Full Sheets Research Articles

純アルミニウム焼なまし板の機械的性質の異方性

Anisotropy of mechanical properties in full annealed sheets was studied using pure aluminum with {100}‹001›. Yield stress anisotropy was not observed. However, work hardening behavior, flow stress and several kinds of elongation were different depending on tensile direction. The anisotropic behavior in fracture elongation was well consistent with that in uniform elongation. Namely, the elongation was maximum at a direction of 45° to RD. In contrast, elongation parallel to RD exhibited the minimum value. The anisotropy of the uniform elongation was due to anisotropic behavior of the work hardening. Crystallographic orientation and dislocation structure developed by tensile deformation played an important role in the anisotropy of these properties.

Assessing modulus of elasticity of wood-fiber cement (WFC) sheets using nondestructive evaluation (NDE)

This study evaluates whether the mechanical properties of modulus of rupture (MOR) and modulus of elasticity (MOE) of wood-fiber cement (WFC) sheets are correlated with the nondestructive parameters of stress wave velocity and density of the material. Longitudinal stress wave technique was used to evaluate WFC nondestructively using a total of 117 specimens (measuring each 241×51 mm ) obtained from 39 WFC sheets. The aim was to establish the correlation between dynamic versus static MOE of the material for predicting the actual mechanical property. Even though short dimension specimens were used, results obtained were encouraging. A correlation coefficient ( R) of 0.828 was found when the static MOE of the material was used as a function of nondestructive parameters. A multivariate linear regression analysis using the specimen's density, wave velocity, and dynamic MOE provided the strongest correlation to the static MOE. The correlation observed for MOR as a function of static MOE is within the normal range obtained for wood composites. A nondestructive evaluation (NDE) using full size WFC sheets is recommended and can probably improve the relationship between the static and the predicted MOE.

Changes in epidermal radiosensitivity with time associated with increased colony numbers.

Epidermal clonogenic cell survival and colony formation following irradiation were investigated and related to radiosensitivity. A rapid in vivo/in vitro assay was developed for the quantification of colonies arising from surviving clonogenic cells in pig epidermis after irradiation. Bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU)-labelled cells in full thickness epidermal sheets were visualized using standard immunohistochemistry. In unirradiated skin, approximately 900 BrdU-positive cells mm(-2) were counted. In a time sequence experiment, BrdU-positive cell numbers increased from an average of 900 cells mm(-2) to approximately 1400 cells mm(-2) after BrdU-labelling for 2-24 h. In irradiated skin, colonies containing >/=16 BrdU-positive cells were seen for the first time at days 14/15 after irradiation. The number of these colonies per cm(2) as a function of skin surface dose yielded a cell survival curve with a D(0)-value (+/-SE) of 3.9+/-0.6 Gy. This relatively high D(0)-value is possibly due to a rapid fall off in depth dose distribution for the iridium-192 source and consequently a substantial contribution of hair follicular epithelium to colony formation. At 14/15 days after irradiation, the ED(50) level of 33.6 Gy for the in vivo response of moist desquamation corresponded with 2.7 colonies cm(-2). Surprisingly, the number of colonies increased with time after irradiation with an estimated doubling time of approximately 4 days, while the D(0)-value remained virtually unchanged. This increase in colony numbers could be due to migration of clonogenic cells, to the recruitment of dormant clonogenic cell survivors by elevated levels of cytokines, or to both. Although frequent biopsying caused increased cytokine levels, which had a systemic effect on unirradiated skin, it had no influence on colony formation in irradiated skin. Smaller colonies, containing 4-8 cells or 9-15 cells, were abundant, particularly after higher doses, which resulted in higher D(0)-values. The majority of these small colonies were abortive and did not progress to larger colonies. There was no statistical evidence for significant variations in the interanimal responses.

Determination of colony numbers in pig epidermis as an estimate for radiosensitivity. A rapid assay based on in vitro BrdU-labelling.

