Full View Research Articles

The efficacy of psychological treatments on adolescent psychopathology: a narrative review.

Adolescence is a critical period for human psychological and social development. Mental illness during this time can cause long-lasting damage on both individual and social levels. A growing body of psychological treatments has been employed to treat psychopathology; however, no reviews of these psychological interventions have been conducted. To fill the gap, this study reviewed articles published within the last decade that focused on the efficacy of psychological treatments of adolescent psychopathology. Peer-reviewed, original studies published between January 1, 2012, and June 1, 2022 were identified using the PubMed/MEDLINE, PsycINFO, and Google Scholar databases. After reasonable deletion following the exclusion criteria, a total of 50 articles focusing on clinical and subclinical psychopathology were finally reviewed. Psychological treatments are widely used in treating psychopathology and exhibit efficacy for adolescent psychopathology. Cognitive behavior therapy and family-based therapy are the most commonly used therapies. Many treatments in the review were conducted in the family and school contexts. Although the recent literature is encouraging, future studies with rigorous experimental designs regarding the samples and methodology are required. Future studies should also pay more attention to unsolved psychopathology and identify the effective elements for improvements in interventions and outcomes. This review provides a full view of studies on the efficacy of psychological treatments for adolescent psychopathology. It can be utilized to inform recommendations for healthcare services to improve treatment outcomes.

Full view on the dynamics of an impurity coupled to two one-dimensional baths

We consider a model for the motion of an impurity interacting with two parallel, one-dimensional baths, described as two Tomonaga-Luttinger liquid systems. The impurity is able to move along the baths, and to jump from one to the other. We provide a perturbative expression for the evolution of the system when the impurity is injected in one of the baths, with a given wave packet. We obtain an approximation formally of infinite order in the impurity-bath coupling, which allows us to reproduce the orthogonality catastrophe. We monitor and discuss the dynamics of the impurity and its effect on the baths, in particular for a Gaussian wave packet. Besides the motion of the impurity, we also analyze the dynamics of the bath density and momentum density (i.e., the particle current), and show that it fits an intuitive semiclassical interpretation. We also quantify the correlation that is established between the baths by calculating the interbath, equal-time spatial correlation functions of both bath density and momentum, finding a complex pattern. We show that this pattern contains information on both the impurity motion and on the baths, and that these can be unveiled by taking appropriate ``slices'' of the time evolution.

Expectancy or Salience?-Replicating Senders' Dial-Monitoring Experiments With a Gaze-Contingent Window.

In the 1950s and 1960s, John Senders carried out a number of influential experiments on the monitoring of multidegree-of-freedom systems. In these experiments, participants were tasked with detecting events (threshold crossings) for multiple dials, each presenting a signal with different bandwidth. Senders' analyses showed a nearly linear relationship between signal bandwidth and the amount of attention paid to the dial, and he argued that humans sample according to bandwidth, in line with the Nyquist-Shannon sampling theorem. The current study tested whether humans indeed sample the dials based on bandwidth alone or whether they also use salient peripheral cues. A dial-monitoring task was performed by 33 participants. In half of the trials, a gaze-contingent window was used that blocked peripheral vision. The results showed that, without peripheral vision, humans do not effectively distribute their attention across the dials. The findings also suggest that, when given full view, humans can detect the speed of the dial using their peripheral vision. It is concluded that salience and bandwidth are both drivers of distributed visual attention in a dial-monitoring task. The present findings indicate that salience plays a major role in guiding human attention. A subsequent recommendation for future human-machine interface design is that task-critical elements should be made salient.

Observation of the Coupling Current During Stress Corrosion Cracking of Aluminum Alloy 5083

A unique fracture mechanics device was created to allow for simultaneously measuring the load and localized electrochemical potential gradients in AA5083 bend bars. For the first time, periodic Scanning Vibrating Probe (SVP) maps were collected in order to obtain a full view of the coupling current, (which can be deduced from measured potential gradients) that emanates from an anodic crack tip. As a result of mapping the current density over a wide surface area compared to the area of the notch and crack tip, clarification is given on whether or not the external surfaces of an alloy or any other metal that experiences Stress Corrosion Cracking (SCC) play a role in crack growth. The SVP maps clearly show the anodic and cathodic potential gradients of a growing crack (resulting from SCC) in an AA5083 fracture mechanics specimen while the stress intensity increases. The notch and crack-tip remained anodic throughout most of the obtained scans for sensitized and as-received specimens. Furthermore, a coupling effect is observed on sensitized specimens even at low fracture toughness values in sensitized specimens under load for longer periods of time (> 1 week). These higher resolution maps captured during the crack growth process give more insight to the SCC phenomenon and the electrochemical mechanisms of crack growth in AA5083 and other alloys.

