Full Ripeness Research Articles

Comparative transcriptional profiling analysis of olive ripe-fruit pericarp and abscission zone tissues shows expression differences and distinct patterns of transcriptional regulation

BackgroundIn fleshy fruit, abscission of fully ripe fruit is a process intimately linked to the ripening process. In many fruit-tree species, such as olive (Olea europaea L. cv. Picual), there is a coupling of the full ripening and the activation of the abscission-zone (AZ). Although fully ripe fruit have marked physiological differences with respect to their AZs, dissimilarities in gene expression have not been thoroughly investigated. The present study examines the transcriptome of olive fruit and their AZ tissues at the last stage of ripening, monitored using mRNA-Seq.ResultsRoche-454 massive parallel pyrosequencing enabled us to generate 397,457 high-quality EST sequences, among which 199,075 were from ripe-fruit pericarp and 198,382 from AZ tissues. We assembled these sequences into 19,062 contigs, grouped as 17,048 isotigs. Using the read amounts for each annotated isotig (from a total of 15,671), we identified 7,756 transcripts. A comparative analysis of the transcription profiles conducted in ripe-fruit pericarp and AZ evidenced that 4,391 genes were differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in fruit and AZ. Functional categorization of the DEGs revealed that AZ tissue has an apparently higher response to external stimuli than does that of ripe fruit, revealing a higher expression of auxin-signaling genes, as well as lignin catabolic and biosynthetic pathway, aromatic amino acid biosynthetic pathway, isoprenoid biosynthetic pathway, protein amino acid dephosphorylation, amino acid transport, and photosynthesis. By contrast, fruit-enriched transcripts are involved in ATP synthesis coupled proton transport, glycolysis, and cell-wall organization. Furthermore, over 150 transcripts encoding putative transcription-factors (TFs) were identified (37 fruit TFs and 113 AZ TFs), of which we randomly selected eight genes and we confirmed their expression patterns using quantitative RT-PCR.ConclusionWe generated a set of EST sequences from olive fruit at full ripening, and DEGs between two different olive tissues, ripe fruit and their AZ, were also identified. Regarding the cross-talk between fruit and AZ, using qRT-PCR, we confirmed a set of TF genes that were differentially expressed, revealing profiles of expression that have not previously been reported, this offering a promising beginning for studies on the different transcription regulation in such tissues.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1471-2164-14-866) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Influence of climatic factors on the low yields of spring barley and winter wheat in Southern Moravia (Czech Republic) during the 1961–2007 period

The paper aims to study the variability of spring barley and winter wheat yields, the most important crops in the Czech Republic, with respect to the variability of weather and climatic factors. Yields of both crops have been studied for 13 districts in Southern Moravia for the 1961–2007 period. From detrended series of spring barley and winter wheat yields, years with very low (lower than the mean minus a 2.5-multiple of the standard deviation) and extremely low (interval given by the mean minus a 1.5- and 2.5-multiple of the standard deviation) yields were selected. Years in which at least one of the districts had extremely low/very low yields were further analyzed. From 10 such years selected separately for spring barley and winter wheat, six of them agreed for both crops. Extreme years were studied using NUTS4-level yield data with respect to temperature, precipitation, the self-calibrated Palmer Drought Severity Index (scPDSI), snow cover, frost patterns, and the onset and duration of select phenophases. Extremely/very low barley yields in 1993, 2000, and 2007 were related to high April–June (AMJ) temperatures, low AMJ precipitation totals, and negative AMJ scPDSI (indicating drought) with an earlier onset of flowering and full ripeness and shorter intervals from tillering to flowering and from flowering to full ripeness compared to the entire 1961–2007 mean. As for extremely/very low winter wheat yields, in addition to the previously mentioned factors, winter patterns also played an important role, particularly the occurrence of severe frosts with a coinciding lack of snow cover and a long-lasting snow cover (in highlands), indicating that low yields are the result of not only one unfavorable factor but a combination of several of them.