A rapid assay has been developed for the quantitation of colonies arising from surviving clonogenic cells in pig epidermis after irradiation. The number of surviving clonogenic cells per unit area was related to the epidermal in vivo response of moist desquamation. After irradiation with single doses, ranging from 20 to 36 Gy, skin biopsies were taken and incubated in dispase for enzymatic separation of the epidermis and dermis. Full thickness epidermal sheets were labelled with bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) in vitro. Proliferating cells were visualized using standard immunohistochemical procedures. Cell groups containing > or = 16 cells were counted as colonies. These colonies were first seen on day 14/15 after irradiation. The number of colonies per cm2, as a function of skin surface dose, yielded a cell survival curve with a D0 (+/- SE) of 3.87 +/- 0.57 Gy. The ED50 for the epidermal in vivo reaction of moist desquamation corresponded with a colony density of 2.7 colonies per cm2. After higher doses, abundant smaller colonies of 4-8 BrdU-positive cells were seen and these were more radioresistant, as represented by higher D0 values.

The dimensions and topographic setting of Antarctic subglacial lakes and implications for large-scale water storage beneath continental ice sheets

Research Article| February 01, 1999 The dimensions and topographic setting of Antarctic subglacial lakes and implications for large-scale water storage beneath continental ice sheets Julian A. Dowdeswell; Julian A. Dowdeswell 1Bristol Glaciology Centre, School of Geographical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1SS, United Kingdom Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Martin J. Siegert Martin J. Siegert 1Bristol Glaciology Centre, School of Geographical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1SS, United Kingdom Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar GSA Bulletin (1999) 111 (2): 254–263. https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1999)111<0254:TDATSO>2.3.CO;2 Article history first online: 01 Jun 2017 Cite View This Citation Add to Citation Manager Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn MailTo Tools Icon Tools Get Permissions Search Site Citation Julian A. Dowdeswell, Martin J. Siegert; The dimensions and topographic setting of Antarctic subglacial lakes and implications for large-scale water storage beneath continental ice sheets. GSA Bulletin 1999;; 111 (2): 254–263. doi: https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1999)111<0254:TDATSO>2.3.CO;2 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Refmanager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentBy SocietyGSA Bulletin Search Advanced Search Abstract Radio-echo sounding (RES) at 60 MHz has penetrated to the ice-sheet bed on about 400 000 km of flight track covering more than 50% of the 13.5 x 106 km2 Antarctic ice sheet. About 70 subglacial lakes have been identified by characteristic strong, mirror-like, and very flat RES reflectors. Most are located in the ice-sheet interior, where numerical modeling predicts basal melting, and 33% are within 100 km of the ice crest. Mean ice thickness above the lakes is about 3000 m. About 75% of lakes have radio-echo lengths of <10 km, and only 5% are >30 km. The largest is Vostok Lake, which is 230 km long, 14 000 km2 in area, and has a water volume of about 2000 km3. More than 60% of lakes have maximum local bedrock elevations of <400 m and bed gradients of <0.1 adjacent to their margins. Extrapolating the observed side-slope topography implies water depths from tens to several hundred meters in a few cases. About 20 000 km2 of subglacial lakes are inferred from RES, which can be doubled for the entire ice sheet to yield an estimated total area of about 40 000 km2, excluding Vostok Lake. Assuming average lake depths between 50 and 250 m, and including the 2000 km3 of water stored within Vostok Lake, we calculate an envelope of about 4000 to 12 000 km3 for the likely volume of water stored in modern Antarctic subglacial lakes, equivalent to 10–35 mm of global sea-level rise. In these volume calculations it is assumed that no subglacial lakes the size of Lake Vostok remain to be discovered and that RES length measurements along single transects are representative of overall lake dimensions. Our estimates of the total water volume of Antarctic subglacial lakes, which may be a suitable analogue for full glacial Quaternary ice sheets, do not necessarily conflict with the possible significance of large meltwater floods during the deglaciation of former midlatitude ice sheets. This content is PDF only. Please click on the PDF icon to access. First Page Preview Close Modal You do not have access to this content, please speak to your institutional administrator if you feel you should have access.

