Full Rigor Research Articles

생선회의 육질향상에 관한 연구 1. 생선회 육질향상에 미치는 저온 브라인 온도의 영향

To improve the sensory quality of sliced raw fish, the effect of cold brine temperature on the texture properties was investigated. Fishes were immersed in cold brine by various condition and killed instantly by spiking at the head. The onset of rigor-mortis was accelerated by decrease of immersion temperature. Also, the time reaching full rigor was shortened remarkably too. However, the rigor index of samples immersed in the cold brine decreased more than that of samples killed instantly. Rigor index was the highest in samples killed instantly, followed by in that order. The breaking strength of samples immersed in the cold brine increased slowly but did not increase through all the conditions in the samples. Breaking strength of all samples immersed in the cold brine decreased significantly after reaching the maximum values (p. Those results demonstrate that optimal temperature for improvement of sliced raw fish quality by cold brine was

Ignoring the inevitable: Reflections on the intervention of the english courts in football's contract disputes

This introductory paper sets the scene for the three articles that follow, concerned as they are with the relationship between sport and the laws of the European Union and, in particular, the long‐term ramifications of the Bosnian ruling. It locates Bosman within the context of three court cases emanating from England in which the legality of the professional football industry's restrictions on players’ freedom of movement had been at issue. By documenting the background to those cases and the judgments that were handed down, the paper shows that the arguments used by football clubs in an attempt to justify their restrictive practices had been trotted out before the courts for over one hundred years prior to the Bosman ruling and had been soundly discredited. European football's failure to take on board the ramifications of Eastham, and of the European Court of Justice's decisions in Dona and Walrave & Koch, meant it was exposed to the full rigours of European law without having an opportunity for adequate long‐term preparation once Bosman had been decided.

Degrees Of Physical Adaptation: Current Uses OfHistoric Naval Building Types

Historic naval buildings in dockyards across Europe, now redundant for defence purposes, present particular opportunities and challenges to appropriate reuse. Their specialised shapes and dimensions are important factors to what futures they can expect, as are location, funding policy, the surrounding land uses and the historic value placed on them. Adaptation proposals also need to be measured against various conservation criteria and degrees of intervention. In this paper the outcomes of the interaction between cultural and physical constraints on reuse of generic dockyard building types in different European countries are examined. Their varying fortunes are set out according to their history, characteristics and degrees of permissable adaptation. Roperies, storehouses, sail lofts, boathouses, covered slips and wet docks, dry docks and basins are considered. There are of course difficulties of comparing like with like, buildings of different dates and dimensions, but analysis of adaptation of these typical dockyard types offers some general lessons and examples of different countries' responses to the challenge. In Venice Arsenale, some important monuments have been restored for their own sake, reflecting local political culture, although many others await creative reuse. In Sweden historic naval monuments are excellently restored and kept in good condition, whether they have a current use or not, while Skeppsholmen in Stockholm and Karlskrona offer exemplary reuses of whole historic naval sites. In the UK navy buildings have usually been treated as utilitarian structures, to be radically altered to new uses, left empty or demolished. The advent of conservation in the 1970s perhaps prevented further demolition. Low key uses of storehouses, for example for archives, may mean minimum intervention, while intensive human use exposes them to the full rigour of modern building and safety legislation. A high degree of design skill is needed to conserve robust original structure in combination with clarity of insertions for new services and uses. Transactions on the Built Environment vol 55, © 2001 WIT Press, www.witpress.com, ISSN 1743-3509