Microarray analysis of gene expression patterns during fruit development in European pear (Pyrus communis)

We used microarray analysis to search for novel ripening- or development-related genes in the fruits of European pear (Pyrus communis). Genes were classified into 20 clusters according to expression pattern. Several clusters showed stage-specific expression. Genes expressed until full bloom were dominated by photosynthesis-related genes. Genes expressed at 30 days after full bloom were dominated by those for the biosynthesis of flavonoids, lignin, and fatty acids. Since RNA from fruit skin was included in 30 days after full bloom, high expression of these genes might be due to fruit skin. Gene expressed during ripening were dominated by those for ethylene biosynthesis and cell wall modification. Among ripening-specific genes, one cupin family protein gene and two unannotated genes, which are not induced in Japanese pear (Pyrus pyrifolia), were induced in P. communis. These genes are likely to be involved in the ripening characteristics specific to P. communis. Our fruit flesh transcriptome data, spanning fruit development from before full bloom to the full ripe stage, will be helpful in studying fruit development and surveying genes important in flesh development in P. communis.

Volatile Aroma and Antioxidant Quality of ‘Shiraz’ Grapes at Different Stages of Ripening

Wine quality is determined by the stage of harvest of grapes. In order to understand the effect of ripening stages on the berry aroma and antioxidant quality, berries were grouped into three categories, namely: (a) full ripe (before skin shriveling); (b) partially shriveled; and (c) 75% shriveled berries. Total terpenoids, alcohols, hydrocarbons, radical scavenging capacity (DPPH), and total anthocyanins were higher in grapes harvested at full ripe stage, when compared to other stages. Therefore, for better aroma and antioxidants in wines, grapes should be harvested at full ripe (no shriveled berries) stage instead of overripe shriveled berry stages.

Dynamic characteristics of sugar accumulation and related enzyme activities in sweet and non-sweet watermelon fruits

Sugar content largely determines watermelon fruit quality. We compared changes in sugar accumulation and activities of carbohydrate enzymes in the flesh (central portion) and mesocarp of elite sweet watermelon line 97103 (Citrullus lanatus subsp. vulgaris) and exotic non-sweet line PI296341-FR (C. lanatus subsp. lanatus) to elucidate the physiological and biochemical mechanisms of sugar accumulation in watermelon fruit. The major translocated sugars, raffinose and stachyose, were more unloaded into sweet watermelon fruit than non-sweet fruit. During the fruit development, acid α-galactosidase activity was much higher in flesh of 97103 than in mesocarp of 97103, in flesh and mesocarp of PI296341-FR fruit. Insoluble acid invertase activity was higher in 97103 flesh than in 97103 mesocarp, PI296341-FR flesh or mesocarp from 18 days after pollination (DAP) to 34 DAP. Changes in soluble acid invertase activity in 97103 flesh were similar to those in PI296341-FR flesh and mesocarp from 18 DAP to full ripening. Sucrose synthase and sucrose phosphate synthase activities in 97103 flesh were significantly higher than those in 97103 mesocarp and PI296341-FR fruits from 18 to 34 DAP. Only insoluble acid invertase and sucrose phosphate synthase activities were significantly positively correlated with sucrose content in 97103 flesh. Therefore, phloem loading, distribution and metabolism of major translocated sugars, which are controlled by key sugar metabolism enzymes, determine fruit sugar accumulation in sweet and non-sweet watermelon and reflect the distribution diversity of translocated sugars between subspecies.

호숙기와 황숙기 멥쌀을 첨가한 백설기의 품질특성

The effect of the addition of dough ripe stage rice (DRSR) and yellow ripe stage rice (YRSR) on the quality characteristics of Backsulgi was investigated. The DRSR and YRSR addition ratio of 30% was selected by preliminary sensory evaluation study for which backsulgi was prepared with DRSR added to full ripe stage rice (FRSR, control) as the weight ratio of 0, 20, 30 and 50%. The pasting properties of 30% added DRSR and YRSR flours, analyzed with rapid viscosity analyzer (RVA), were compared with FRSR flour. The RVA values of holding, breakdown, final viscosities were higher in 30% DRSR and YRSR flours than in control. Backsulgi prepared with 30% DRSR and YRSR showed lower moisture content along with higher greenness and yellowness than control. As a result of analysis with texture analyzer, adhesiveness, springiness, cohesiveness, chewiness and resilience were lower in backsulgis with 30% DRSR and YRSR than in control. In the sensory evaluation, backsulgis with 30% DRSR and YRSR were assessed as having more intensive green color, and more greenish and delicious taste than control. Furthermore, backsulgi with 30% DRSR showed higher score of overall acceptability than 30% YRSR (p 0.05). Therefore, the addition of 30% DRSR could give favorable color and flavor to backsulgi.

High-throughput sequencing and degradome analysis identify miRNAs and their targets involved in fruit senescence of Fragaria ananassa.

