Full Ripeness Research Articles

Effect of Sowing Methods, Weed Management and Growth Promoters on Yield and Quality Behavior of Kharif Maize (Zea mays L)

The present investigation was carried out during two consecutive kharif season in years 2022 and 2023 at students. Instructional Farm, Department of Agronomy, Chandra Shekhar Azad University of Agriculture and Technology, Kanpur (U. P). The experiment was laid out in Split Plot Design keeping sowing methods in main plot and weed management practices in sub plots with growth promoters in sub – sub plots with three replications. There was two sowing methods viz; Conventional methods (S1) and Ridge methods (S2). Whereas weed management practices were five, viz; Weed Free (W1), Weedy Check (W2), Atrazine Pre-emergence @ 1.25 Kg /ha (W3), Halosulfuron methyl Post-emergence @ 65g a.i./ha (W4), Atrazine Pre-emergence @ 0.75 l/ha + Halosulfuron methyl Post-emergence @ 35g ai./ha (W5). and there was Growth promoters’ practices were three viz; Gibberellic acid (Sayish) (G1), Amino acid + Humic acid (Spring ever) (G2), Cytokinins + Enzymes (Ambition) (G3). The experiment was shown on 10th July during 2022 and 13rd July during 2023 using hybrid maize DKC-9144. The crop was harvested at full ripe stage on 11 October and 14 October, in 2022 and 2023, respectively. The highest grain yield, biological yield, stower yield, harvesting index, protein content and protein yield was found under the treatment of S2 (Ridge method) in sowing method, treatment W2 (weed free) in weed control methods and treatment G3 (Cytokinins + Enzymes) in plant growth promotor.

The Effect of Putrescine and Modified Atmosphere Packaging (MAP) Treatments on Fruit Quality Characteristics of Strawberry (Kabarla cultivar) During Cold Storage

Strawberry is a fruit species that must be harvested at full ripening and at the same time has an extremely short shelf life and deteriorates rapidly. Therefore, it is important to extend the shelf life after harvest. In this study, putrescine and modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) were applied during cold storage in order to maintain the quality and extend the shelf life of strawberry fruit. The commercial ripening fruit were treated with 1 mM putrescine and stored in MAP for 20 days. The quality characteristics such as weight loss, soluble solids content, titratable acidity, fruit color, organic acid and phenolic content were measured and analyzed on days 4, 8, 12, 16 and 20 of storage. At the end of 20 days of the cold storage, the highest weight loss was in control treatment (%). The decrease in soluble solids content (SSC) and titratable acidity (TA) values during cold storage was slowed down by MAP and putrescine treatments. Organic acids and phenolic compounds were significantly affected by storage time and MAP and putrescine treatments. After 20 days of the cold storage, citric acid (748.91 mg 100 g -1) and malic acid (258.34 mg 100 g-1), which were determined as basic organic acids, were highest in putrescine treatment. Shikimic acid (0.77 mg 100 g-1) and isocitric acid (112.58 mg 100 g-1) as phenolic compounds were highest in MAP and MAP+ putrescine treatments, respectively. These results releaved that the application of putrescine and modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) during cold storage significantly extends the market life of strawberries by preserving their quality attributes.

Effects of Ripening Phase and Cultivar under Sustainable Management on Fruit Quality and Antioxidants of Sweet Cherry

Sweet cherry grown under sustainable management produces highly valuable fruits, whose quality shows important biochemical and morphological changes during ripening. Research was carried out in Iasi (Romania), with the aim to assess the quality characteristics of the sweet cherry fruits of three cultivars (Van, Andreiaș, Margonia), grown in an inner or outer position inside the tree crown, at the pre-ripening or full ripeness phase. In 2022, the colour component a* showed higher values in cv. Van and Andreias red fruits and in an inner position, whereas the components L* and b* at the full ripeness phase were highest in cv. Margonia. The dry matter and total soluble solids contents increased from the pre-ripening to the full ripeness phase and were highest in cv. Van sweet cherry fruits; the DM of fruit from the outer part of crown was higher than that of fruit from the inner part at the pre-ripening phase. The content of phenolics was the highest in cv. Margonia fruits at the pre-ripening stage and in cv. Van at the full ripeness phase and higher in the inner tree crown zones. The cultivar Margonia generally showed the highest vitamin C content in both years and development phases. The yellow fruit cv. Margonia mostly showed the highest values of chlorophyll a and b. The fruit’s content of carotene, lycopene, and anthocyanins was generally the highest in the red fruits of cv. Andreias. The examined sweet cherry cultivars showed a high variability in fruit nutritional quality and proved to be a rich source of bioactive compounds with antioxidant potential.