A numerical strategy for efficient modeling of the equatorial wave guide

Convection in the tropics is observed to involve a wide-ranging hierarchy of scales from a few kilometers to the planetary scales and also has a profound impact on short-term climate. The mechanisms responsible for this behavior present a major unsolved problem. A promising emerging approach to address these issues is cloud-resolving modeling. Here a family of numerical models is introduced specifically to model the feedback of small-scale deep convection on tropical planetary waves and tropical circulation in a highly efficient manner compatible with the approach through cloud-resolving modeling. Such a procedure is also useful for theoretical purposes. The basic idea in the approach is to use low-order truncation in the meriodonal direction through Gauss--Hermite quadrature projected onto a simple discrete radiation condition. In this fashion, the cloud-resolving modeling of equatorially trapped planetary waves reduces to the solution of a small number of purely zonal two-dimensional wave systems along a few judiciously chosen meriodonal layers that are coupled only by some additional source terms. The approach is analyzed in detail with full mathematical rigor for linearized equatorial primitive equations with source terms.

Onset of rigor mortis is earlier in red muscle than in white muscle.

Rigor mortis is thought to be related to falling ATP levels in muscles postmortem. We measured rigor mortis as tension determined isometrically in three rat leg muscles in liquid paraffin kept at 37 degrees C or 25 degrees C--two red muscles, red gastrocnemius (RG) and soleus (SO) and one white muscle, white gastrocnemius (WG). Onset, half and full rigor mortis occurred earlier in RG and SO than in WG both at 37 degrees C and at 25 degrees C even though RG and WG were portions of the same muscle. This suggests that rigor mortis directly reflects the postmortem intramuscular ATP level, which decreases more rapidly in red muscle than in white muscle after death. Rigor mortis was more retarded at 25 degrees C than at 37 degrees C in each type of muscle.

On the Distribution of Overlaps in the Sherrington–Kirkpatrick Spin Glass Model

This paper describes some of the analytic tools developed recently by Ghirlanda and Guerra in the investigation of the distribution of overlaps in the Sherrington–Kirkpatrick spin glass model and of Parisi's ultrametricity. In particular, we introduce to this task a simplified (but also generalized) model on which the Gaussian analysis is made easier. Moments of the Hamiltonian and derivatives of the free energy are expressed as polynomials of the overlaps. Under the essential tool of self-averaging, we describe with full rigour, various overlap identities and replica independence that actually hold in a rather large generality. The results are presented in a language accessible to probabilists and analysts.

Fast evaluation of internal loops in RNA secondary structure prediction.

Though not as abundant in known biological processes as proteins, RNA molecules serve as more than mere intermediaries between DNA and proteins. Research in the last 15 years demonstrates that RNA molecules serve in many roles, including catalysis. Furthermore, RNA secondary structure prediction based on free energy rules for stacking and loop formation remains one of the few major breakthroughs in the field of structure prediction, as minimum free energy structures and related quantities can be computed with full mathematical rigor. However, with the current energy parameters, the algorithms used hitherto suffer the disadvantage of either employing heuristics that risk (though highly unlikely) missing the optimal structure or becoming prohibitively time consuming for moderate to large sequences. We present a new method to evaluate internal loops utilizing currently used energy rules. This method reduces the time complexity of this part of the structure prediction from O(n4) to O(n3), thus reducing the overall complexity to O(n3). Even when the size of evaluated internal loops is bounded by k (a commonly used heuristic), the method presented has a competitive edge by reducing the time complexity of internal loop evaluation from O(k2n2) to O(kn2). The method also applies to the calculation of the equilibrium partition function. Source code for an RNA secondary structure prediction program implementing this method is available at ftp://www.ibc.wustl.edu/pub/zuker/zuker .tar.Z

