Full Width Research Articles

Crystal growth, structure, spectral and thermal properties of ScxY1-xCOB single crystals

Yttrium calcium oxyborate (YCOB) crystals are excellent nonlinear optical crystals. To enhance the thermal properties of YCOB crystal, Sc-doped YCOB crystals, denoted as ScxY1-xCa4O(BO3)3 (x = 0.1 and 0.2) were grown using the Czochralski method along the b-direction. Various measurements, including X-ray powder diffraction, rocking curve analysis, inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES), transmission spectroscopy, density measurements, and thermal property assessments, were conducted to evaluate the characteristics of the ScxY1-xCOB crystals. The results indicated that ScxY1-xCOB crystals have an isostructural arrangement like YCOB, with segregation coefficients of approximately 0.2. The full width at half maximum (FWHM) values of the rocking curves of the ScxY1-xCOB (x = 0.1 and 0.2) crystals are 33.9″ and 29.3″, respectively. Furthermore, the specific heat, thermal diffusion coefficients and thermal conductivity of the ScxY1-xCOB crystals were examined in the temperature range of 298–573 K, which were found to be higher than those of pure YCOB. These high-quality ScxY1-xCOB crystals are expected to serve as suitable nonlinear optical crystals media for optical parametric chirped pulse amplification (OPCPA) applications.

Broadband near infrared emission in Cr3+,Yb3+, Li+ tri-doped In2TeO6

Cr3+ near infrared (NIR) emission is witnessed in tellurite compound for the first time. Broadband emission that peaks at 840 nm and has 157 nm of full width at half maxima (FWHM) appears in the Cr3+ doped In2TeO6 phosphor when excited at 455 nm. Further introduction of Li+ ions into the In2TeO6 can distort the octahedral environment of the doped Cr3+ ions, resulting in 4 times enhancement in luminescence intensity and a 1.75-fold enhancement in internal quantum efficiency (IQE). Moreover, the FWHM increases to 282 nm in the In2TeO6: Cr3+,Li+,Yb3+ phosphor induced by the Cr3+ to Yb3+ energy transfer. LED device utilizing this NIR phosphor has been constructed. At 150 mA drive current, the optoelectrical efficiency is 11.189 % and the NIR output power is 50.72 mW. The In2TeO6: Cr3+,Li+,Yb3+phosphor exhibits enormous potential in NIR phosphor-converted LED (pc-LED).

Colloidal Photonic Composites with a Long-Range Order by Hot-Pressing Polymer Brush-Grafted Silica Colloids.

Colloidal photonic composites (CPCs) are unique optical materials that combine flexible and responsive polymers with colloidal photonic crystals, and they have promising applications in colorful displays, optical anticounterfeiting, and visual sensors. However, conventional self-assembly strategies for constructing CPCs via solvent evaporation have faced limitations due to the meticulous regulation required during the evaporation process and typically long preparation durations. Here, we present an external force method to achieve a long-range ordered arrangement in CPCs by hot-pressing poly(2-[[(butylamino)carbonyl]oxy]ethyl acrylate (PBCOE)) brush-grafted silica colloidal particles (SiO2-g-PBCOE). We show that the hot-pressing conditions (i.e., temperature and pressure) and the silica volume fraction (φsilica) of the SiO2-g-PBCOE colloidal particles play crucial roles in determining their ordering and optical properties. By optimization of the hot-pressing temperature up to 100 °C and pressure of 5 MPa, a long-range ordered arrangement of SiO2-g-PBCOE colloidal particles with a φsilica of 20.3% can be achieved. For the effect of structural features, our findings reveal that SiO2-g-PBCOE colloidal particles featuring a higher φsilica are more prone to obtain a long-range ordered arrangement compared to a lower φsilica under hot-pressing conditions at relatively low temperature and pressure (50 °C and 5 MPa), which is mainly attributed to the chain entanglement and hydrogen bonding interactions induced by grafted longer polymer brushes, leading to additional energy inputs and weakening the ordering. Significantly, the critical φsilica (φc) of SiO2-g-PBCOE colloidal particles is discerned, strongly influencing the optical properties of the hot-pressed films. Specifically, a hot-pressed SiO2-g-PBCOE film with a critical φsilica of 29.3% displays enhanced optical properties characterized by intensified reflection peaks, narrowed full width at half-maximum (FWHM), and brilliant structural colors. Notably, in this work, we reveal the mechanism of hot-pressing-driven core-shell colloidal particle ordering and the key factors affecting the ordering of colloidal particles, i.e., chain entanglement and hydrogen-bonding interactions, which play a crucial role in obtaining CPCs with controllable structures. Moreover, angle-dependent structural color is observed in the hot-pressed SiO2-g-PBCOE film with a φsilica content of 29.3% due to the unique attributes of the highly ordered arrangement, while the films exhibit mechanochromic properties due to chain entanglement and hydrogen bonding interactions. This work provides valuable insights into the rapid construction of highly ordered CPCs and establishes a solid foundation for external force-assisted ordering of colloidal particles.