On the Global Accounting Matrices for Environment and Economy (GAMEE)

The purpose of this paper is to propose a common accounting framework which overcomes the apparent polarization between the SEEA1) and NAMEA2) and which includes almost all the approaches and modules that the revised SEEA might require. It is hoped that this will then stimulate further discussion on the common framework for the revised SEEA.In a previous paper, the Complete SEEA (CSEEA) was proposed as an extension of the SEEA with a national accounting matrix (NAM), a detailed rest of the world account and a global environment account. It could also be seen as an extension of NAMEA, containing full balance sheets and a detailed rest of the world account.In this paper, the CSEEA will be further extended and elaborated, using physical accounts such as natural resource accounts and material flow accounts, and a comprehensive, flexible and consistent accounting framework which includes both physical and monetary accounting will be proposed. It is named as the Global Accounting Matrices for Environment and Economy (GAMEE) in order to stress its extended applicability to the multinational accounts and global environment accounts and also its comprehensiveness and flexibility on various approaches and modules.The GAMEE contains a physical accounting framework for environment and economy (PAFEE) and a monetary accounting framework for environment and economy (MAFEE) within a common framework. The GAMEE is an extension of the CSEEA with physical accounts and the CSEEA is an extension of the SEEA with a NAM. Therefore, the GAMEE maintains not only the basic structure of the SEEA but also close links to the SNA. Furthermore, it is an extension of the NAMEA and can include almost all the approaches and modules, which are required of the SEEA revision.

Sensitivity of a general circulation model to changes in northern hemisphere ice sheets

Sensitivity experiments with a general circulation model demonstrate the role of ice sheet size on the local, regional, and global climate. Model experiments isolate the effects of albedo, height, and area of the ice sheets and show how the National Center for Atmospheric Research Community Climate Model 1 responds to changes in the size of northern hemisphere ice sheets. A flat ice sheet with full glacial areal extent but no elevation is used to study albedo effects. A full ice sheet with full glacial areal extent and elevation is used to represent height effects. An ice sheet with half the glacial area of the others but the full glacial elevation is used to represent area effects. All of the sensitivity experiments have (1) interactive sea surface temperatures calculated by a slab ocean and (2) modern boundary conditions except for the ice sheets. The experiments show that both the full and flat ice sheets lower the global mean surface temperatures (GMT) by 2.5°C and that the GMT is dependent upon the area, rather than the height, of the ice sheets. High ice sheets maintain colder temperatures than lower ice sheets over the ice sheets themselves, but compensating warmer temperatures occur downstream from the high ice sheets. The downstream warmer temperatures are the result of (1) glacial anticyclones that cause subsidence and reduced cloud cover during summer as well as reduced soil moisture and (2) increased southwesterly flow across the Atlantic Ocean that results in increased southerly advection of warm air during winter. A dynamical effect of the high ice sheets during summer is to change the wave number of the planetary waves in the midlatitudes, whereas a thermodynamic effect of the flat ice sheets during summer is to lower the geopotential heights throughout the northern hemisphere. In general, northern hemisphere ice sheets induce both a local response over the ice sheets and a regional response downstream from the ice sheets but have little impact on the southern hemisphere except where sea ice expands.

Simulations of continental ice sheet growth over the last glacial-interglacial cycle: experiments with a one level seasonal energy balance model including seasonal ice albedo feedback

