Command Functions Research Articles

The midbrain periaqueductal grey has no role in the generation of the respiratory motor pattern, but provides command function for the modulation of respiratory activity

It has previously been shown that stimulation of cell-columns in the periaqueductal grey (PAG) triggers site-specific cardiorespiratory effects. These are believed to facilitate changes in behaviour through coordinated changes in autonomic outflow. Here, we investigated whether PAG-evoked respiratory commands can be studied in situ using the decerebrate perfused brainstem preparation. Phrenic, vagus and abdominal iliohypogastric nerves were recorded before and after microinjection of l-glutamate (30–50nl, 10mM) or isoguvacine (GABA-receptor agonist, 30–50nl, 10mM) into the PAG. l-glutamate microinjection triggered a range of site-specific respiratory modulations (n=17 preparations). Subsequent microinjection of isoguvacine into the same PAG sites had no effect on the baseline respiratory motor pattern or rhythm. We conclude that while the PAG has no function in respiratory pattern generation, PAG-evoked respiratory modulations can be evoked in situ in the absence of higher brain centres and while homeostatic parameters that may affect respiratory drive are held static.

Standardization of work process time in a military organization

Efficient and effective functioning of a military organization means consolidation and coordination of work of a great number of personnel, which ensures the accomplishment of the set tasks and the successful performance of a mission or operation of any kind. Having stated this, one should have in mind two manifestations of such a process: organization as a structure (formation of a unit or command) and organization as a process function of command and control. Development interests of the Serbian Armed Forces' operational capabilities require a complex approach to the scientific organization of work. This means that none of the problems can be solved partially, i.e. separately from other problems. A comprehensive and systematic approach means introducing scientific achievements and experiences of the current practice into an organizational activity, and using scientific organization to encompass the military work of all instances of the Serbian Armed Forces on the whole. In the aforementioned segment of the work organization process, particularly significant is the standardization of time, which is, basically, a standard for carrying out certain processes in a military organization.

Augmented Polynomial Guidance With Impact Time and Angle Constraints

In this paper, a new impact time and impact angle control guidance law for homing missiles against a stationary target is proposed. To derive a state feedback command for the proposed law with terminal constraints on the impact time and angle, we introduce a polynomial function of the guidance command with three unknown coefficients, one of which is determined to achieve the impact time requirement. The others are determined to satisfy the terminal impact angle constraint, as well as the zero miss distance. Because the proposed guidance law has arbitrary guidance gains, it is possible to shape the intercept trajectory and acceleration command profile by choosing proper gains in relation to the missile's capability, operational conditions, and so on.

Design of One Equipment Command System Simulation Training Device Based on PC104

Using simulator for the weapon and equipment operation training is the equipment development trend, this paper introduce one equipment command system simulator design idea, function and work way, analyze the hardware composition and software design, realizing the function simulation of the equipment command system,getting successful application to the equipment training.

Automatic Control System for Gas Turbines Test Rig

The technical evolution of the industrial and aeronautical groups involving gas turbines, determined by the request of increased efficiency and reliability, imposes the control through modern command and control automation systems. The paper describes a system destined to safely monitor, command and control the working conditions through complete automation of all command functions of a gas turbine. The system is suitable for all series of applications involving gas turbines, also providing a decrease in exploitation and maintenance costs.

EKSPRESI TINDAK DIREKTIF DALAM INTERAKSI KELAS BENGKEL JURUSAN TEKNIK MESIN POLITEKNIK NEGERI MALANG

This study was a qualitative study employing the pragmatic approach. Thesubjects comprised the lecturer and students of the workshop class in the Department of Mechanical Engineering of the State Polytechnic of Malang. The data were ollected through observations. The researcher was the key instrument, equipped with observation guides and an electronic recorder. The data were analyzed using the interactive analysis model by Miles and Huberman in three steps: (1) data reduction, (2) data display, and (3) conclusion drawing or verification. The results show that lecturer-student directive acts in the workshop class interaction are dominated byimperative sentences more than declarative and interrogative sentences. Studentlecturer directive acts are dominated by interrogative sentences. The functions of lecturer-student directive acts are more varied than those of student-lecturer directive acts. The request function in the lecturer-student interaction is the most dominant function among other functions. In the student-lecturer interaction, the command function is more dominant than the request function.

Stochastic Frontier Analysis Using Stata

This paper describes sfcross and sfpanel, two new Stata commands for the estimation of cross-sectional and panel data stochastic frontier models. sfcross extends the official frontier capabilities by including additional models (Greene 2003; Wang 2002) and command functionality, such as the possibility to manage complex survey data characteristics. Similarly, sfpanel allows to estimate a much wider range of time-varying inefficiency models compared to the official xtfrontier command including, among the others, the Cornwell et al. (1990) and Lee and Schmidt (1993) models, the flexible model of Kumbhakar (1990), the inefficiency effects model of Battese and Coelli (1995) and the 'true' fixed and random-effects models developed by Greene (2005a). A brief overview of the stochastic frontier literature and a description of the two commands and their options are given, and illustrations using simulated and real data are provided.