High‐Quality Nonpolar a‐Plane AlGaN Film Grown on Si‐Doped AlN Template by Metal Organic Chemical Vapor Deposition

High crystalline quality and flat a‐plane aluminum gallium nitride (AlGaN) films are obtained on Si‐doped AlN templates with a moderate silane (SiH4) flow rate by metal‐organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD). The effects of the SiH4 flow rate on the surface morphology, crystalline quality, stress state, and optical property of a‐plane AlN templates and AlGaN films are comprehensively investigated. As the SiH4 flow rate increases from 0 to 7.0 nmol min−1, the full width at half maximum of X‐ray rocking curve values along [0001]/[1–100] directions for the AlGaN films are monotonically reduced to 1124/1143 arcsec. Meanwhile, the surface root mean square roughness value is decreased to 0.88 nm. These achievements are attributed to the suppression of the anisotropy degrees and in‐plane stress of AlN templates. In addition, an excess SiH4 flow rate leads to deteriorated surface morphologies and increased basal plane stacking fault (BPSF) densities for both AlN and AlGaN films. This work suggests that doping AlN layers with an appropriate SiH4 flow rate is a promising route to obtain high‐quality a‐plane AlGaN films for efficient nonpolar deep ultraviolet (DUV) devices.

Collimating three-axicon zoom system for interferometric Bessel beam side lobe cancellation

Optical Bessel beams are used in numerous applications like fluorescence microscopy, material processing and optical trapping. These applications require Bessel beams having a central core with defined full width at half maximum and a defined axial length. Often, the side lobes of Bessel beams, which are associated with their non-diffracting properties, can interfere with the experimental process. We theoretically describe and practically verify the performance of a new refractive optical system to generate zoomable annular ring intensities. The ability to zoom the output ring diameter allows for flexibly choosing the Bessel beam parameters. Secondly, we introduce the use of a Michelson interferometer for destructively interfering Bessel beam side lobes in one direction. If two Bessel beams of zeroth order and first kind are coherently superposed with a small shift with respect to each other, their side lobes are enhanced in one direction and cancelled in the other direction. We suggest that applications like light-sheet microscopy can exploit the axis of destructive interference to improve their contrast.

Highly Luminescent and Stable Perovskite Quantum Dots Films for Light‐Emitting Devices and Information Encryption

AbstractThe inherent flexibility and excellent mechanical strength of lead halide perovskite quantum dots (LHP‐QDs) films have attracted much attention in the fields of flexible lighting, displays, non‐planar x‐ray imaging, and wearable optoelectronics. Unfortunately, the complicated synthesis process and poor stability limit its practical applications, hence there is an urgent need to develop a feasible fabrication process for films to attain high device performance. Herein, a molecular level hybridization of bridged polysilsesquioxane (BPSQ) is designed as matrix to harvest both flexibility of organics and stability of inorganics, resulting in improved interfacial compatibility between the CsPbBr3 QDs and the matrix through chemical bond anchoring. The CsPbBr3@3‐aminopropyl‐triethoxysilane (APTES)@BPSQ films showcase bright narrow‐band photoluminescence, with a photoluminescence quantum yield of 61% and a half‐peak full width at half maximum of <17 nm. Notably, these films demonstrate excellent environmental stability, UV resistance, water stability (experiencing only an 18% decrease in luminescence intensity after 168 h of water immersion), and high‐temperature stability (withstanding temperatures up to 500 K). Furthermore, white light‐emitting diodes (WLEDs) and anti‐counterfeiting patterns have been fabricated using CsPbBr3@APTES@BPSQ, highlighting their wide application potential in flexible light‐emitting devices and information encryption.