In non-climacteric fruits, the respiratory increase is absent and no phytohormone is appearing to be critical for their ripening process. They must remain on the parent plant to enable full ripening and be picked at or near the fully ripe stage to obtain the best eating quality. However, huge losses often occur for their quick post-harvest senescence. To understanding the complex mechanism of non-climacteric fruits post-harvest senescence, we constructed two small RNA libraries and one degradome from strawberry fruit stored at 20°C for 0 and 24 h. A total of 88 known and 1224 new candidatemiRNAs, and 103 targets cleaved by 19 known miRNAs families and 55 new candidatemiRNAs were obtained. These targets were associated with development, metabolism, defense response, signaling transduction and transcriptional regulation. Among them, 14 targets, including NAC transcription factor, Auxin response factors (ARF) and Myb transcription factors, cleaved by 6 known miRNA families and 6 predicted candidates, were found to be involved in regulating fruit senescence. The present study provided valuable information for understanding the quick senescence of strawberry fruit, and offered a foundation for studying the miRNA-mediated senescence of non-climacteric fruits.

The role of FaBG3 in fruit ripening and B. cinerea fungal infection of strawberry

In plants, β-glucosidases (BG) have been implicated in developmental and pathogen defense, and are thought to take part in abscisic acid (ABA) synthesis via hydrolysis of ABA glucose ester to release active ABA; however, there is no genetic evidence for the role of BG genes in ripening and biotic/abiotic stress in fruits. To clarify the role of BG genes in fruit, eight Fa/FvBG genes encoding β-glucosidase were isolated using information from the GenBank strawberry nucleotide database. Of the Fa/FvBG genes examined, expression of FaBG3 was the highest, showing peaks at the mature stage, coincident with the changes observed in ABA content. To verify the role of this gene, we suppressed the expression of FaBG3 via inoculation with Agrobacterium tumefaciens containing tobacco rattle virus carrying a FaBG3 fragment (RNAi). The expression of FaBG3 in FaBG3-RNAi-treated fruit was markedly reduced, and the ABA content was lower than that of the control. FaBG3-RNAi-treated fruit did not exhibit full ripening, and were firmer, had lower sugar content, and were pale compared with the control due to down-regulation of ripening-related genes. FaBG3-RNAi-treated fruit with reduced ABA levels were much more resistant to Botrytis cinerea fungus but were more sensitive to dehydration stress than control fruit. These results indicate that FaBG3 may play key roles in fruit ripening, dehydration stress and B.cinerea fungal infection in strawberries via modulation of ABA homeostasis and transcriptional regulation of ripening-related genes.

Minority cereals cultivated under loaded model conditions / Rzadkie gatunki zbóż uprawiane w warunkach obciążenia metalami ciężkimi

The aim of this work is to evaluate the extent of risk for the transfer of heavy metals from contaminated soil to selected parts of crops. The goal is to be achieved under the model conditions of vegetation pot experiment. Soil taken from the area of Výcapy-Opatovce and three types of cereals - millet (Panicum miliaceum) cv. UNIQUM, oats (Avena sativa) cv. ATEGO and amaranth (Amaranthus caudatus) - were used. For each crop, four variants (A - control with basic ferilization, B, C, D) were made and cadmium in the form of a water-soluble salt of Cd(NO₃)₂ was applied in gradual specific doses with 5- (variant B), 10- (variant C), 15-fold (variant D) as the limit values by Law no. 220/2004 Z.z. to assess the state of soil contamination. Crops were harvested at ‘full ripeness’ and using the AAS method (VARIAN 240FS) the heavy metal content was determined by the wet mineralization of plant samples. The lowest cadmium content in the aboveground biomass was observed in millet in comparison to other plants, while the highest was recorded in amaranth. The highest increase in the cadmium content in the aboveground biomass in this crop (appr. 18-fold) was noticed in variant C. The lowest cadmium content was also observed in millet seeds. The highest content of Cd in the seeds was recorded in oats in all variants.