The Command and Control Software Implementation of a CCD Video 2 Axis Gyrostabilized Payload Used by a Fixed Wing UAV Configuration Platform

The software algorithm is designed to ensure compatibility between the commands given by the operator and the need to stabilize the CCD/IR payload. The implementation was made on a mini-turret with 2 degrees of freedom mounted on a miniUAV. Appropriate command and control functions were developed by programming an Atmel family microcontroller.

Crecimiento y crisis en la región metropolitana de Madrid: significado y contradicciones de la economía del conocimiento

The metropolitan region of Madrid has undergone significant changes in the last two decades, establishing it as the main economic centre with command functions in Southern Europe. This has resulted in a rapid increase in its rates of production and consumption, the size of its immigrant population and the processes of low-density suburbanisation (sprawl) becoming more common. But this trend, which can be linked to its prominent position in the world cities network, has been accompanied by significant social and environmental costs, an abrupt crisis since 2008 and the deepening of socio-spatial inequalities within. The progressive growth of the knowledge economy is a good indicator of this type of essentially contradictory process which signals the integration of megacities into global capitalism and the associated territorial changes.

Command and control cities in global space-economy before and after 2008 geo-economic transition

The global economic downturn caused primarily by the US sub-prime mortgage crisis in 2007 engendered revenue loss of the multinational corporations. Existing studies have yet to depict the detrimental impacts on city’s command and control functions induced by the sub-prime mortgage crisis together with its residual wave of global economic recession on the global spatial economy. Recent and previous studies have produced an ‘instant history’ of the global spatial economy before the global economic downturn undermines the global economy in late 2008. However, the waxes and wanes of major cities’ command and control functions on the global economic arena before and after the outbreak of financial crisis and its associated geo-economic transitions are still poorly understood. This paper attempts to contribute a new set of customized data to update and fill in the gap in the literature with the investigation of the command and control functions of cities around the world from 2005 to 2009. Particular attentions are paid to the time-space relationship of the geo-economic transition that can capture the recent historical images of the command and control situation of different cities in the world.

Functional Split between Parietal and Entorhinal Cortices in the Rat

Posterior parietal cortex (PPC) and medial entorhinal cortex (MEC) are important elements of the neural circuit for space, but whether representations in these areas are controlled by the same factors is unknown. We recorded single units simultaneously in PPC and MEC of freely foraging rats and found that a subset of PPC cells are tuned to specific modes of movement irrespective of the animals' location or heading, whereas grid cells in MEC expressed static spatial maps. The behavioral correlates of PPC cells switched completely when the same animals ran in a spatially structured maze or when they ran similar stereotypic sequences in an open arena. Representations in PPC were similar in identical mazes in different rooms where grid cells completely realigned their firing fields. The data suggest that representations in PPC are determined by the organization of actions while cells in MEC are driven by spatial inputs.

Command functions of open loop galvanometer scanners with optimized duty cycles

The paper approaches the problem of the command functions of galvanometer-based scanners (GS) that are necessary to produce the linear plus parabolic scanning function of the GS, which we have proved previously to produce the highest possible duty cycle (i.e., time efficiency) of the device. We have completed this theoretical aspect (which contradicted what has been stated previously in the literature, where it has been considered that the linear plus sinusoidal scanning function was the best) with the experimental study of the most used scanning functions of the GSs (sawtooth, sinusoidal and triangular), with applications in biomedical imaging, in particular in optical coherence tomography, demonstrating that the triangular function is always the best one to be applied, from both an optical and a mechanical point of view. In the present study the input voltage/command function which should be applied to the GS to produce the desired triangular scanning function (with controlled non-linearity for the fastest possible stop-and-turn portions) was determined analytically, in relationship with the active torque that drives the device. This command function is analyzed with regard to the specific, respectively required parameters of the GS: natural frequency and damping factor, respectively scan speed and amplitude. The modeling in an open loop control structure of the GS is finally discussed as a trade-off between using the highest possible duty cycle and minimizing the maximum peaks of the input voltage.

Transforming command: the pursuit of mission command in the U.S., British, and Israeli armies

On today's complex, fragmented, fast-moving battlefield, where combatants adapt constantly to exploit one-another's weaknesses, there is a demonstrable requirement for military commanders to devolve a high level of autonomy of decision-making and action to leaders on the ground. An effective model for doing this has existed for some time in the form of mission command and has been utilized by the U.S., Israeli, and British Armies-but with mixed success. This book examines in depth the experiences of the armed forces of each of these countries in implementing mission command, and reveals the key factors that have determined the success or failure of the implementation-factors such as the Revolution in Military Affairs (RMA), the spread of low-intensity conflicts and operations other than war, and differences in how military cultures interpret, articulate, and exercise the command function. It has significant implications for both the development of military doctrine and the training and education of tomorrow's military leaders.