Expanding Multiple-Resonance Structure of a Double-Borylated Skeleton by Fusing with Indolocarbazole a Multiple-Resonance Donor for Narrowband Green Emission.

Double-borylated multiple-resonance (MR) skeletons are promising templates for high performance, while the chemical design space is relatively limited. Peripheral segments are often used to decorate/fuse MR skeletons and modulate the photophysics but they can also cause unwanted spectral broadening. Herein, a narrowband MR emitter ICzDBA by fusing an MR-featured donor segment indolocarbazole into a double-borylated MR skeleton is developed. In ICzDBA, the nitrogen atom located away from the core benzene ring can also contribute to the generation of the overall MR-featured distribution through the long-range conjugation effect, along with the other boron/nitrogen atoms on the phenyl center. Thus, ICzDBA in toluene displays a narrowband emission peaking at 507nm with a full width at half maximum of merely 20nm (0.09eV). Moreover, organic light-emitting diode devices using ICzDBA emitter exhibit ultrapure green emission with Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage (CIE) coordinates of (0.27, 0.70) and a high external quantum efficiency of 32.5%. These results manifest the importance of MR characters of peripheral decorations/fusions in preserving the narrowband features of MR skeletons, which provides a solution for further expanding MR structures with well-maintained narrowband characters.

Denoising parameter dependence of coronary artery depictability in compressed sensing magnetic resonance angiography.

Using numerical indices and visual evaluation, we evaluated the dependence of coronary-artery depictability on the denoising parameter in compressed sensing magnetic resonance angiography (CS-MRA). This study was conducted to clarify the acceleration factor (AF) and denoising factor (DF) dependence of CS-MRA image quality. Vascular phantoms and clinical images were acquired using three-dimensional CS-MRA on a clinical 1.5T system. For the phantom measurements, we compared the full width at half maximum (FWHM), sharpness, and contrast ratio of the vascular profile curves for various AFs and DFs. In the clinical cases, the FWHM, sharpness, contrast ratio, signal-to-noise ratio, noise level values, and visual evaluation results were compared for various DFs. Phantom image analyses demonstrated that the respective measurements of the FWHM, sharpness, and contrast ratios did not significantly change with an increase in AF. The FWHM and sharpness measurements slightly changed with the DF level. However, the contrast ratio tended to increase with an increase in the DF level. In the clinical cases, the FWHM and sharpness showed no significant differences, even when the DF level was changed. However, the contrast ratio tended to decrease as the DF level increased. When the DF levels of the clinical cases increased, the background signals of the myocardium, fat, and noise levels decreased. We investigated the dependence of the coronary-artery depictability on AF and DF using CS-MRA. Analysis of the coronary-artery profile curves indicated that a better image quality was achieved with a stronger DF on coronary CS-MRA.

Variability in spectral absorption within cryptophyte phycobiliprotein types.

Cryptophytes are known to vary widely in coloration among species. These differences in color arise primarily from the presence of phycobiliprotein accessory pigments. There are nine defined cryptophyte phycobiliprotein (Cr-PBP) types, named for their wavelength of maximal absorbance. Because Cr-PBP type has traditionally been regarded as a categorical trait, there is a paucity of information about how spectral absorption characteristics of Cr-PBPs vary among species. We investigated variability in primary and secondary peak absorbance wavelengths and full width at half max (FWHM) values of spectra of Cr-PBPs extracted from 75 cryptophyte strains (55 species) grown under full spectrum irradiance. We show that there may be substantial differences in spectral shapes within Cr-PBP types, with Cr-Phycoerythrin (Cr-PE) 545 showing the greatest variability with two, possibly three, subtypes, while Cr-PE 566 spectra were the least variable, with only ±1 nm of variance around the mean absorbance maximum of 565 nm. We provide additional criteria for classification in cases where the wavelength of maximum absorbance alone is not definitive. Variations in spectral characteristics among strains containing the same presumed Cr-PBP type may indicate differing chromophore composition and/or the presence of more than one Cr-PBP in a single cryptophyte species.

Optical design of reflective Bragg mirrors for EUV photolithography

In this article. we investigate the optical characteristics of reflective extreme-ultraviolet (EUV) mirrors for the application of lithography for 7 nm node and below. By using the conventional quarter-wavelength stacked Bragg reflective configuration of Si-based metal multilayers centered at soft x-ray 13.5 nm, the maximum reflection is numerically computed to be approximately 0.7 at nearly normal incidence, which is consistent to the typical values reported by Advanced Semiconductor Materials Lithography (ASML) for Mo/Si stacked multilayers. The full width half maximum (FWHM) bandwidth is 0.65∼0.78 nm. In our numerical simulation, moreover, we find Nb/Si reflective mirrors can be potentially utilized to replace Mo/Si stacked multilayers in order to harvest more EUV light inside the scanners.