Universality of low-energy scattering in 2+1 dimensions

For any relativistic quantum field theory in 2+1 dimensions, with no zero mass particles, and satisfying the standard axioms, we establish a remarkable low-energy theorem. The $S$-wave phase shift, ${\ensuremath{\delta}}_{0}(k),$ $k$ being the c.m. momentum, vanishes as either ${\ensuremath{\delta}}_{0}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}c/\mathrm{ln}(k/m)$or ${\ensuremath{\delta}}_{0}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{O(k}^{2})$ as $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{k}0.$ The constant $c$ is universal and $c=\ensuremath{\pi}/2.$ This result follows only from the rigorously established analyticity and unitarity properties for 2-particle scattering. This kind of universality was first noted in non-relativistic potential scattering, albeit with an incomplete proof which missed, among other things, an exceptional class of potentials where ${\ensuremath{\delta}}_{0}(k)$ is ${O(k}^{2})$ near $k=0.$ We treat the potential scattering case with full generality and rigor, and explicitly define the exceptional class. Finally, we look at perturbation theory in ${\ensuremath{\varphi}}_{3}^{4}$ and study its relation to our non-perturbative result. The remarkable fact here is that in $n$-th order the perturbative amplitude diverges like $(\mathrm{ln}{k)}^{n}$ as $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{k}0,$ while the full amplitude vanishes as $(\mathrm{ln}{k)}^{\ensuremath{-}1}.$ We show how these two facts can be reconciled.

Exact one-band model calculation using the tight-binding method

A one-dimensional one-band model is presented which enables a tight-binding calculation to be performed with full rigor. All the multicenter integrals involved in the calculation of the Hamiltonian matrix elements can be analytically computed in terms of a single parameter: the ratio between the lattice spacing and the extension of the “atomic” wave function. Moreover, the exact expression for the spectrum shows how the usual approximations of limiting the range of interactions and neglecting the nonorthogonality of the basis set degrade the results of the calculations. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Quant Chem 68: 285–291, 1998

Exact one‐band model calculation using the tight‐binding method

A one-dimensional one-band model is presented which enables a tight-binding calculation to be performed with full rigor. All the multicenter integrals involved in the calculation of the Hamiltonian matrix elements can be analytically computed in terms of a single parameter: the ratio between the lattice spacing and the extension of the “atomic” wave function. Moreover, the exact expression for the spectrum shows how the usual approximations of limiting the range of interactions and neglecting the nonorthogonality of the basis set degrade the results of the calculations. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Quant Chem 68: 285–291, 1998

Child sex offenders: The case for treatment

In Ireland growing public awareness and concern about serious sexual crimes against children has raised the question of whether current efforts to deal with this problem are adequate. In this country clinical intervention with the perpetrators of sexual abuse is in its infancy and many, including Clinicians, those in the criminal justice system, and the general public, remain to be convinced that treatment programmes effectively prevent. further sexual offending. For some there is unease that treatment might be used by perpetrators to avoid the full rigours of the law. In response to these concerns this paper addresses three key issues: whether there are sufficient grounds for developing treatment facilities for perpetrators of sexual abuse; what the focus of such treatment services should be; and how these services could be developed in the context of the criminal justice system. In addressing these three areas the case for the provision of treatment for child sex offenders is supported.

Regulations and safety in medical equipment design

Regulations and safety in medical equipment design

Microstructure and Physical Properties of Red Sea-Bream Muscles Stored as a Fillet and as a Round

The fish muscles stored as a fillet and a round were compared. At 3h, the I-band disappeared in stressed fish fillet, while it disappeared or remained slightly narrow in the muscle as a round. Both types of unstressed fish muscles began to contract slowly and showed large breaking strength. At 10h, both types of stressed fish muscles were tenderized, weakening pericellular connective tissue since the contraction continued. In the muscle as a round, the I-band became narrow. In unstressed fish muscle stored as a round, the restraint of bony structure induced myofibrillar bendings during contraction and weakened pericellular connective tissue. As a result, the round was more tenderized than the fillet. At 48h, in stressed fish muscle as a fillet the contracted state continued, but in this muscle as a round the original length of the I-band was restored. However, these muscles showed similar small breaking strength since the weakening of pericellular connective tissue was in the similar extent. Unstressed fish muscle as a round was more tenderized than this muscle as a fillet due to the bony-structural resistance against contraction. The maintenance of full rigor index occurred in the process where the internal structure was adapted to contractile tension after the disappearance of ATP, as in the case of the restoration of the I-band in the round.