Efficient Remote Attestation Mechanism with Privacy Protection

基于Merkle 哈希树提出了一种效率高、方式灵活并能保护平台隐私的远程验证机制.针对特定的目标应用场景,分析IMA(integrity measurement architecture)体系架构的不足,详细描述基于Merkle 哈希树的远程验证机制的体系架构和度量验证过程,阐述新机制对现有TPM(trusted platform module)的功能增强即TPM_HashTree 命令的功能及伪代码,并分析讨论新机制的优点.;A remote attestation mechanism, with high efficiency, flexibility and privacy protection based on Merkle hash tree is proposed in this paper. The problems of IMA (integrity measurement architecture) architecture are analyzed for a special target application scenario; followed by a detailed description of RAMT (remote attestation mechanism based on Merkle hash tree) architecture and its process of integrity measuring and verifying. The function and pseudo-code of command <em>TPM_HashTree</em>, which is a function enhancement to the existing TPM (trusted platform module), are presented for the newly proposed mechanism. The advantages of the new mechanism are analyzed and discussed.

Influence functions, followers and command games

We study and compare two frameworks: a model of influence, and command games. In the influence model, in which players are to make a certain acceptance/rejection decision, due to influence of other players, the decision of a player may be different from his inclination. We study a relation between two central concepts of this model: influence function, and follower function. We deliver sufficient and necessary conditions for a function to be a follower function, and we describe the structure of the set of all influence functions that lead to a given follower function. In the command structure introduced by Hu and Shapley, for each player a simple game called the command game is built. One of the central concepts of this model is the concept of command function. We deliver sufficient and necessary conditions for a function to be a command function, and describe the minimal sets generating a normal command game. We also study the relation between command games and influence functions. A sufficient and necessary condition for the equivalence between an influence function and a normal command game is delivered.

User profile management: reference model and web services implementation

A user profile is a structured representation of an individual user's characteristics and personal preferences with respect to a software application or computing device. As the variety and complexity of applications and mobile devices increase, there is a growing need and interest in personalisation. This necessitates methods of managing user profile content such that it can be accessed, updated and potentially shared over communication networks. This research investigates User Profile Management (UPM) as a network-based service for managing user profile content. The major requirements for a good UPM service are defined. A reference model is proposed that includes an architecture, profile data schema, a protocol, basic command functions and security mechanisms. A prototype UPM service and four client applications based on the reference model are developed using Java and web services technologies. Scenarios are constructed to demonstrate the value of the UPM reference model and the web services implementation. We conclude that the proposed reference model provides a solid foundation for developing UPM services and that web services technologies are suitable for implementing the reference model in a distributed network environment.

Global inter‐city networks and commodity chains: any intersections?

AbstractThe article proposes five analytic operations that help in generating a larger frame that can encompass at least some foundational aspects of global city analysis and Global Commodity Chains analysis. Given the author's research, the ground from which this task is taken on here is the city. To do this requires going beyond the narrow empirical component that is at the centre of this special issue, namely World City Networks (WCNs). The five analytic propositions range from the problematic of incomplete knowledge for global actors, one shared by actors in the WCN and in the GCC, to that of the locational correlates of command functions, which can be as diverse as functions concentrated in headquarters to functions distributed across the chain of operations. The article concludes by asking what a focus on the city and its messiness adds to what is basically an analysis of the current phase of global capitalism (rather than an urban theory as is often assumed).

Specific Differential Equations for Generating Pulse Sequences

This study presents nonlinear differential equations capable to generate continuous functions similar to pulse sequences. First are studied some basic properties of second-order differential equations with time-dependent coefficients generating bounded oscillating functions similar to test-functions (the function and its derivative being equal to zero at the same time moments). The necessary intercorrelations between the phase of generated oscillations and the time-dependent coefficients is presented, being shown also that the external command function should be set to a constant value at these time moments so as to determine the amplitude and the sign of generated oscillations. Then some possibilities of using previous differential equation for generating positive-definite functions with null values for the function and its derivative at the same time moments and with constant slope for its amplitude are presented, being shown that the corresponding external command function should present also alternating components. Finally all previous results are used for determining a set of second-order differential equations with time dependent coefficients and a set of external command and corrective functions for generating a pulse sequence useful for modelling time series.

Mauthner cells

Mauthner cells

Las funciones comando de Madrid en la economía global: una aproximación a través del proceso de atracción de capital extranjero

El dinamismo de la metropoli de Madrid y su intensa reestructuracion territorial vienen siendo explicados desde la globalizacion y el cambio tecnologico, abriendo con ello el debate sobre su condicion de ciudad global. Una vez precisados los limites del concepto de acuerdo con el debate internacional, este trabajo se asoma a la cuestion desde la perspectiva de la atraccion de capital extranjero. El analisis de algunas fuentes estadisticas ineditas confirma la elevada concentracion sectorial en las llamadas funciones comando (servicios financieros y servicios avanzados a las empresas). Su acusada concentracion en la ciudad central, a pesar de la competencia de nuevas formas de acomodacion en la zona metropolitana colindante (parques empresariales, ciudades financieras…), son aspectos a incorporar a la reflexion sobre el crecimiento equilibrado y sostenible de Madrid y de otras metropolis en la actual fase de desarrollo capitalista.