Functional Anthropometry Research Articles

Body–Product Relationship for Aging Women Examined Through the Lens of Functional Anthropometry

The purpose of this research was to understand how measurements of the aging body change in the seated and standing positions. An integrated approach was taken to select the appropriate 3D scanning technology, develop a landmarking method, and position the body to analyze the waist–hip–thigh region. Each part of the method was developed to enable an in-depth analysis of circumference measurements and shape change, including the expansion and contraction of body shape across different postures. New 3D scanning methods to quantify diverse bodies can improve product fit and create inclusive, quality design for all.

АНТРОПОМЕТРИЧЕСКИЕ ОСОБЕННОСТИ И КОМПОНЕНТНЫЙ СОСТАВ МАССЫ ТЕЛА У МУЖЧИН МИГРАНТОВ КРАЙНЕГО СЕВЕРА С АРТЕРИАЛЬНОЙ ГИПЕРТОНИЕЙ

The study of anthropometric characteristics and component composition of body mass in hypertensive men migrants Far North. Materials and methods. The study involved 155 men aged 30-79 years. A study group comprised 66 patients with hypertension, previously living in the Far North and moved later to a permanent place of residence in Central Siberia. The examination included clinical, instrumental, functional and laboratory research methods and anthropometry followed somatotipirovaniya. Results. It was revealed that more than half (57.6%) surveyed men of the Far North of migrants with hypertension had a muscular type of constitution, whereas the men of Krasnoyarsk with hypertension, the most common (62.0%) are representatives of the abdominal type of constitution. Among men without hypertension Krasnoyarsk bit more often at tendencies, met representatives of the muscular type of constitution (33.3%). In men, migrants Far North with hypertension 3 degrees, compared with men who have moderate and mild degree of hypertension, indicators of fat and bone components were higher and had a statistically significant difference. Conclusion. This study has allowed to identify and quantify the distribution of men Far North migrants constitutional types. It is shown that the most commonly hypertension among men surveyed migrants Far North was observed in patients with muscular somatotype. Body mass index and fat body mass were higher in men migrants Far North with grade 3 hypertension.

THE PREVALENCE OF OVERWEIGHT AMONG FEMALE HEALTH WORKERS MAJOR HOSPITAL OF THE CITY OF KRASNOYARSK

The purpose of the study. The study of the prevalence of overweight and obesity in women’s health care providers a large hospital in Krasnoyarsk. Materials and methods. The study involved 979 women medical workers aged 20 to 77 years. The examination included clinical, instrumental, functional and laboratory research methods and anthropometry followed somatotipirovaniya. Results. According to the study, the prevalence of overweight among women health workers is high and amounts to 49.6%. Individuals with hypertension, the rate is significantly higher and amounted to 72.1%. Optimal blood pressure is more common in women of normal weight, while, moderate, severe degree of hypertension was more frequent in the examined women with obesity. Mean SBP and DBP were higher in women health care workers who are overweight and obese. Women doctors surgeons and anesthetists BMI higher than that of physicians. Conclusion. The results of this study allow us to make conclusions about the high prevalence of overweight in women health workers.

Comparative Analyses of Functional Reaches of Older Mexican American Adults

Older Mexican American adults have greater difficulty in performing activities of daily living (ADL) compared to other older adult groups. Differences in functional upper extremity anthropometry measures may help explain higher incidences of ADL difficulties among older Mexican American adults. Hence, as a first step, the objectives of this study were to compare baseline limiting outer fingertip and grip reaches of older Mexican Americans with published and available functional anthropometry data from other older adult groups. Older Mexican American females and males, aged 60–85+, recruited from Senior Centers in the City of El Paso, participated in the study. Stature, vertical fingertip and grip reaches, and horizontal fingertip and grip reaches, among other dimensions, were measured. Summary statistics, percentiles, and correlations between dimensions were generated for elderly Mexican American females and males. For overall comparison of Mexican American older adult anthropometry with other older adult groups, data available from several other studies in the Older Adult Data compendium was used. Overall comparisons of weighted means of available reach dimensions between older Mexican Americans and other older adult groups showed significant differences in most functional reach dimensions. Older Mexican American adults were found to have significantly different functional anthropometry than other groups.