Cytological and metabolomic analysis of Citrus fruit to elucidate puffing disorder

Puffiness, a physiological disorder commonly observed during the ripening and post-harvest processes of fruits in Citrus reticulata, significantly affects the quality and shelf-life of citrus fruits. The complex array of factors contributing to puffiness has obscured the current understanding of its mechanistic basis. This study examined the puffing index (PI) of 12 citrus varieties at full ripeness, focusing on the albedo layer as a crucial tissue, and investigated the correlation between cellular structural characteristics, key primary metabolites and PI. The findings revealed that the cell gap difference and the number of lipid droplets were closely linked to PI. Chlorogenic acid, Ferulic acid, D-Galacturonic acid, D-Glucuronic acid, (9Z,11E)-Octadecadienoic acid, and 9(10)-EpOME were identified as pivotal primary metabolites for rind puffing. Determination of lignin, protopectin, cellulose and lipoxygenase content further validated the relationship between cell wall, lipid metabolism and rind puffing. This study furnishes novel insights into the mechanisms underlying puffing disorder.

Assessment of the resistance to lodging of spring triticale based on the study of physical and mechanical properties

The results of the study of architectonics and physical and mechanical properties of the stems of selective forms of spring hexaploid triticale of different ecological and geographical origin are presented. Traits of 19 collection and breeding samples from the collections of the N.I. Vavilov All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources (VIR) and the Siberian Research Institute of Plant Growing and Selection - branch of the Federal Research Center of the Institute of Cytology and Genetics of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (SibNIIRS – branch of the Institute of Cytology and Genetics of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences) served as research objects. Macrometric parameters were studied on 25 representative specimens of each breeding sample when they reached the phase of full ripeness during three years (2021–2023). The resistance of the stem to bending or fracture was determined on an experimental specimen manufactured at the SibNIIRS with a stable platform, bars for fixing the specimen and a slot for placing a dynamometer. The susceptibility of triticale plants to lodging was evaluated by a set of traits: weight of a 10-cm straw of the 2nd internode; stem resistance to breaking determined by the peak reading of an electronic dynamometer; stem tissue density of the 2nd internode. The studied samples differed significantly in these parameters and were characterized by different degrees of the resistance to lodging. Promising breeding specimens that can be used as sources of valuable traits have been identified based on the totality of the strength parameters. Application of the principal component method allowed to identify the marker trait "sum of lengths of the 2nd and 3rd internodes", which was determinant in providing high lodging resistance in the studied samples. A close relationship between the trait of 10-cm straw mass of the 2nd internode and the parameter of the stem resistance to breakage has been established. The conjugation of these characteristics will make it possible to identify the sources of valuable traits and purposefully carry out the selection process of triticale for resistance to lodging without attracting short-stemmed forms.

Chemical Changes in Mango (CV.Fazli) as Affected by Fruit Maturity and Condition of Ripening