Physico-Chemical Characteristics at Three Development Stages in Pomegranate cv. ‘Hicaznar’

During the last decade consumption of pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) has been highly recommended, based on the presence of phytochemicals with health protective effects for humans. Apart from these compounds, pomegranate might apport high levels of minerals, however, they are likely to be affected by cultivar, environment and development stage of fruits. In this study, some physico-chemical characteristics along with minerals (P, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu) were determined in fruits in three development stage (immature, unripe and full ripe) of pomegranate cv. ‘Hicaznar’ grown in Antalya, Turkey. The most of physico-chemical characteristics and concentrations of minerals of pomegranate strongly influenced by development stage. Fruit weight was 7.25 g, 140.57 g and 423.16 g in immature, unripe and full ripe stages. 100 aril weight changed from 0.34 g to 33.21 g during development stage. Soluble solid content were 6.16%, 10.38% and 15.84% in immature, unripe and full ripe stages. The contribution to the intake of minerals was in general high, with special emphasis on the contributions of K, Ca and Mn.

Volatile compounds in medlar fruit (Mespilus germanica L.) at two ripening stages

Medlar is the fruit of Mespilus germanica L. in the family of Rosaceae. The fruit can be eaten only if ?bletted? (softened by frost or longer storage). The effect of the maturation stages on the volatile compounds of the medlar fruit was investigated during two different stages. Volatile flavour substances were isolated from the minced pulp of unripe and full ripe medlar fruits by simultaneous steam distillation extraction (SDE) with methilen chloride as the extracting solvent. The concentrate was analysed by GC-FID-MS. Hexanoic and hexadecanoic acids were the predominant acids, hexanal and (E)-2-hexenal were the predominant aldehydes, (Z)-3-hexenol and hexanol were the predominant alcohols, with p-cymene, terpinen-4-ol, and ?-terpiene (the terpenes responsible for the characteristic medlar flavour) being also present. The C6 aliphatic compounds, such as hexanal and (E)-2-hexenal, were observed as the major volatile constituents in the green stage. In contrast, hexanol and (Z)-3-hexenol were the main volatiles in ripe fruits.

Anthocyanin variation in individual 'Shiraz' berries as affected by exposure and position on the rachis

This study was done on 'Shiraz'/Richter 99 grapes with the intention to define the variation of skin anthocyanin content in a single berry. The effects of berry position (on the rachis), berry exposure, berry weight category, part of the skin of a single berry, and their interactions, were analysed. The anthocyanin concentration of externally facing berries decreased and that of the internally facing berries increased from the apical part to the basal part of the bunch. Highest values were recorded in internally facing berries and lowest values in the externally facing (exposed) berries, of the basal rachis area. Anthocyanin values of small berries seemed to decrease from the apical part of the rachis to the basal part, whereas those of the larger berries generally increased. Anthocyanin distribution in the skin of a single berry was similar for all the berry weight categories. The median concentric layer of the berry showed the highest anthocyanin concentration. The study showed significant intra-berry variation, indicating that even at full ripeness stage there is still variation in every single smaller or larger berry. The results highlighted the very complicated management challenges to grape producers to increase bunch uniformity in quantity and quality.

ITRAQ-based protein profiling provides insights into the central metabolism changes driving grape berry development and ripening.

BackgroundGrapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) is an economically important fruit crop. Quality-determining grape components such as sugars, acids, flavors, anthocyanins, tannins, etc., accumulate in the different grape berry development stages. Thus, correlating the proteomic profiles with the biochemical and physiological changes occurring in grape is of paramount importance to advance in our understanding of berry development and ripening processes.ResultsWe report the developmental analysis of Vitis vinifera cv. Muscat Hamburg berries at the protein level from fruit set to full ripening. An iTRAQ-based bottom-up proteomic approach followed by tandem mass spectrometry led to the identification and quantitation of 411 and 630 proteins in the green and ripening phases, respectively. Two key points in development relating to changes in protein level were detected: end of the first growth period (7 mm-to-15 mm) and onset of ripening (15 mm-to-V100, V100-to-110). A functional analysis was performed using the Blast2GO software based on the enrichment of GO terms during berry growth.ConclusionsThe study of the proteome contributes to decipher the biological processes and metabolic pathways involved in the development and quality traits of fruit and its derived products. These findings lie mainly in metabolism and storage of sugars and malate, energy-related pathways such as respiration, photosynthesis and fermentation, and the synthesis of polyphenolics as major secondary metabolites in grape berry. In addition, some key steps in carbohydrate and malate metabolism have been identified in this study, i.e., PFP-PFK or SuSy-INV switches among others, which may influence the final sugar and acid balance in ripe fruit. In conclusion, some proteins not reported to date have been detected to be deregulated in specific tissues and developmental stages, leading to formulate new hypotheses on the metabolic processes underlying grape berry development. These results open up new lines to decipher the processes controlling grape berry development and ripening.