Test-Retest Reliability of Functional Anthropometry and OARS Survey among Older Mexican American Adults

The aim of this study is to assess test-retest reliability of functional anthropometry measures and the Older American Resources and Services (OARS) survey among older Mexican American adults. A healthy sample of 30 Older Mexican American adults was selected from senior recreation centers. For functional anthropometry 20 variables were measured in the participants, and the participants were also asked to fill the OARS survey. All the participants responded to both the test again after two weeks and helped to assess the test-retest reliability of functional anthropometry measures and the OARS Survey. Pearson correlation analysis of the results indicates that the results of the anthropometric test and the OARS survey for the first administration and second administration were significantly positively correlated.

Functional Anthropometry and Ranges of Motion of Older Mexican American Adults

Among all older adult groups in the US, older Mexican American adults report the most functional limitation in activities of daily living. Upper extremity functional reaches and range of motion measures in older Mexican American adults may help explain their functional limitations and task performance in activities of daily living. However, there is little information on functional reaches and ranges of motion of older Mexican American adults, and how age and gender may influence their reach capability. Therefore, the objectives of this paper are to determine the effects of age and gender of older Mexican American adults on functional reaches and range of motion measures. Stature and 20 functional reaches and ranges of motion were measured in 250 (125 females and 125 males) older Mexican American adults recruited randomly from 3500 older Mexican American adults in a retired senior volunteers program. Regression analyses indicate that age and gender have significant cross-sectional effects on several important functional reaches and ranges of motion in older Mexican American adults. Insights on product design and living space considerations for older adults based on age-related functional performance changes are discussed.

Functional Anthropometry and Ranges of Motion of Older Mexican American Adults

Among all older adult groups in the US, older Mexican American adults report the most functional limitation in activities of daily living. Upper extremity functional reaches and range of motion measures in older Mexican American adults may help explain their functional limitations and task performance in activities of daily living. However, there is little information on functional reaches and ranges of motion of older Mexican American adults, and how age and gender may influence their reach capability. Therefore, the objectives of this paper are to determine the effects of age and gender of older Mexican American adults on functional reaches and range of motion measures. Stature and 20 functional reaches and ranges of motion were measured in 250 (125 females and 125 males) older Mexican American adults recruited randomly from 3500 older Mexican American adults in a retired senior volunteers program. Regression analyses indicate that age and gender have significant cross-sectional effects on several important functional reaches and ranges of motion in older Mexican American adults. Insights on product design and living space considerations for older adults based on age-related functional performance changes are discussed.

Effect of age on functional anthropometry of older Mexican American adults: a cross-sectional study

Overall goal of the research reported in this paper was to determine if, and to what extent, age affects functional anthropometry of older Mexican American adults. Primary objectives were: (1) to determine if age affects limiting functional outer fingertip and grip reaches, for women and men separately; and (2) to determine, through a cross-sectional comparison, if functional anthropometric measures of older Mexican American females and males are different from a younger group of Mexican American females and males. Determining through factor analysis, a smaller number of explanatory factors from 15 different observed functional anthropometric measures observed was a secondary objective. Older Mexican American women and men, aged 60–85, recruited from Senior Centers in El Paso, and young Mexican American adults, aged 20–29, recruited for the study from the student body at the University of Texas at El Paso, were participants in the study. Stature, several vertical fingertip and grip reaches, and several horizontal fingertip and grip reaches, among other dimensions, were measured. Linear regression models were fit for older women and men separately, with age as the independent variable and functional anthropometric dimensions as dependent variables. Two-sample t-tests were conducted to analyze cross-sectional differences between the older and young Mexican American females, and older and young Mexican American males. Regression analysis results show a significant linear relationship between age and sitting height for females ( p<0.05), and stature ( p<0.05) and sitting height ( p<0.05) for males. Cross-sectional two-sample t-tests show statistically that older Mexican American female stature, vertical fingertip reach, vertical reach angle, sitting height, horizontal fingertip reaches at 0° and 90°, horizontal lateral fingertip reach, horizontal reach angle, horizontal grip reaches (lateral, and at 0° and 90°), mean grip diameter, and finger angle, are significantly different from Mexican American young females. Stature, vertical fingertip and grip reaches, vertical reach angle, sitting height and horizontal reach angle are significantly different between older and young Mexican American males. None of the horizontal reaches were significantly different for males. Overall, functional reach differences in Mexican American women were found to be more pronounced than functional reach differences in Mexican American men. Relevance to industry Functional anthropometry affects functional performance of older persons, both in work settings, and in activities of daily living. Engineering designers, particularly, product designers and engineers in the housing industry, need to consider functional anthropometry of older persons when designing daily living environments and products of daily use for older users.