The variations of Northern Hemisphere continental ice sheet extent (excepting on Greenland) are simulated over the last glacial-interglacial cycle of Late Pleistocene time using an ice sheet model (ISM) which is asynchronously coupled to a climate model. The climate component of the coupled system consists of a global, two-dimensional, one level seasonal energy balance model (EBM) which includes seasonal ice feedback. The ice sheet component consists of a vertically integrated ice flow model which depends on latitude, longitude and time. Ice volume simulations obtained with the incorporation of the seasonal ice albedo feedback in the EBM (referred to as nonlinear EBM; NLEBM) have similar characteristics as those of an EBM in which the albedo is assumed independent of temperature (referred to as LEBM). It is also found that the full glacial Northern Hemisphere ice sheets predicted by the model exhibit a large sensitivity to orbital configuration and to variations in the solar constant. Although ice sheets are “easily” nucleated in the model, the North-American complex is shown to exhibit only weak sensitivity to variable solar forcing over the last glacial-interglacial cycle and no deglaciation is predicted to occur following the last glacial maximum. The Eurasian ice sheet on the other hand, exhibits a considerably greater sensitivity to orbital forcing, due to the higher continentality of Eurasia although no complete deglaciation is predicted by the model in this region either. Experiments with the NLEBM/ISM lead to the conclusion that the variations of other important geophysical variables such as atmospheric CO 2 and changes in the thermohaline circulation of the ocean should be included in the climate modelling of the ice ages.

Simulations of continental ice sheet growth over the last glacial-interglacial cycle: experiments with a one level seasonal energy balance model including seasonal ice albedo feedback

The variations of Northern Hemisphere continental ice sheet extent (excepting on Greenland) are simulated over the last glacial-interglacial cycle of Late Pleistocene time using an ice sheet model (ISM) which is asynchronously coupled to a climate model. The climate component of the coupled system consists of a global, two-dimensional, one level seasonal energy balance model (EBM) which includes seasonal ice feedback. The ice sheet component consists of a vertically integrated ice flow model which depends on latitude, longitude and time. Ice volume simulations obtained with the incorporation of the seasonal ice albedo feedback in the EBM (referred to as nonlinear EBM; NLEBM) have similar characteristics as those of an EBM in which the albedo is assumed independent of temperature (referred to as LEBM). It is also found that the full glacial Northern Hemisphere ice sheets predicted by the model exhibit a large sensitivity to orbital configuration and to variations in the solar constant. Although ice sheets are “easily” nucleated in the model, the North-American complex is shown to exhibit only weak sensitivity to variable solar forcing over the last glacial-interglacial cycle and no deglaciation is predicted to occur following the last glacial maximum. The Eurasian ice sheet on the other hand, exhibits a considerably greater sensitivity to orbital forcing, due to the higher continentality of Eurasia although no complete deglaciation is predicted by the model in this region either. Experiments with the NLEBM/ISM lead to the conclusion that the variations of other important geophysical variables such as atmospheric CO 2 and changes in the thermohaline circulation of the ocean should be included in the climate modelling of the ice ages.

Notable Collections Represented in the Truman G. Yuncker Herbarium (DPU), Now Deposited at the New York Botanical Garden (NY)

In 1987, the Truman G. Yuncker Herbarium of DePauw University (DPU) was purchased by the New York Botanical Garden and has now been integrated into NY. Founded at the turn of the century, DPU came to be one of the finest small herbaria in the country under the direction of Truman G. Yuncker (from 1919 to 1963) and Winona H. Welch (from 1930 to 1981). Its reputation was based on Yuncker's collections of Piperaceae and Cuscutaceae, as well as his general vascular plant collections from the Pacific islands, Honduras, and the West Indies, and on Welch's large cryptogamic herbarium. The collection of DPU Cuscutaceae, one of Yuncker's specialties, number 7684 specimens, of which are 6354 fragments and 1330 full sheets. Types of 165 names were verified which with 115 duplicate fragments amount to a total of 280. Yuncker described 67 new species and 39 new varieties of Cuscuta. Most of the sheets are of collections of Cuscutaceae from the early 1 900s through 1963, while the fragments include many historical collections, one from as early as 1770. Most of the fragments, including the types, are good representative specimens. For students of Cuscuta, the historical collections represented by fragments are the most valuable part, because the samples were taken from herbaria worldwide, some of which were destroyed during World War II. [Fortunately, it is now ethically unacceptable to take pieces from sheets of other herbaria; it was acceptable in Yuncker's day, for he notes repeatedly that he was given permission to remove fragments from the sheets in other herbaria.] Indices to the collectors and types represented in Yuncker's collection of Cuscutaceae have been deposited in the Garden's Library (Tania del C. Belize, unpubl. manuscripts). Many of the other exceptional collections have been treated in several recent publications: The lives and scientific careers of both Truman G. Yuncker and Winona H. Welch have been portrayed in Festschriften (Brittonia 40(2); Brittonia 41(3)). The lichen collection of DPU and the tireless efforts of Dr. Welch to increase