사료맥류의 생육단계별 헤일리지 사료가치 및 발효품질

ABSTRACT This study was carried out to analyze winter cereal crops for harvest time, proper drying time and haylage quality in order to investigate the possibility of the production of good quality haylage substitute for hay. As a result, in case of productivity and feed value, dry matter yield and TDN yield was increased with late harvest and crude protein and NDF, ADF was decreased (p<0.05). To make haylage for whole crop barley, oats, triticale, whole crop wheat need more than 32 hour wilting time in the milk ripe stage, yellow ripe stage need about 824 hour, and wilting time did not need the full ripe stage. Rye does not suitable for making haylage because of difficulty pre-wilting time. In case of fermentative quality on haylage, pH was increased with late harvest on all winter cereal crop forage. Lactic acid content was decreased with late harvest (p<0.05), and highest in the milk ripe stage. Acetic acid was also decreased with late harvest, and butyric acid was not detected. In conclusion, to harvest sooner of winter cereal crops could be an efficient way when making haylage in terms of protein content and fermentation quality. Ray can used as fresh and silage, because difficulty for pre-wilting time in Korea. Whole crop barley, oats, triticale, wheat can be used haylage when harvested yellow ripen stage and pre-wilting time for 824 hours.(

Метод оцінювання зразків сої на стійкість до розтріскування бобів

The method of soybean evaluation for resistance to pod shattering under laboratory conditions was presented. The point of the method - to stand of plants in a phase of full ripeness in thermostate at the certain temperature and humidity, and the account of pods which have cracked, through the certain time intervals. It is established, there is enough to stand plants in the thermostate at temperature +40°С and relative humidity of air 45, 30 or 10 % for two days for the productive estima- tion of samples on shattering of pods, for the quick estimation - during the day

2차원 동영상의 3차원 변환을 위한 깊이 단서의 신뢰성 기반 적응적 깊이 융합

3차원 동영상은 다양한 응용분야들에서 차세대 콘텐츠로 큰 주목을 받고 있다. 2D-to-3D 변환은 3차원 동영상의 시대로 넘어가는 과도기 동안에 3차원 동영상 콘텐츠의 부족현상을 해결하기위한 강력한 기술로 여겨지고 있다. 일반적으로 2D-to-3D 변환을 위해서는 2차원 동영상 각 장면의 깊이영상을 추정/생성한 후 깊이 영상 기반 랜더링 (DIBR : Depth Image Based Rendering) 기술을 이용하여 스테레오 동영상을 합성한다. 본 논문은 2차원 동영상 내 존재하는 다양한 변환 단서들을 통합하는 새로운 깊이 융합 기법을 제안한다. 우선, 알맞은 깊이 융합을 위해 몇몇 단서가 현재 장면을 효과적으로 표현할 수 있는 지 아닌지 검사된다. 그 후, 신뢰성 검사의 결과를 기반으로 현재 장면은 4개의 유형 중 하나로 분류된다. 마지막으로 최종 깊이 영상을 생성하기 위해 신뢰할 수 있는 깊이 단서들을 조합하는 장면 적응적 깊이 융합이 수행된다. 실험 결과를 통해 각각의 단서가 장면 유형에 따라 타당하게 활용되었고 최종 깊이 영상이 현재 장면을 효과적으로 표현할 수 있는 단서들에 의해 생성되었음을 관찰할 수 있다. 3D video is regarded as the next generation contents in numerous applications. The 2D-to-3D video conversion technologies are strongly required to resolve a lack of 3D videos during the period of transition to the full ripe 3D video era. In 2D-to-3D conversion methods, after the depth image of each scene in 2D video is estimated, stereoscopic video is synthesized using DIBR (Depth Image Based Rendering) technologies. This paper proposes a novel depth fusion algorithm that integrates multiple depth cues contained in 2D video to generate stereoscopic video. For the proper depth fusion, it is checked whether some cues are reliable or not in current scene. Based on the result of the reliability tests, current scene is classified into one of 4 scene types and scene-adaptive depth fusion is applied to combine those reliable depth cues to generate the final depth information. Simulation results show that each depth cue is reasonably utilized according to scene types and final depth is generated by cues which can effectively represent the current scene.