An experiment was carried out at the Department of Horticulture and Department of Biochemistry of Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh. The objectives of the experiment were to evaluate the pattern of chemical changes associated with ripening and the numbers of days required for full ripening of mango (CV.Fazli) harvested at three maturity stages and preserved under different ripening conditions, viz; control, spread over brown paper, bamboo basket covering with straw, spread on straw and calcium carbide. The fruits were assessed for chemical changes during ripening. Some of the chemical properties such as sugar content (reducing, non-reducing and total), total soluble solid and pH of pulp increased while titratable acidity and vitamin C (ascorbic acid) content decreased with the increase in the duration of ripening. In respect of all chemical parameters, mature fruits kept in bamboo basket covering with straw showed best performance whereas CaC<sub>2 </sub>treated fruits showed poorer performance though good colours were developed. The ripening conditions maturity stages showed significant variations in relation to days required for full ripening. Among the treated and untreated mature mango fruits, bamboo basket covering with straw and spread on straw exhibited better ripening performance. Over- mature mango kept in bamboo basket covering with straw required the lowest days for full ripening but at 9th day of ripening some fruits were not in edible conditions whereas mature fruits kept in the same conditions were in edible conditions.

ВОДНЫЙ РЕЖИМ АГРОЧЕРНОЗЕМОВ В ПОСЕВАХ РЫЖИКА ПОСЕВНОГО

The purpose of the study is to assess the water regime of agrochernozems of the Kansk forest-steppe when the cultivation of Camelina sativa Crantz into oilseeds. The study was carried out in 2019–2021 on the territory of LLC OPH Solyanskoe, located in the Kansk forest-steppe of the Krasnoyarsk Region. The objects of the study were clay-illuvial typical agrochernozems, medium-thick, heavy loamy granulometric composition of land use LLC OPH Solyanskoye and camelina of the Uzhursky variety. In 2019, camelina was cultivated in a busy pair (pea-oat mixture), in 2020 – in a clean pair. The study was carried out at 4 sample sites from May to September with an interval of 10–12 days. Soil samples are ta-ken in an area of 0–100 cm through a 10 cm head. Weather conditions and the predecessor (occupied and clean fallow) influenced the distribution of moisture in the profile of typical clay-illuvial agrochernozems in the period from sowing to the full ripening of camelina. The reserves of productive moisture in the meter layer during the growing seasons varied from 151 to 68 mm. Dynamic changes in the reserves of productive moisture in camelina crops based on occupied fallow were assessed in a meter-thick layer of agrochernozem as average (Cv = 23–28 %), and in open fallow – as small (Cv = 16–20 %). The evapotranspiration consumption of moisture by Camelina from a meter layer of agrochernozem was estimated at 253–260 mm with its maximum consumption from a 0–50 cm layer of soil. The average moisture consumption for the formation of 1 ton of camelina seeds with a yield of 0.9–1.5 t/ha was 281–173 mm.

Spatial Variability of Grape Berry Maturation Program at the Molecular Level

The application of sensors in viticulture is a fast and efficient method to monitor grapevine vegetative, yield, and quality parameters and determine spatial intra-vineyard variability. Molecular analysis at the gene expression level can further contribute to the understanding of the observed variability by elucidating how pathways contributing to different grape quality traits behave in zones diverging on any of these parameters. The intra-vineyard variability of a Cabernet Sauvignon vineyard was evaluated through a Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) map calculated from a multispectral image and detailed ground-truthing (e.g., vegetative, yield, and berry ripening compositional parameters). The relationships between NDVI and ground measurements were explored by correlation analysis. Moreover, berries were investigated by microarray gene expression analysis performed at five time points from fruit set to full ripening. Comparison between the transcriptomes of samples taken from locations with the highest and lowest NDVI values identified 968 differentially expressed genes. Spatial variability maps of the expression level of key berry ripening genes showed consistent patterns aligned with the vineyard vigor map. These insights indicate that berries from different vigor zones present distinct molecular maturation programs and suggest that transcriptome analysis may be a valuable tool for the management of vineyard variability.