Protective Imperialism versusWeltpolitikin Brazil: Part One: Pan-German Vision and Mahanian Response

(1996). Protective Imperialism versus Weltpolitik in Brazil: Part One: Pan-German Vision and Mahanian Response. The International History Review: Vol. 18, No. 2, pp. 253-278.

マアジ筋肉の死後変化に及ぼす致死条件と貯蔵温度の影響

Specimens of horse mackerel were killed by three different procedures, i.e. stabbing in the spinal cord (instant killing), dipping in cold sea water (temperature shock), and leaving to die in the air (struggled killing). After death the fish were stored at 0 and 8°C. In the fish of the struggled killing group, the rates of decrease in rigor index and of breaking strength of dorsal muscle were fastest. An evident difference was observbed in the changing rates of concentrations of ATP, IMP, creatine phosphate, and lactic acid among the three killing procedures. All the rates were slowest in the instantly killed group. When full rigor was observed, ATP was still contained in significant amounts. The rate in progress of rigor mortis was almost comparable with an increase in lactic acid level. The storage temperature scarcely affected the progress of rigor mortis, but did affect the rate of changes in ATP and K value. From these results, it was suggested that stabbing of the spinal cord was the best procedure to delay the fall in quality of horse mackerel.

Social Grammar for Culture: Reply to Steven Brint

Professor Brint sees my basic point that vacancies reveal structure. Where his interpretation is a bit skewed is that for me vacancies reveal specifically social structure, at middle range, so that they do not provide a general mechanism for revealing cognitive or cultural process. I do see Brint's general point, and indeed I have one book in press and one in manuscript that work exactly toward embedding culture and identity into social structure and its processes of agency, but Brint and I disagree on how to think about embedding. The core idea of blockmodels, which Brint argues are central to my vision of structuralism, is structural equivalence: each set of actors, who are similarly connected (in several types of ties, and through indirect paths as well as by direct ties) with respect to other such sets in a partition, exhibits similar behavior, whether or not much direct connection exists within that set. (Finding the sets is quite a trick, for which John Boyd [1991] provides a definitive mathematical and statistical exposition. He also shows in this exposition that one need not impose a strict partition.) Professor Brint observes, in his second comment (of five), that this approach of mine misses direct impacts from cultural embeddings evinced in attributes of the actors. I should hope so! Did Steven Brint also complain when his English teachers explained grammar, and in particular syntax, separately from the content, be it detective novel or geography? Brint prefers to blockmodel constructs (his note 10). Catnet is a term from an introductory course (Soc Rel 10) that I taught in the 1960s; this term is very useful for stuffing culture in with social form. But I now argue (forthcoming, end of chap. 2) that catnets are found only in contexts without clear social disciplines. The possibility of making just such discriminations was a chief reason for the rigorous abstraction of social structure separately from cultural structure. (This is a reason understood also by the anonymous reviewer quoted by Brint in his note 9.) Brint (in his third comment) complains of a lack of propositions resulting from blockmodels research. Brint himself brilliantly supplies several trial propositions in the two paragraphs following his X-ray metaphor. Other, even more explicitly grammatical propositions come from blockmodeling as role algebra, which was introduced in Boorman and White (1976) and is brought to full mathematical rigor by Boyd (1991). Lorrain and Boorman's First Letter-Last Letter Law (see Boyd 1991) was only the first payoff from these social grammars for culture. Brint slights this algebraic formulation of blockmodeling, which came first and was pursued technically by Bonacich and McConaghy (1979), and Kim and Roush (1978), and from which Breiger and Pattison (1978) derived propositions about elites. Overviews are given by Kim and Roush (1980, 1987) and by Wasserman and Faust (1991). In his fifth comment, Brint bemoans the disappearance of idiographic social science. Surely this is rhetoric, which signals (by analogy to his argument about my rhetoric) that idiography in fact is making a comeback. The political scientist Lucien Pye (1991) provides

Tension Change of Stressed and Unstressed Carp Muscles in Isometric Rigor Contraction and Resolution.