쥐오줌풀 개화·결실 특성과 적정 채종방법 및 육묘이식재배에 관한 연구

This study was carried out to know the characteristics of flowering and bearing fruit, the optimum period, regions and methods for seed harvesting, the optimum temperatures for seed storage and germination, and the optimum period for sowing at nursery bed and seedling transplanting of Valeriana fauriei Briquet. The flowering and bearing fruit of Valeriana fauriei was developed from the before-year root. Optimum period for seed harvest of Valeriana fauriei was from late July to middle August, and optimum areas were the high elevated areas over 500 m above the sea level as Jinbu-myeon, Pyeongchang-gun, Gangwon-do. Using of net-bag for seed harvesting was the effective method to gather the full ripe seed, and bagging of net-bag was necessary from the season of middle May that was the flowering middle-stage. Germination rates don`t show the difference among the different temperatures of storage as approximately 41% at -20℃, 2℃ or 20℃ of seed storage temperatures. The optimum temperature range was in 15 ~ 30℃ for seed germination at nursery bed. The optimum period for seed sowing at nursery bed was the late February, and the optimum period for seedling transplanting was the middle April.

Impact of Different Distribution Scenarios and Recommended Storage Conditions on Flavor Related Quality Attributes in Ripening Fresh Tomatoes

Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) fruits of three cultivars picked at different ripening stages were subjected to conditions in the laboratory simulating both short and long distribution chains as occurring in commercial practice and to recommended storage conditions. At the end of the postharvest experiments, a flavor quality profile of fruits was obtained by chemical determination of volatile compounds, sugars, and organic acids, and physical measurement of texture properties. In two of the three cultivars, the overall profile and many of the individual quality attributes was significantly affected by the distribution chain conditions, the effect being more pronounced in tomatoes marketed at full ripeness than in those marketed at an intermediate ripening stage. In these cultivars, tomatoes harvested at the Breaker stage, subjected to long chain conditions and then allowed to achieve full ripeness at room temperature, did not develop the same overall profile observed on fruits fully ripened on the vine and exposed to a simulated short chain. Fruits subjected to recommended commercial storage conditions, cold stored above the chilling range (10 or 13 °C) and at high relative humidity (95%), developed a different profile when compared to fruit exposed to the simulated long distribution chain (6 °C and 55-80% RH), suggesting that these changes in temperature and relative humidity may remarkably affect flavor formation in tomato fruits. Major drivers of profile differentiation between tomatoes subjected to different postharvest scenarios were the levels of some aroma compounds derived from aminoacids (1-nitro-2-phenylethane, 2-isobutylthiazole, phenylacetaldehyde, 2-phenylethanol, and 2- and 3-methylbutanal) and lipids ((E,E)- and (E,Z)-2,4-decadienal), and, among nonvolatile flavor compounds, of organic acids (citric and malic).

Effect of storage time and Furolan on the contents of nitrogen, protein and non protein nitrogen in winter wheat grain

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of storage time and growth regulator, Furolan on protein, non-protein nitrogen and nitrogen contents of three varieties of winter wheat grains namely Batko, Diya and Krasnodar 99. The contents of the nitrogen, protein and non-protein nitrogen in winter wheat grain were determined by different protocols during the full ripeness phase of the grain and the period of 12 months storage. The grains (both the control and experimental) were kept in storage for varied periods under normal conditions. Krasnodar 99 variety responded most to the Furolan and recorded an increase in protein nitrogen content by 46.3% followed by 24.9% in experimental Batko variety and 17.4% in Diya’s variety in comparison with the control. The content of protein nitrogen in the grain of experimental Batko variety increased up to the seventh month of storage, and then decreased by the 12th month of storage. In the control—a similar tendency of change in this parameter was observed. It was noted that seven months of storage is critical in change dynamics of the content of non-protein nitrogen in the selected winter wheat varieties studied.

Methane yield through anaerobic digestion for various maize varieties in China

The methane potential of nine varieties of fresh maize harvested at three different times and of maize silage was experimentally determined in batch assays. The ultimate methane productivity in terms of volatile solids (VS) was determined as 213.94–313.63, 195.88–334.81mL/g VS from several fresh and silage maize in three stages, respectively. The average specific methane yield of wax ripeness stage for fresh maize and full ripeness stage for silage maize were higher than that of other stages, respectively. The high-oil varieties of fresh maize and silage varieties of ensiling maize could produce more methane than general varieties in the same ripeness stage. Methane yield of ensiled materials was higher than fresh material. The methane yields of fresh and silage maize in full ripeness stage were ranged 5656–7956 and 4633–8915m3/ha, respectively. The corresponding maximum of methane yield came from fresh HO5580 and silage CAU No. 4.