Экономическое обоснование уборки зерновых культур ранних фаз спелости очесом и приготовления корма из необмолоченного вороха

Abstract. The stripping of grain allows organizing the separate harvesting of grain for feed in early phases and for food purposes in the phase of full ripeness. Purpose. To carry out the economic justification of the technology of harvesting early ripening grains by stripping without threshing and the technology of preparing pelleted fish feed for fish from unthreshed ears and additives. Methods. Economical estimation of the technology of winter wheat harvesting by stripping in early phases of ripeness without threshing and its processing into feed has been carried out by comparing operational and indicated expenses of the total technological operations. Scientific novelty lies in the joint estimation of the economic efficiency of technologies of harvesting and processing of grain crops. Results. The prime cost of harvesting cereals without threshing and separation is 2.65 times lower than that of the harvesting technology with combine threshing and separation. The cost of performing operations under the traditional (from grain) and the new (from ears) technologies of pelleted fish feed production is almost equal. However, the total cost of technological operations of harvesting grain without threshing and preparation of pelleted feed from unthreshed ears using the new technology is 24.3 % lower than that of traditional technology of harvesting with threshing and preparation of feed from grain. The use of non-grain part of ears of early ripeness in the composition of feed will increase the amount of raw material from hectare of sown area by 20–30 %. The proposed technologies is cost-effective and promising for implementation in the agricultural enterprises of southern Russia.

A Study on the Fruiting and Correlation between the Chemical Indicators and Antimicrobial Properties of Hippophae rhamnoides L.

Sea buckthorn is a promising species that, under the conditions of Eastern Europe, has shown high productivity and is also a good and possible source of a wide range of bioactive compounds that have a positive effect on the human body, especially polyphenols and carotenoids. Due to the content of biologically active substances in sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.), the species is of growing interest to scientists, the food industry, the pharmaceutical industry, the cosmetics industry and consumers. The aim of this study is to investigate the productivity and the correlation between the chemical composition and the antibacterial effect of four cultivars of sea buckthorn (Clara, Dora, Cora, Mara), cultivated in the Republic of Moldova. Sea buckthorn fruits were harvested at the stage of full ripening. Berry samples were frozen at minus 25 °C, stored for 6 months and whole fruits of sea buckthorn were studied. All quantitative characteristics were calculated in terms of absolutely dry raw material (dry weight). The sea buckthorn cultivars tested were found to have a different carotenoid contents (1.79–48.92 mg/100 g), ascorbic acid contents (74.36–373.38 mg/100 g), organic acids (malic acid 5.8–13.4 mg/100 g, citric acid 0.08–0.321 mg/100 g, succinic acid 0.03–1.1 mg/100 g), total dry matter contents (16.71–24.54%), titratable acidities (2.15–8.76%) and pH values (2.73–3.00). The antimicrobial activity of sea buckthorn, evaluated by the diameter of the inhibition zone, constituted for Bacillus pumilus 3.70–15.91 mm/g−1 for whole sea buckthorn fruits and 13.33–26.67 mm/g−1 for sea buckthorn purees.

Studying the Powdery Mildews Disease Effect on the Vegetative Stage of Triticum aestivum Genotypes

The article studied the effect of powdery mildews on the vegetative stage using the Morocco variety, introduced from international breeding centers in 2016-2018, and local varieties Nurlu 99, Mirbashir 128 and Murov. The research work was carried out in two versions (experimental (infected) and control (healthy)) in 4 repetitions. It was established that the varieties in question were infected with powdery mildews in different phases of development (the Morocco variety introduced from abroad at the beginning of the tillering phase, the local variety Nurlu 99 at the end of the booting phase, the Mirbashir 128 variety at the end of the tillering phase and the Murov variety at the beginning of the booting phase). These varieties were infected at different levels at different developmental stages, so powdery mildews affected the developmental phases differently. As a result of the research, it was established that powdery mildews in the experimental (infected) version influenced the duration of the vegetative stage, contributed to its reduction, and in the period from the heading phase to full ripeness of the grain, it accelerated ripening, which ultimately caused a decrease in the structural components and yield of the product. The effect of powdery mildews on the vegetative stage largely depends on the biological characteristics of the varieties, the level of infection, the developmental phases during which the infection occurred and the duration of the disease.

