed substrates have been confirmed by scanning electron microscopy and energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy analysis for selected samples.

Sustainable Dyeing and Functional Finishing of Cotton Fabric by Rosa canina Extracts

This paper presents a comprehensive study on a novel ultrasound-assisted extraction process for Rosa canina, utilizing both dry and fresh fruits, and explores the potential application of Rosa canina extraction as a natural dye and functional agent for cotton fabrics. The ultrasound-assisted extraction employed different solvents, including distilled water, methanol, and a water/methanol mixture (50/50% v/v), conducted at 60 °C for 60 min. The extracted compounds were characterized through ultraviolet–visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy and high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet spectroscopy (HPLC-UV) analysis to assess the chemical composition. Textile applications were then performed using bio-mordant chitosan in a pre-mordanting process, and the treated cotton fabrics underwent analysis for surface chemistry and chemical composition using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Untreated and treated fabrics, both with and without mordant, were evaluated for their UV protection and antibacterial properties. Color measurements and dyeability properties of the extractions were also assessed. Furthermore, waste solutions from textile applications were analyzed by UV-Vis spectroscopy to investigate the potential transfer of active compounds to the fabrics. Results indicate that Rosa canina, as a plant-based extract, holds significant potential for sustainable dyeing and functional finishing of cotton fabrics.

Evaluation of Phytochemical Screening and Antibacterial Activity of Latana Camara Linn. Extract Used As Antibacterial Finish on Fabrics

The aim of the research was to evaluate the antibacterial activity of a crude extract from Latana camara L. on different types of fabric samples made of cotton, bamboo, and bamboo cotton. Lantana camara L. is a well-known weed and a popular ornamental garden plant that is widely utilized in traditional medicine all over the world. Acetate, ethanol, methanol, and petroleum ether were used as solvents to make the leaves crude extract. Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus were used as test organisms for the crude extract's anti-bacterial activity, which was also used for phytochemical analysis. According to a phytochemical study, Latana camara L. extract contained alkaloids, flavonoids, phenol and tannin. As measured by inhibitory zones ranging from 09mm to 24mm, plant methanol extract demonstrated good antibacterial activity against test organism. Antibacterial activity of fabrics (cotton, bamboo and bamboo cotton) finished with plant extract revealed inhibitory zones excellent ranging from 23mm to 28mm against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. The present findings imply the potential antibacterial activity of the plant. L. camara aids in the relief of inflammatory conditions and to be developed into standardized, safe, and affordable biomedical products and use as functional finish for home textiles.

Erratum: Coloration and Functional Finishing of Wool via Prangos ferulacea Plant Colorants and Bioactive Agents: Colorimetric, Fastness, Antibacterial, and Antioxidant Studies

Erratum: Coloration and Functional Finishing of Wool via Prangos ferulacea Plant Colorants and Bioactive Agents: Colorimetric, Fastness, Antibacterial, and Antioxidant Studies

A waste textiles-based multilayer composite fabric with superior electromagnetic shielding, infrared stealth and flame retardance for military applications

The challenge of developing multifunctional military tent fabrics with low-cost, stable electromagnetic shielding and infrared stealth in complicated environments is enormous. Herein, a novel aluminium-flammability carbonized waste cotton-carbon felt (A-FCWCF) composite fabric consisting of hydrophobic flame-retardant fabric, carbonized waste cotton felt and carbon fiber felt was prepared via a simple yet low-cost stitching process. The resulting composite fabric was extensively investigated for its stability and applicability in a complicated environment. Due to the significant conductivity and impedance mismatches, the A-FCWCF composite fabric displayed exceptional EMI-shielding properties, plus an X-band EMI rating of 82.63 dB. Moreover, the A-FCWCF composite fabric presented excellent infrared stealth performance at room and extremely cold outdoor temperatures, owing to its high porosity and low emissivity. The functional finishing on the A-FCWCF composite fabric also made it stable flame retardate and hydrophobic. Furthermore, the EMI-shielding and infrared stealth performances of A-FCWCF composite fabric were almost unaffected even if subjected to environmental stability, mechanical properties and weather resistance tests, making it a promising candidate for tough natural environments. Overall, this low-cost and simple preparation strategy of multi-layer stitched multifunctional fabric can revolutionize the production of military materials, improving functionality even in the most complex environments.

Green production of simultaneous coloration and functional finishing on hemp textiles through dyeing with Diospyros mollis Griff. extract

Nowadays, there is a rise in the production of eco-friendly, value-added textiles from natural substances. Some plant extracts can simultaneously dye and impart functionalities to textile fibers. The main goal of this study was the development of anti-UV and antibacterial hemp fabrics through dyeing with aqueous extracts obtained from Diospyros mollis Griff. Fruits without using any hazardous chemicals. Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to optimize the dyeing process and evaluate parameter interactions. The optimal pH, dyeing concentration, dyeing temperature, and mordant concentration were 4, 200 %owf, 92°C, and 5.4 %owf, respectively. The dyed fabrics were evaluated for coloration properties (color strength and fastness properties) as well as functional properties (ultraviolet protection factor (UPF) and antibacterial activity).The resulting fabrics appeared black, and displayed satisfactory color strength along with satisfactory color fastness (ratings > 4). The dyed fabrics exhibited good antibacterial activity against both S.aureus and E.coli (bacterial colony reduction > 90%), however it was more pronounced against E.coli. The UPF of the dyed fabrics also achieved the maximum (40+) level, highlighting the excellent UV shielding property. Thus, Diospyros mollis Griff. fruit extract could be a new source of a natural black dye and functionalization agents for UV-protective and antimicrobial textile applications.