Improved Detection of Target Metabolites in Brain Tumors with Intermediate TE, High SNR, and High Bandwidth Spin-Echo Sequence at 5T.

Due to high chemical shift displacement, challenges emerge at ultra-high fields when measuring metabolites using 1H-MRS. Our goal was to investigate how well the high SNR and high bandwidth spin-echo (HISE) technique perform at 5T for detecting target metabolites in brain tumors. Twenty-six subjects suspected of having brain tumors were enrolled. HISE and point-resolved spectroscopy (PRESS) single-voxel spectroscopy scans were collected with a 5T clinical scanner with an intermediate TE (TE = 144 ms). The main metabolites, including total NAA, Cr, and total Cho, were accessed and compared between HISE and PRESS using a paired Student t test, with full width at half maximum and SNR as covariates. The detection rate of specific metabolites, including lactate, alanine, and lipid, and subjective spectral quality were accessed and compared between HISE and PRESS. Twenty-three pathologically confirmed brain tumors were included. Only the full width at half maximum for total NAA was significantly lower with HISE than with PRESS (P < .05). HISE showed a significantly higher SNR for total NAA, Cr, and total Cho compared with PRESS (P < .05). Lactate was detected in 21 of the 23 cases using HISE, but in only 4 cases using PRESS. HISE detected alanine in 8 of 9 meningiomas, whereas PRESS detected alanine in just 3 meningiomas. PRESS found lipid in more cases than HISE, while HISE outperformed PRESS in terms of subjective spectral quality. HISE outperformed the clinical standard PRESS technique in detecting target metabolites of brain tumors at 5T, particularly lactate and alanine.

B,N‐Embedded Hetero[9]helicene Toward Highly Efficient Circularly Polarized Electroluminescence

AbstractThe intrinsic helical π‐conjugated skeleton makes helicenes highly promising for circularly polarized electroluminescence (CPEL). Generally, carbon helicenes undergo low external quantum efficiency (EQE), while the incorporation of a multi‐resonance thermally activated delayed fluorescence (MR‐TADF) BN structure has led to an improvement. However, the reported B,N‐embedded helicenes all show low electroluminescence dissymmetry factors (gEL), typically around 1×10−3. Therefore, the development of B,N‐embedded helicenes with both a high EQE and gEL value is crucial for achieving highly efficient CPEL. Herein, a facile approach to synthesize B,N‐embedded hetero[9]helicenes, BN[9]H, is presented. BN[9]H shows a bright photoluminescence with a maximum at 578 nm with a high luminescence dissymmetry factor (|glum|) up to 5.8×10−3, attributed to its inherited MR‐TADF property and intrinsic helical skeleton. Furthermore, circularly polarized OLED devices incorporating BN[9]H as an emitter show a maximum EQE of 35.5 %, a small full width at half‐maximum of 48 nm, and, more importantly, a high |gEL| value of 6.2×10−3. The Q‐factor (|EQE×gEL|) of CP‐OLEDs is determined to be 2.2×10−3, which is the highest among helicene analogues. This work provides a new approach for the synthesis of higher helicenes and paves a new way for the construction of highly efficient CPEL materials.

B,N-Embedded Hetero[9]helicene Toward Highly Efficient Circularly Polarized Electroluminescence.

The intrinsic helical π-conjugated skeleton makes helicenes highly promising for circularly polarized electroluminescence (CPEL). Generally, carbon helicenes undergo low external quantum efficiency (EQE), while the incorporation of a multi-resonance thermally activated delayed fluorescence (MR-TADF) BN structure has led to an improvement. However, the reported B,N-embedded helicenes all show low electroluminescence dissymmetry factors (gEL), typically around 1×10-3. Therefore, the development of B,N-embedded helicenes with both a high EQE and gEL value is crucial for achieving highly efficient CPEL. Herein, a facile approach to synthesize B,N-embedded hetero[9]helicenes, BN[9]H, is presented. BN[9]H shows a bright photoluminescence with a maximum at 578 nm with a high luminescence dissymmetry factor (|glum|) up to 5.8×10-3, attributed to its inherited MR-TADF property and intrinsic helical skeleton. Furthermore, circularly polarized OLED devices incorporating BN[9]H as an emitter show a maximum EQE of 35.5 %, a small full width at half-maximum of 48 nm, and, more importantly, a high |gEL| value of 6.2×10-3. The Q-factor (|EQE×gEL|) of CP-OLEDs is determined to be 2.2×10-3, which is the highest among helicene analogues. This work provides a new approach for the synthesis of higher helicenes and paves a new way for the construction of highly efficient CPEL materials.