Влияние агромелиоративных приемов на водно-физические свойства светло-каштановой тяжелосуглинистой почвы при возделывании риса на фоне дождевания в условиях Нижнего Поволжья

Purpose: scientific substantiation of the use of agro-reclamation tillage practices of light chestnut heavy loamy soils in rice cultivation with periodic irrigation by sprinkling. Materials and methods. The research was conducted at the experimental site of the All-Russian Research Institute of Irrigated Agriculture in 2022–2023 with Stalingrad 1 rice crops in a two-factor experiment: factor A (soil water regime) – two options and factor B (tillage) – three options. Generally accepted methods of laying and conducting field research were used. Results. Immediately after rice sowing, the soil density in the layer of 0.0–0.6 m, varied in the range of 1.19–1.41 t/cubic m depending on the tillage practice. The minimum value of soil density in the layer of 0.0–0.6 m was formed in the A2B3 variant and amounted to 1.23 t/cubic m. The maximum soil compaction in this layer of 1.34 t/cubic m was observed in variant A1B1. During the period of full ripeness of the grain, soil compaction occurred in all tillage options. Its minimum compaction (1.34 t/cubic m), compared with the control (winter plowing), was noted with a combination of winter plowing and spring deep loosening. The minimum values of the water consumption coefficient and irrigation water loss were obtained in the A2B3 variant, and their numerical values were 851.7 and 703.6 cubic m/t, respectively. Conclusions. It was found that winter plowing to a depth of 0.25–0.27 m in combination with spring deep loosening to a depth of 0.40 m, in comparison with traditional winter plowing in one step, provides a decrease in soil density in a layer of 0.0–0.4 m by 0.10 (after sowing) and 0.12 t/cubic m (during the period of full ripeness of grain), which contributes to the yield increase to 6.95 t/ha and a reduction in irrigation water loss by 112.4 cubic m for the formation of 1 ton of grain.

Efekti spontane i inokulisane fermentacije na sadržaj ukupnih fenolnih jedinjenja i antioksidativnu aktivnost vina Cabernet Sauvignon i prevrele komine

The total phenolic content and antioxidant activity of wine and fermented pomace (FP) from Cabernet Sauvignon grapes harvested at the stage of full ripeness were evaluated by spectrophotometric analysis. Wine and pomace were obtained after prolonged maceration during spontaneous and inoculated fermentation of fully ripe grapes. Three individual vinifications were inoculated with the following commercial yeasts: BDX (Lallemand, Montréal, QC, Canada), FX10 (Laffort, Bordeaux, France) and Qa23 (Lallemand, Montréal, QC, Canada). For each vinification, maceration lasted 0, 3, 5, 7, 14 and 21 days, respectively. The total phenolic content was determined spectrophotometrically using the Folin-Ciocalteu method. Two different methods were used to evaluate the antioxidant activity of the wine and pomace samples: the Ferric Reducing Activity of Plasma (FRAP) and the Trolox Equivalent Antioxidant Capacity (TEAC). The use of a winemaking process that included different maceration times and inoculation with yeasts, as well as spontaneous fermentation, significantly modulated the total phenolic content of the obtained wines and FP. This study could provide a good basis for the practical application and obtaining wines with a high content of phenolic compounds and antioxidant properties.