Liquid metal flexible electronics: Past, present, and future

Flexible electronics is one of the most overwhelming and promising technologies available today, receiving widespread attention from both academia and industry. As it continues to evolve, demands on flexible conductive materials are becoming increasingly prominent. Liquid metals (LMs), which combine the compliance of fluids with the electrical conductivity of metals, are excellent candidates among various material options for fabricating flexible electronics. Following more than a decade of development, LM flexible electronics has become a rather promising research field. This review aims to provide a comprehensive summary and interpretation of the typical progress in LM flexible electronics so as to promote further advancement in the area. First, modification strategies of LMs, such as oxidation and composite approaches (doped particles or mixed polymers), are systematically digested to improve their performances and increase the formability involved. Furthermore, we divide the LM flexible electronics into three major architectures (LM flexible electronics with channels, LM printed electronics, and LM/polymer flexible electronics) and introduce the core patterning methods for each type. In addition, we provide an overview of the representative applications of LM flexible electronics in the categories of soft sensors, biomedicine, flexible energy, electronic fabrics, etc. Finally, the current challenges and potential directions of LM flexible electronics are discussed. Overall, the past progress, current situation, and future outlook as outlined in full view in the present article is expected to inspire tremendous new opportunities for further fundamental research or practical explorations of LM flexible electronics in the coming time.

Oath-taking and the politics of secrecy in medieval and early modern British towns

AbstractIn premodern Britain civic officials took oaths in solemn ceremonies in full view of their colleagues and fellow citizens. This article examines oaths ranging from the fourteenth to the seventeenth centuries from 31 towns in England, Scotland, and Ireland to demonstrate how officials were ritually enjoined to keep secrets. Oaths were public acknowledgments that secrets were going to be kept. The act of governing necessitated the keeping of secrets to ensure the protection of the town's interests. But oath-taking was also a concession to the idea that governing required a degree of transparency for the ruling elite and other authorities to appear legitimate and incorruptible.

LIVE-Net: Comprehensive 3D vessel extraction framework in CT angiography

The extraction of vessels from computed tomography angiography (CTA) is significant in diagnosing and evaluating vascular diseases. However, due to the anatomical complexity, wide intensity distribution, and small volume proportion of vessels, vessel extraction is laborious and time-consuming, and it is easy to lead to error-prone diagnostic results in clinical practice. This study proposes a novel comprehensive vessel extraction framework, called the Local Iterative-based Vessel Extraction Network (LIVE-Net), to achieve 3D vessel segmentation while tracking vessel centerlines. LIVE-Net contains dual dataflow pathways that work alternately: an iterative tracking network and a local segmentation network. The former can generate the fine-grain direction and radius prediction of a vascular patch by using the attention-embedded atrous pyramid network (aAPN), and the latter can achieve 3D vascular lumen segmentation by constructing the multi-order self-attention U-shape network (MOSA-UNet). LIVE-Net is trained and evaluated on two datasets: the MICCAI 2008 Coronary Artery Tracking Challenge (CAT08) dataset and head and neck CTA dataset from the clinic. Experimental results of both tracking and segmentation show that our proposed LIVE-Net exhibits superior performance compared with other state-of-the-art (SOTA) networks. In the CAT08 dataset, the tracked centerlines have an average overlap of 95.2%, overlap until first error of 91.2%, overlap with the clinically relevant vessels of 98.3%, and error distance inside of 0.21 mm. The corresponding tracking overlap metrics in the head and neck CTA dataset are 96.7%, 91.0%, and 99.8%, respectively. In addition, the results of the consistent experiment also show strong clinical correspondence. For the segmentation of bilateral carotid and vertebral arteries, our method can not only achieve better accuracy with an average dice similarity coefficient (DSC) of 90.03%, Intersection over Union (IoU) of 81.97%, and 95% Hausdorff distance (95%HD) of 3.42 mm , but higher efficiency with an average time of 67.25 s , even three times faster compared to some methods applied in full field view. Both the tracking and segmentation results prove the potential clinical utility of our network.