Transport properties and electronic phase transitions in two-dimensional tellurium at high pressure

Utilizing in situ Raman spectroscopy, resistivity, and Hall-effect measurements, we conducted an extensive investigation on the continuous electronic phase transitions and transport properties of two-dimensional (2D) tellurium (Te) under high pressure at room and low temperature (80–300 K). The distinguishable decrease in the A1 Raman mode's full width at half maximum in the trigonal phase (Te-I) indicated an electronic phase transition at 2.2 GPa. The following Hall-effect experiments located the Lifshitz transition and the semiconductor-semimetal transition at 0.9 and 1.9 GPa, respectively, and the semiconductor-semimetal transition was also confirmed by resistivity variation through temperature. The charge carrier types of the Te changed from hole to electron during the phase transition from Te-I to Te-II (triclinic phase) at low temperature, while the transport parameters remained almost unchanged during the phase transition from Te-II to Te-III (monoclinic phase). The results offered complete and thorough electronic phase transitions and transport characteristics of 2D Te, hence great advancing the potential application of Te in electronic devices.

Ultra‐Stable Yellow Monolithic Perovskite Quantum Dots Film for Backlit Display

AbstractPerovskite quantum dots (PeQDs) are seen as the credible alternative to traditional QDs ascolor converter in liquid crystal display (LCD). Unfortunately, PeQDs sufferfrom instability and color separation, and the prepared PeQDs enhanced films(PQDFs) need the protection of expensive barrier layers, which significantly increases price and limits their application. Herein, large‐area yellow monolithic PQDF is fabricated with both green CsPbBr3 and red CsPbBr1I2QDs encapsulated in the dual matrices of inorganic glass and polypropylene (PP) via an industrialized melt extruding &amp; rolling method. The PQDF shows high photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) of 92% and narrow full width at half maximum (FWHM) of 19 nm (green) and 33 nm (red). Importantly, the bare PQDF without barrier layers can pass harsh aging test at 85 °C/85% RH and reach anoperating T90 lifetime over 1000 h. Finally, a white backlit unit is designed by coupling yellow monolithic PQDF with blue light guide panel, and the constructed prototype display shows superior color rendering performance forits narrow green/red emissions, reaching a color gamut of 110% National Television System Committee (NTSC). This work provides a novel and easy‐to‐industrialize route to prepare PQDFs to realize their commercial application in backlit display.

A novel low loss rare-earth germanate La4GeO8 microwave dielectric ceramic with orthorhombic structure

This study delves into the synthesis and characterization of rare earth germanate La4GeO8 ceramics, employing the solid-phase reaction method, with a focus on their microwave dielectric properties and crystallographic characteristics. The research employs X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to ascertain the orthorhombic crystal structure within the Pnma space group. Rietveld refinement analysis precisely determines the lattice constants (a = 18.3006 Å, b = 7.6697 Å, c = 5.8513 Å) and unit cell volume (V = 821.28429 Å3). Raman spectroscopy provides insights into the correlation between the quality factor (Q × f) and the Full Width at Half Maximum (FWHM) of the Ag(O) mode at 733 cm⁻1. A notable highlight of the study is the exceptional microwave dielectric performance of La4GeO8 ceramic sintered at 1540 °C, characterized by a relative dielectric constant (εr) of 13.24, a Q × f product of 47,826 GHz at 10.16 GHz, and a temperature coefficient of frequency (τf) of −82.3 ppm/°C. This comprehensive investigation offers valuable insights into the structural and microwave dielectric properties of AB-type rare earth germanate La4GeO8 ceramics, underscoring their potential in advanced dielectric material applications.