Synthesis of Novel Bio-Composite Material for Functional Finishing of Cellulosic Textile Substrate

ABSTRACT Development and useful utilization of materials from agricultural wastes and biomass feedstock for the textile-finishing industry is of great significance to the research community worldwide. In this work, a sustainable and green chitosan and waste onion peel extract (CS-OS) composite material is prepared by the co-precipitation method and applied onto cotton fabrics for the development of antibacterial and radical-scavenging textiles. The composite was loaded onto cotton with and without citric acid as a cross-linker to obtain final textile substrate with durable functions. The composite formation and the coated cotton fabrics were examined using SEM, FT-IR, and TGA techniques. Antioxidant activity of the finished fabrics was evaluated using the DPPH assay, and antibacterial tests were performed using the colony counting method. The results revealed that composite-treated cotton showed good radical-scavenging and antibacterial activities. It was found that citric acid-cross-linked cotton fabrics displayed enhanced antibacterial and antioxidant properties.

Sustainable Dyeing and Finishing of Cotton Fabrics with Layer-by-Layer Technique

Large amounts of water, synthetic dyestuffs and chemicals are used in the wet processes of textile finishing, and at the end of these processes, liquors containing chemical substances create a waste load. For this reason, it is of great importance to develop new wet-finishing processes that use less water, dyestuffs and chemicals. For this purpose, the layer-by-layer deposition method (LbL) was used in this research as an environmentally friendly, sustainable method that can be used in wet-finishing processes to minimize chemical, water and energy consumption. The dyeing and functional finishing of cotton fabrics were carried out in one process by the LbL method. Cotton fabrics were pre-treated with a commercial cationic dye fixation agent and cationic charges were produced on the fabric surfaces. Reactive and direct dyestuff groups were used in the dyeing process of cotton fabrics and fluorocarbon was used in the functional finishing process. Eight and 12 dye/fluorocarbon layered structures were obtained by LbL deposition using a laboratory-type padder. Cotton fabrics were dyed and finished with the same dyes and fluorocarbon via the padding method and both samples were compared. The washing, rubbing and light color fastness properties, color strength and color difference of the dyed samples were tested. Tensile strength, air permeability, SEM graphs, contact angle, water and oil repellency analyses were performed for the treated fabrics.

Silk textile finished with natural dyes and UV resistance agents from agricultural waste Aloe vera rinds

Aloe vera is an agricultural resource widely used in many fields, but it has not been fully exploited as a biological dye in textile substrates. This work explored an approach for using Aloe vera rinds (AVRs) for the simultaneous dyeing and UV-protective functional finishing of silk fabrics. The optimal extraction conditions and the chemical composition of Aloe vera dye (AVD) were investigated. The colour parameters, colour-fastness, and UV-protective properties of silk fabrics dyed with AVD were tested. The results showed that the extracts mainly included polyphenols and flavonoids. The dyed fabrics obtained a colour depth (K/S) of 7.9447 and > 4 grades of colour-fastness to washing and rubbing without using a mordant. The dyed fabrics exhibited a surprising ultraviolet protection factor (UPF) of 2075.76 and remained at 1241.23 after 25 washing cycles, which was much higher than standard recommended. This research provides a method for the value-added management of agricultural waste for natural dyeing and functional finishing of textiles.

A controllable , universal, and natural supramolecular assembly coating strategy for multifunctionality textiles of antibacterial properties, UV resistance, antioxidant, and secondary reactivity

The development of multifunctional, stable, and secondarily reactive surface coatings is highly desirable, regardless of the surface structure and chemistry of the textile. However, it has remained a great challenge until now. Commonly used strategies for textile surface functionalization are limited to certain types of fibers or weak and unreliable surface bonds, as well as colored surfaces. Herein, a supramolecular assembly strategy involving phase-transited lysozyme (PTL) and tannic acid (TA) is proposed, which can be used to functionalize various textiles through simple padding and drying. This coating has been shown to withstand 50 washing cycles and 100 rubbing cycles. The PTL/TA coating not only effectively improves the antibacterial properties of textiles (with a 99% bacteriostatic rate), but also enhances UV resistance and antioxidant properties. Additionally, the PTL/TA coating can serve as a secondary reaction platform to prepare X-PTL/TA@fabrics with various functionalities. For instance, sol-gel functional finishing can be employed to achieve hydrophobic modification of fabrics. Furthermore, electroless deposition of Cu on the coating surface can impart infrared stealth and electromagnetic shielding properties to the fabric. PTL/TA coatings exhibit promising practical application prospects as a bridge between various textiles and multifunctionality.