Introduction

Introduction

A real-time computer-aided diagnosis method for hydatidiform mole recognition using deep neural network

Background and ObjectiveHydatidiform mole (HM) is one of the most common gestational trophoblastic diseases with malignant potential. Histopathological examination is the primary method for diagnosing HM. However, due to the obscure and confusing pathology features of HM, significant observer variability exists among pathologists, leading to over- and misdiagnosis in clinical practice. Efficient feature extraction can significantly improve the accuracy and speed of the diagnostic process. Deep neural network (DNN) has been proven to have excellent feature extraction and segmentation capabilities, which is widely used in clinical practice for many other diseases. We constructed a deep learning-based CAD method to recognize HM hydrops lesions under the microscopic view in real-time. MethodsTo solve the challenge of lesion segmentation due to difficulties in extracting effective features from HM slide images, we proposed a hydrops lesion recognition module that employs DeepLabv3+ with our novel compound loss function and a stepwise training strategy to achieve great performance in recognizing hydrops lesions at both pixel and lesion level. Meanwhile, a Fourier transform-based image mosaic module and an edge extension module for image sequences were developed to make the recognition model more applicable to the case of moving slides in clinical practice. Such an approach also addresses the situation where the model has poor results for image edge recognition. ResultsWe evaluated our method using widely adopted DNNs on an HM dataset and chose DeepLabv3+ with our compound loss function as the segmentation model. The comparison experiments show that the edge extension module is able to improve the model performance by at most 3.4% regarding pixel-level IoU and 9.0% regarding lesion-level IoU. As for the final result, our method is able to achieve a pixel-level IoU of 77.0%, a precision of 86.0%, and a lesion-level recall of 86.2% while having a response time of 82 ms per frame. Experiments show that our method is able to display the full microscopic view with accurately labeled HM hydrops lesions following the movement of slides in real-time. ConclusionsTo the best of our knowledge, this is the first method to utilize deep neural networks in HM lesion recognition. This method provides a robust and accurate solution with powerful feature extraction and segmentation capabilities for auxiliary diagnosis of HM.

Gain-gain and gain-lossless PT-symmetry broken from PT-phase diagram

Parity-time (PT) symmetry and broken in micro-/nanophotonic structures have been investigated extensively as they bring new opportunities to control the flow of light based on non-Hermitian optics. Previous studies have focused on the situations of PT-symmetry broken in loss-loss or gain-loss coupling systems. Here, we theoretically predict the gain-gain and gain-lossless PT-broken from the phase diagram, where the boundaries between PT-symmetry and PT-broken can be clearly defined in the full-parameter space including gain, lossless and loss. For specific micro-/nanophotonic structures, such as coupled waveguides, we give the transmission matrices of each phase space, which can be used for beam splitting. Taking coupled waveguides as example, we obtain periodic energy exchange in the PT-symmetry phase and exponential gain or loss in the PT-broken phase, which are consistent with the phase diagram. The scenario giving a full view of PT-symmetry or broken, will not only deepen the understanding of fundamental physics, but also will promote the breakthrough of photonic applications like optical routers and beam splitters.

Urban Taxi Slogans: The People's Arts

Urban Taxi Slogans: The People's Arts

The Critical Application of Internet of Things (IoT) in the Overall Development of Education

The advent of internet IoT devices can be used in any kind of industry for its growth. The applications and benefits of IoT in the education industry are diverse. The teachers and the parents can collect the personalized data about students in the classrooms and use them to improve the personalized learning using this will not disturb their learning process. The schools with limited valuable resources can make use of IoT to control the students from overusing activities which will be helpful to other students to utilize the resource. IoT helps the teacher to see the full view of students' mental state, stress level with the help of their heart rate. In this paper the IoT is used as a wearable band. The band will be tied on the hand of the student to monitor the vital readings of heart beat over the time during the school hours. The vital readings are compared with the standards. If the deviation between the actual and the standard found is large scale then it would be informed as alert to the class teacher for further action. Usually this can be used to give counseling to the students having difficulties, stress in different activities as part of the curriculum.

Trench visualisation from a semiautonomous excavator with a base grid map using a TOF 2D profilometer

Real-time, three-dimensional (3D) visualisation technology can be used at construction sites to improve the quality of work. A 3D view of the landscape under work can be compared to a target 3D model of the landscape to conveniently show needed excavation tasks to a human excavator operator or to show the progress of an autonomous excavator. The purpose of this study was to demonstrate surface visualisation from measurements taken with a pulsed time-of-flight (TOF) 2D profilometer on-board a semiautonomous excavator. The semiautomatic excavator was implemented by recording the feedback script parameters from the work performed on the excavator by a human driver. 3D visualisation maps based on the triangle mesh technique were generated from the 3D point cloud using measurements of the trenches dug by a human and an autonomous excavator. The accuracy of the 3D maps was evaluated by comparing them to a high-resolution commercial 3D scanner. An analysis of the results shows that the 2D profilometer attached to the excavator can achieve almost the same 3D results as a high-quality on-site static commercial 3D scanner, whilst more easily providing an unobstructed view of the trench during operation (a 3D scanner placed next to a deep trench might not have a full view of the trench). The main technical advantages of our 2D profilometer are its compact size, measurement speed, lack of moving parts, robustness, low-cost technology that enables visualisations from a unique viewpoint on the boom of the excavator, and readiness for real-time control of the excavator’s system. This research is expected to encourage the efficiency of the digging process in the future, as well as to provide a remarkable view of trench work using an excavator as a moving platform to facilitate data visualisation.Graphical abstract