ДОСЛІДЖЕННЯ ЕФЕКТИВНОСТІ ВНЕСЕННЯ КАРБАМІД-АМІАЧНОЇ СУМІШІ АПЛІКАТОРОМ «DRAGON» ПРИ ВИРОЩУВАННІ ПШЕНИЦІ ОЗИМОЇ

The purpose of this research is determination of the effect of various methods of application of KAS by the DRAGON applicator from “ROPA-Ukraine” on the agrophysical and agrochemical parameters of the soil under crops during the growing season of winter wheat, the formation of biometric indicators and indicators of the yield structure and productivity of agrophytocenosis plants. Materials and Methods. Field studies on the application of KAS by the DRAGON applicator were conducted in the fields of the «Ploskivske» STOV farm, village Ploske, Bilotserkiv district, Kyiv region, on winter wheat crops and were accompanied by laboratory analyses and field observations. Statistical processing of accounting data was carried out by the method of variance analysis. The scheme of the experiment provided for the introduction of liquid KAS mineral fertilizers with the DRAGON applicator on the surface of the soil (plants) and into the soil with the help of injectors. Observations analyses and accounts accompanied experiments. To determine the structure of the crop, sample sheaves were selected. Conclusions regarding the effectiveness of applying a specific agrotechnical method were based on the results of comparing the values of the evaluation criteria obtained in the experiment with the values of the control variant. Results showed that application of fertilizers affects the supply of plants with available nutrients and is an effective means of increasing the productivity of field crops, including winter wheat. According to the results of the analysis of soil samples throughout the growing season of winter wheat, the content of mobile forms of phosphorus and potassium in the soil was high and very high in all variants of the experiment. Before the onset of winter, the compaction density, depending on the variant of the experiments and the soil layer, was from 0.94 to 1.30 g/cm2. At the time of vegetation recovery, the density of the 0-40 cm soil layer was within 0.82-1.36 g/cm3. The maximum compaction density – 1.36 g/cm3 – was in the version of feeding by injection. At the same time, its indicators did not go beyond the optimal parameters. The difference between the number of plants per unit area, before reaching the phase of full ripeness on variants with different methods of KAS, was 9.5%: with injection application of fertilizers, the density of standing plants was 4.949 million pcs./ha, for surface – 5.420 million units/ha. The biological yield of winter wheat grain on the control option, where fertilization was not applied, was 75.7 c/ha. Fertilization of KAS crops contributed to an increase in yield by 6.7-13.6 t/ha. Conclusions. The use of the DRAGON - 6000 applicator manufactured by ROPA Ukraine LLC when applying KAS contributes to the retention of productive moisture, loosening of the soil, the rate of accumulation of above-ground mass, graininess of ears, the formation of better agrochemical and biometric indicators of the soil under crops during the growing season of winter wheat, the formation of better biometric indicators and indicators of the yield structure and productivity of agrophytocenosis plants. Keywords: Applicator, injector, fertilizers, fertilizer application method, urea-ammonia mixture, productive moisture, soil compaction, biological yield, yield structure.

Scientific basis of approval of planting periods and standards of winter barley varieties in rainfall lands

This article analyzes stem height, crop structure, productivity and effect on grain quality of barley varieties. According to the results of the experiment, it was noted that the highest plant height in the full ripening phase of Lalmikor and Mushtarak varieties of barley was 62.8-64.6 cm and 62.4-64.1 cm in the early (October 15) planting period. In both varieties, stem height resulted in lower plant height with delayed planting dates. The decrease in the planting rate caused the plant to grow taller. In all planting periods, the plant height was the highest in the option with 2.0 million grains/ha of seeds, and the shortest in the option with 3.0 million grains/ha of seeds. The number of productive stems in the Lalmikor variety was from 176.1 to 235.2 grains per 1 m2, and this indicator was 12.7 to 8.4 more than the Mushtarak variety. While the number of productive stems per 1 m2 was the highest 235.2 in the Lalmikor variety, when the sowing rate was 2.5 million grains/ha and planting time on October 30, 226.8 grains were observed in the Mushtarak variety, in which 3.0 million grains/ha of seeds were used on October 15.

Study on content of flavonoids and antioxidant activity of the raw materials of Parthenocissus quinquefolia (L.) Planch.