Computer aided design of the sitting workplace

This paper demonstrates the use of personal micro-computers to individualize the design of the sitting workplace. Engineering static and functional anthropometry as well as ergonomic design principles are implemented. Computer outputs and a case study are presented.

Functional Anthropometry in Automotive Design

This paper describes the philosophy and development of several functional anthropometric tools currently used in automotive workspace design. These functional tools are statistical models which describe the probabilistic location of the driving population's body landmarks within vehicle space as a function of the vehicles' packaging parameters. Such tools provide a more realistic alternative to selection of the so called ‘representative 5th percentile female and 95th percentile male’ used in the past to qualify accommodation of a given vehicle workspace. They end the ‘guestimation’ procedure of trying to apply the structural dimensions of single individuals of certain stature percentiles to a complex workspace arrangement to define its accommodation. Although the tools described in this paper are specific to automotive workspace design, the philosophy and methodology for development of such functional models can have universal application.

Functional anthropometry—A basis for biomechanics of the human body

Functional anthropometry—A basis for biomechanics of the human body

Functional Anthropometry: The CC Method and its Application

Using Cartesian Coordinates a method was developed to determine the location of a point in space. This method allows the recording of three-dimensional relationships among anthropometric landmarks. The method facilitates the assessment of changes anthropometric dimensions brought about by actual working postures. “CC data” were recorded describing head positions and eye locations when subjects (n = 60) assumed various head postures while maintaining fixation of trunk, hands and feet. The results indicate the usefulness of the CC Measuring Method.

THE FUNCTIONAL ANTHROPOMETRY OF OLD MEN.

Means, standard deviations, and percentiles are presented for forty-seven functional measurements of 133 ambulatory Spanish-American War veterans with a mean age of 81.6 years and an age range from 72 to 91 years. Practical applications of the data are noted. As compared with younger men, the veterans were smaller, lighter, weaker, and had shorter reaches but deeper chests. Their skinfolds did not differ.

The anthropometry of the manual work space for the seated subject.

This paper is an exploration of the space-geometry of hand motions as they relate to young men in the seated posture. It is primarily a presentation in functional anthropometry, but the information derived should have practical use in improving the design of work areas. The pilot of an airplane, the driver of an automobile, the assembly worker or the machine operator all perform critical tasks with their hands. Controls and switches or objects upon which work is to be done must not merely be within reach, they should also be placed in the best possible spatial position relative to the operator. This ideal position has not yet been prescribed. A detailed job analysis of a specific manual operation should of course improve the work area materially, but this information has little transfer value to another situation. Our work is concerned with the general range of hand motion, and we have attempted to find principles applicable to all work situations involving the seated position. The approach is anthropometric-but in an entirely different sense from traditional anthropometry. Our measurements of the space within reach of the seated subject for all possible upper limb postures represent an approach to a dynamic anthropometry. The method of measurement is indirect, and it involves a certain novelty in anthropometric procedure; this shows up especially in the methods of gathering raw data, of making measurements, and of treating data. A study of the functional-anatomical background for limb motion paralleled this study. Relevant work (Dempster, '55a, '55b, '56) involved a study of the motions of the major limb joints and a clarification of the characteristics of the link mechanisms involved. ( A link is the straight line or core line through a body segment between adjacent joint hinge points; it is the mechanical unit of body motion.) Older sources that cannot be ignored in a functional-anatomical-anthropometric study of this type are: Fischer ('07), Fick ( ' l l ) , Strasser ('17), Braus ('21), Lanz and Wachsmuth ( ' 3 5 ) , and Mollier ('38). The Albert-Strasser globographic technique (Albert, 1876; Dempster, '56) for demonstrating the range of individual joint movement has provided useful background material. Equivalent work on living subjects is not available. Joint range studies on living subjects are typified by papers by Gilliland ('21 ) , Sinelnikoff and Grigorowitsch ('3 1 ) , Glanville and Kreezer ( '37 ) , Dempster ('55a) and Barter, Emanuel and Truett ('57). These studies are rather incomplete for certain joints and are not wholly satisfactory. Further work relating to age, sex, race, and occupation is warranted. During the past decade or so, various authors have touched on aspects of the work place. Motion and time study workers (Barnes, '49; Branson, '52), psychologists (Chapanis, Garner and Morgan, '49; Hick and Bates, '50; McFarland, '53), engineers ( Wallichs and Hulverscheidt, '35; Davis, '49; MacNeil, '54), and physiologists (Taylor and Blaschke, '51) have directed attention to spatial aspects of hand action. Dynamometric studies on hand forces by Hugh-Jones ('45) and by Darcus