Partial vs full glottic view with CMACTM D blade intubation of airway with simulated cervical spine injury: a randomized controlled trial

ABSTRACT Purpose A previous study reported a shorter time to tracheal intubation by reducing percentage of glottic opening (POGO) view to <50% when intubating a normal adult airway using the GlidescopeTM blade. We evaluate the efficacy of reducing POGO to <50% when intubating patients with rigid cervical immobilization using CMACTM D blade. Methods One hundred and four adult patients were randomized to group POGO 100% or POGO <50% . Laryngoscopy was performed by advancing tip of the D blade at vallecula. POGO 100% was achieved by exerting upward force to displace epiglottis until glottic opening from the anterior commissure to inter arytenoid notch. POGO < 50% was acquired by withdrawing the D blade tip dorsally from vallecula. The primary outcome was time to intubation. Results The median time (IQR) to successful intubation was 29 (25–35) seconds for group POGO < 50% and 34 (28–40) seconds for group with POGO 100% (difference in medians, 5 seconds; 95% confidence interval, 2 to 8, p = 0.003). Complications were minor. Conclusion Using the CMACTM D blade with a reduced POGO in patients with cervical spine immobilization resulted in faster tracheal intubation. Trial registration The trial is registered at ClinicalTrial.gov (CT.gov identifier: NCT 04833166)

Effect of the focused gap-plasmon mode on tip-enhanced Raman excitation and scattering.

As a powerful molecular detection approach, tip-enhanced Raman scattering (TERS) spectroscopy has the advantages of nanoscale spatial resolution, label-free detection and high enhancement factor, therefore has been widely used in fields of chemistry, materials and life sciences. A TERS system enhanced by the focused gap-plasmon mode composed of Surface Plasmon Polariton (SPP) focus and the metal probe has been reported, however, its underlying enhancement mechanism for Raman excitation and scattering remains to be deeply explored. Here, we focus on the different performances of optical focus and SPP focus in the TERS system, and verify that the cooperation of these two focuses can produce maximum enhancement in a local electromagnetic field. Further, the Purcell effect on sample scattering in such a system is studied for the enhancement of Raman scattering collection in the far field. Finally, the local field enhancement and the sample far-field scattering enhancement are combined to show a full view of the whole process of TERS enhancement. This research can be applied to optimize the excitation and collection of Raman signals in TERS systems, which is of great value for the research and development of TERS technology.

The Influence of William Hogarth on Later Generations

The Influence of William Hogarth on Later Generations

Conversation Pit

Conversation Pit

Seeing Puppetry: Winter Report from New York City

Seeing Puppetry: Winter Report from New York City

サブピクセル推定誤差発生メカニズムに着目した橋梁変位の全視野画像計測の実用的改善法

サブピクセル推定誤差発生メカニズムに着目した橋梁変位の全視野画像計測の実用的改善法

Tunable image quality control of 3-D ultrasound using switchable CycleGAN.

In contrast to 2-D ultrasound (US) for uniaxial plane imaging, a 3-D US imaging system can visualize a volume along three axial planes. This allows for a full view of the anatomy, which is useful for gynecological (GYN) and obstetrical (OB) applications. Unfortunately, the 3-D US has an inherent limitation in resolution compared to the 2-D US. In the case of 3-D US with a 3-D mechanical probe, for example, the image quality is comparable along the beam direction, but significant deterioration in image quality is often observed in the other two axial image planes. To address this, here we propose a novel unsupervised deep learning approach to improve 3-D US image quality. In particular, using unmatched high-quality 2-D US images as a reference, we trained a recently proposed switchable CycleGAN architecture so that every mapping plane in 3-D US can learn the image quality of 2-D US images. Thanks to the switchable architecture, our network can also provide real-time control of image enhancement level based on user preference, which is ideal for a user-centric scanner setup. Extensive experiments with clinical evaluation confirm that our method offers significantly improved image quality as well user-friendly flexibility.