The aim of this work was to determine the component composition and quantitative content of flavonoids, including catechins, in the leaves, shoots and fruits of Virginia creeper (Parthenocissus quinquefolia (L.) Planch.) for further standardization of raw materials and establishing antioxidant activity of their water-ethanol extracts. Materials and methods. The leaves, shoots of Parthenocissus quinquefolia were collected during the phase of mass flowering in July 2020 and fruits were collected during full ripeness (September – October 2020) in Lisnyky village of Obukhiv district of Kyiv Oblast (Ukraine). Determination of the component composition and quantitative content of flavonoids, including catechins, was carried out by the method of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) on an Agilent Technologies 1200 liquid chromatograph. Identification and quantitative analysis were carried out using standard solutions of flavonoids (rutin, quercetin-3-b-glycoside, naringin, neohesperidin, quercetin, naringenin, kaempferol, luteolin, apigenin) and catechins (pyrocatechin, catechin, epicatechin, epicatechin gallate and halocatechin). Antioxidant activity was determined by the spectrophotometric method at 347 nm by the ability to inhibit the autooxidation of adrenaline in vitro.Results. As a result of the study, 9 phenolic compounds were identified: rutin, quercetin, quercetin-3-b-glycoside, naringin, epicatechin, catechin, gallocatechin, epicatechin gallate. It was determined that rutin, quercetin, epicatechin, and catechin predominate in the leaves, shoots, and fruits of Virginia creeper.It was established that the extracts of leaves with shoots and fruits of Virginia creeper show a pronounced antioxidant activity due to their ability to inhibit autooxidation of adrenaline in vitro.Conclusions. The high content of rutin, quercetin, epicatechin and catechin in the leaves, shoots and fruits of Virginia creeper has scientific interest, due to discovered compounds have a valuable pharmacological effect. The obtained results can be used for the standardization of raw materials of Virginia creeper, and differences in the quantitative content of halocatechin in different types of raw materials, as well as the presence of naringin in leaves and shoots and luteolin in the fruits of Virginia creeper as diagnostic features of this species raw material.The results of the study of antioxidant activity confirm the prospects of using this raw material for the creation of new drugs with antioxidant activity

Study of Changes in the Amino Acid Composition of Spiked Cereals during the Ripening Process

Introduction. The amino acid composition of compound feed is of great importance in feeding all kinds of animals. The lack of one or another amino acid limits the assimilation of other amino acids, resulting in excessive compound feed consumption, deterioration of the metabolism in the bodies of animals and increasing of their susceptibility to diseases. The use of grain heaps of wheat in the early ripening stages as feed raw materials is a promising direction for the development of the fodder base that will provide a balanced amino acid composition of compound feed with a lower content of expensive fish meal, which is the main source of protein in compound feeds. Aim of the Article. The article is aimed at determining the optimal ripening stage of spiked cereals, at which a high content of protein and proteinogenic amino acids is observed. The proposed technology and technological tools for early harvesting of spiked cereals will reduce agrotechnical terms of harvesting, reducing losses from shatter losses, and get grain of enhanced nutritive value. Materials and Methods. To study the amino acid composition, 4 samples of a winter wheat grain heap were taken: the winter wheat varieties Admiral and Luchezar, the perennial winter wheat (trititrigia) variety Pamyati Lyubimovoy and the gray wheatgrass variety Sova. Harvesting the wheat of these varieties was carried out by a combing-threshing unit in 5 phenological stages (growth stages are presented on the BBCH scale): 77 – late milk ripeness, 83 – early phase of wax ripeness, 87 – gold wax ripeness, 89 – full ripeness, 92 – overripeness. Results. The results of analyzing amino acid composition of 4 samples of wheat grain heap showed a high content of almost all the amino acids studied in the phase of gold wax ripeness, except of aspartic acid and asparagine, glutamic acid and glutamine, and tryptophan. Discussion and Conclusion. Grain heap of waxy ripeness wheat is a promising grain raw material for the production of compound feeds, which will reduce the amount of expensive components, such as fishmeal.

Новый сорт клевера ползучего Ритм

The article presents a description of a new variety of creeping clover 'Ritm'. The variety is recommended for lawn and pasture use. A creeping bush. The foliage is 80%. The yield of green mass is 34.7 t/ha. The yield of dry matter is 8 t/ha. The crude protein content is 24%. The seed yield is 1.6 centner/ha. A distinctive feature of the variety is its abundant flowering (up to 860 pcs/m2 heads) and early maturity. The period from the beginning of spring vegetation to full ripeness of seeds is 110–115 days, from the first mowing to full ripeness of seeds from — 50 to 65 days. The variety has a high winter hardiness. When evaluated in the field of infectious backgrounds, the 'Ritm' variety showed complex resistance to cancer and Fusarium.