Irradiation induced mineral changes of NWA10580 meteorite determined by infrared analysis

Context. Identifying minerals on asteroid surfaces is difficult as space weathering modifies the minerals’ infrared spectra. This should be better understood for proper interpretation. Aims. We simulated the space weathering effects on a meteorite and recorded the alterations of the crystalline structure, such as the change in peak positions and full width at half maximum values. Methods. We used proton irradiation to simulate the effects of solar wind on a sample of NWA 10580 CO3 chondrite meteorites. After irradiation in three gradually increased steps with 1 keV ion energy, we used infrared microscopic reflectance and diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS) to identify and understand the consequences of irradiation. Results. We find negative peak shifts after the first and second irradiations at pyroxene and feldspar minerals, similarly to the literature, and this shift was attributed to Mg loss. However, after the third irradiation a positive change in values in wavenumber emerged for silicates, which could come from the distortion of SiO4 tetrahedra, resembling shock deformation. The full width at half maximum values of major bands show a positive (increasing) trend after irradiations in the case of feldspars, using IR reflection measurements. Comparing DRIFTS and reflection infrared data, the peak positions of major mineral bands were at similar wavenumbers, but differences can be observed in minor bands. Conclusions. We measured the spectral changes of meteorite minerals after high doses of proton irradiation for several minerals. We show the first of these measurements for feldspars; previous works only presented pyroxene, olivine, and phyllosilicates.

Narrow bandpass filter with ultra-wide stopband in a hybrid metal-optical Tamm state structure

Narrow bandpass filters (NBPF) play an important role in quantum communications, optical biometrics and other fields. However, traditional narrow bandpass filters have limited stopband capabilities. Here, an ultrawide stopband narrow bandpass filter is realized by combining a metal layer with a distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) structure to simultaneously excite the upper and lower Tamm plasma polarization (TP) modes. Numerical simulations show that the transmittance of the filter exceeds 94 % at a wavelength of 1.55 μm with a full width at half maximum (FWHM) of 8 nm. In addition, the addition of metal layer Ge reduces the electric field intensity of the lower DBR structure, effectively reducing the side peak, making the filter stopband range reach 1 μm–20 μm, which is 32 times that of traditional NBPF. Our research results provide a method to obtain narrow-band optical signals from ultra-broad and strong background noise, which facilitates the field of quantum communication.

Threading dislocations reduction of GaN-on-Si by introducing AlN/3D-GaN with SiN interlayer for photodetectors

Gallium nitride-on-Silicon epitaxy technology has enabled a high level of large-scale GaN integrated manufacturing. However, the poor crystalline quality of GaN on Si substrates dramatically deteriorates device performance. This work demonstrates the application of a buffer layer structure of AlN/3D-GaN with a SiN interlayer to obtain GaN films with high crystalline quality on Si substrates. Transmission electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction reveal reductions in GaN dislocation density. The full width at half maximum values of the X-ray rocking curve for the GaN(0002) and (10–12) planes have decreased from 499 to 710 arcsec to 339 and 350 arcsec, respectively. Ultraviolet photodetectors based on the optimized GaN-on-Si substrates exhibit low dark currents (34 pA@10 V) and high responsivity (6.8 A/W@10 V). Our reported novel buffer architecture provides an important reference for improving the performance of other GaN-based optoelectronics and power electronic devices on Si substrates.

Effect of annealing temperature on the physical of nanostructured TiO2 films prepared by sol-gel method

This study uses glass substrates to create nanostructured TiO2 thin films employing SolGel method. Afterwards, TiO2 films are annealed in air for two hours at (400, 450, and 500) °C. The XRD tests demonstrate that all films are tetragonal polycrystalline and have orientations equal to those described in the literature. These findings suggest that when the annealing temperature rises, grain size increases. As the annealing temperature is raised, the Full Width at Half Maximum (FWHM) reduces from 0.57° to 0.0.51°, and the dislocation density drops from 45.22 to 39.22.18 nm, respectively. AFM has examined the thin films' surface morphology. The films formed using this method have good crystalline and homogenous surfaces, according to AFM tests. With an increase in annealing temperature, thin films' average particle size, average roughness, and Root Mean Square (RMS) value all drop. The films' optical characteristics. The transmission was over 97% decreased with increasing annealing temperatures. It is found that the band gap decreases from 3.42 to 3.3 eV with increasing annealing temperature. Between 300 and 900 nm, the films' refractive indices range from 2.89 to 2.2.76. With higher annealing temperatures, the films' extinction coefficients fall.