Identification and Analysis of Keratin Polypeptides from Isolated Rat Vaginal Epithelium*

Under the influence of estradiol, the vaginal epithelium undergoes a process of growth and differentiation known as cornification. To analyze the biosynthetic changes that underlie this phenomenon in rats, it was necessary to first isolate the vaginal epithelium from hormonally stimulated animals. This was accomplished by two different methods: enzymatic digestion with a trypsin/pancreatin solution, which produced a disaggregated population of cells from the living epithelial layers; or disruption of basement membrane adhesion with a chaotropic salt solution (2 M NaSCN), which produced intact, full thickness tissue sheets. Extended extraction of the cells and sheets with an alkaline urea buffer followed by analysis of these extracts on denaturing polyacrylamide gels revealed that both preparations contained six major polypeptides in the mol wt range of 50,000-60,000 daltons. Differential solubilization indicated that these proteins are keratin subunits, and amino acid analysis confirmed this for the 53,000-dalton polypeptide (53K) purified from preparative sodium dodecyl sulfate gels. On two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, 53K produced a group of three acidic spots (alpha, beta, and gamma), with isoelectric points of 4.6, 5.5, and 5.4, respectively. Partial peptide maps revealed that these spots are isoelectric variants of the same protein. Immunization of rabbits with 53K produced a keratin antiserum that was primarily directed against the immunogen and cross-reacted weakly with a 50,000- and a 57,000-dalton band. This work demonstrated the feasibility of obtaining well defined molecular probes from a hormone-responsive epithelial system.

Structure-property relationships in Cr/Cu and Ti/Ni microlaminate composites

Cr/Cu and Ti/Ni microlaminate composites were deposited as full density sheets from two electron beam evaporation sources. The deposits were characterized by X-ray diffraction, optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Microhardness and tensile properties were measured at room and elevated temperatures as a function of lamina thickness. The strength increased markedly in the range of lamina thickness below 10 μm. The specimens showed brittle behavior at room temperature but exhibited some ductility in elevated temperature tests.

Prolylhydroxyproline in urine: Improved method for detecting radioactivity with a scanner on full sheets of chromatography paper

Construction and use of a simple scanning device are described for locating small amounts of radioactivity on large uncut filter papers used for chromatography and electrophoresis. With this device the use of autoradiographs in eliminated from the original method for determining urinary hydroxyproline on the principle of isotope dilution. The modified method is described, and eight results are reported for the recovery of added nonradioactive dipeptide. Percentage of recovery varied from 84.5 to 111% with an average of 98.4%.

Survey of India

IN 1905 the hope was expressed by the Survey of India that in twenty-five years maps of the whole Indian Empire on a scale of one inch to a mile would be available. The Annual Report for 1936 (Calcutta. 2s. 6d.) points out that this hope is far from realization, and that a little more than half the area is now mapped on that scale. When it was realized in 1913 that the scheme could not be completed for many years, it was decided to reduce the scale of survey for the less populous areas. As a result, two-thirds of the country is now covered by modern maps ranging in scale from one inch to a quarter inch. In the year under review more than fifty-three thousand square miles was surveyed, in addition to a certain amount of revision. The report contains full index sheets to all the scales, including the sheets of the Carte Internationale on a scale of one million which cover India and adjoining lands.