Ecological plasticity and sustainability of cotton in the Southern Steppe of Ukraine

Depending on the length of the cotton growing season, the area of cultivation and its highest productivity potential are determined, and the prompt ripening of raw cotton allows for home-grown harvesting and high-quality soil preparation. The purpose of this study was to identify samples adapted to the conditions of the Southern Steppe of Ukraine from the cotton gene pool. The study used methods of plant variety expertise: phenological observations, morphological studies, and evaluation of breeding material for valuable traits. Based on the study results, parental components were selected to expand the process of forming early-ripening forms and productivity of raw cotton. The ability of cotton plants to grow in extreme conditions of the Southern Steppe of Ukraine was assessed and its homogeneity or stability, the index of growing conditions, the coefficient of variation – the difference in the numerical values of the trait duration of the period “germination – beginning of flowering” of plants in varieties with different growing season and their fluctuations around the average value were determined. It was found that according to the determined plasticity (bi), the variance of stability (Si2), and the coefficient of variation of the duration of “germination – the beginning of flowering” higher tolerance to environmental factors was characterised by ultra-early ripening varieties. The average regression coefficient (bi ) was -0.36; the variation in the duration of the period by year was 10.1%, which is significantly lower compared to early-ripening varieties – -0.77% and 12.9%, mid-ripening varieties – -0.80% and 15.0%, and late-ripening varieties – -1.30% and 16.6%, respectively. The maximum average productivity to frosty raw cotton of 49.4 g/plant was formed by the sample Pidozerskyi 4 (UF0800003), the duration of the period “germination – beginning of flowering” was 47 days, and “germination – full ripening” – <103 days. The lowest raw cotton productivity of 21.2 g/plant was demonstrated by the late-ripening sample Joloten 32 (IU14056549) of Turkmen selection, the duration of the growing season of which was 145 days on average over the years of research. The findings of this study will be used in further breeding to create high-yielding cotton varieties with increased environmental plasticity and stability and highquality fibre

Specific manifestation of enzymomycotic depletion of grain on crop losses

Background. Enzymomycotic depletion of grain leads to a significant decrease in the dry matter mass of the grain, as the intensity of respiration increases, protein substances break down, enzymes (in particular, α-amylase) pass from the adsorbed form to the water-soluble one, and their activity increases sharply. One of the consequences of this is the intensive amylolysis of starch, which means a significant deterioration in the technological indicators of the quality of grain and seeds. Materials and Methods. This study gives a thorough description of the process of enzymomycotic depletion of grain of soft winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), sowing rye (Secale cereale L.), winter triticale (Triticosecale Witt.) depending on abiotic factors and the sources of resistance to ear diseases 4, 8, 12 days after the onset of full ripeness in the conditions of the western forest-steppe of Ukraine (2019–2021). Research methods – general scientific, field, measurement and weight, mathematical and statistical. Results and Discussion. According to the obtained results, the dependence of enzymomycotic depletion of grain on abiotic factors was established. The development of ear diseases depended both on weather factors and on the ecological plasticity of the cultivar. The highest percentage of the distribution of ear sepsoria was observed on the 12th day after the onset of full ripeness: wheat – 3.3 %, rye – 2.4 %, triticale – 1.9 %, fusarium, respectively 2.4 %, 1.9 %, 1 %, 8 %. The loss of dry matter in the weight of 1000 grains depended on the ecotype of the cultivar and the duration of the grain stan­ding time 4, 8, and 12 days after full ripeness. Conclusion. The following cultivars were most resistant to EMDG: Oberih Myronivsky (wheat), Kobza (rye), Obrij Myronivsky (triticale); their base seed production profitability rates being 75.1 %, 116.6 %, and 146.8 %, respectively. The results of the study can be used in the selection of varieties of winter grain crops resistant to enzymomycotic grain depletion for the western forest-steppe and Polissya zones of Ukraine, where breeding work on these crops is not carried out and agricultural producers purchase seeds of new varieties from the originating institutions of the central forest-steppe to introduce them into production.