The influence of ante-mortem stress on rigor mortis development was investigated in carp muscle. For this purpose, an isometric tension meter was constructed applying the interface assembly to the data acquisition. Immediately after death the stressed fish muscle generated strong contractile tension and entered the rigor state. Unstressed fish muscle maintained the relaxed state for an initial 21h. It then entered the rigor state and generated half the tension of the stressed fish. After both muscles generated the full rigor tension, they lowered gradually. No significant difference was detected between the residual tension values at 70h postmortem of both muscles. In stressed fish just after death, both the ATP/IMP ratio and the pH were lower when compared with unstressed fish. A more rapid decrease of the ATP/IMP ratio and the pH was found in stressed fish. When the pH reached the same value of 6.55, tension generation began irrespective of whether stressed or unstressed. At this stage, the ATP/IMP ratio was higher and more ATP remained in stressed fish. When the ATP/IMP ratio became close to the minimal value several hours after the arrival of ultimate pH, full rigor tension was generated irrespective of whether stressed or unstressed.

Conflicting constraints on the form of intertidal algae

Plants that live astride the margin of the sea seem to inhabit the worst of all worlds. Seaweeds are, as their name implies, true inhabitants of the ocean, yet on the shore the water is an intermittent visitor and when the tide withdraws they are exposed to the full rigours of life in air. Even when the water returns, bearing moisture and nutrients, it comes armed with waves. Algae in exposed sites may experience wave velocities of 14–15 m s-1 (Denny, 1988; Jones & Demetropoulous, 1968). Allowing for the greater density of water, this is equivalent in its effects to a wind speed of almost 430 m s-1 (950 miles h-1) on land. No oak tree could withstand the storms of the sea. It is how the seaweeds have developed a structure that does not merely survive, but flourishes under the rigours of intertidal life, that I will explore in this paper.

Postmortem Changes in ATP, Creatine Phosphate, and Lactate in Sardine Muscle

ABSTRACTPostmortem changes were followed in sardines stored in ice. Fast (“white”) muscle creatine phosphate began decreasing from 25 μmol/ g immediately after death. ATP concentration remained about 10 μmol/ g and began decreasing after 2 hr when rigor mortis onset was observed. ATP decreased rapidly when creatine phosphate concentration reached a level similar to ATP, and was 2 μmol/g after 8 hr when full rigor was observed. Lactate accumulation proceeded parallel to ATP degradation (correlation coefficient r = ‐0.995) and the degree of rigor mortis (r = ‐0.989). In contrast, sardine slow muscle was low in creatine phosphate (1 μmol/g) and ATP (5 μmol/g), both of which decreased immediately after death. Lactate accumulation was low in this muscle and correlation with rigor mortis progress was lower (r = ‐0.902) than for fast muscle.

Postmortem Changes in Myofibrillar ATPase of Sardine Ordinary and Dark Muscles.

Changes in myofibrillar ATPase activity of ordinary and dark muscle of sardine Sardinops melanosticta were examined in relation with rigor mortis progress and concomitant decline of muscle pH during 24h postmortem period, along with changes during 10 days of ice and frozen storage. Myofibrillar Ca2+- and EDTA-ATPase activities, and Mg2+-ATPase activity in the presence of Ca2+ of sardine ordinary muscle clearly decreased when “rigor index”, a parameter of rigor tension, proceeded to 50% and muscle pH fell to around 6.4. Mg2+-ATPase activity in the absence of Ca2+ showed a slight decrease under the same conditions. On the other hand, the ATPase activity of the dark muscle started decreasing only at full rigor when muscle pH fell to 6.4 in almost all assay systems, except Mg2+-ATPase activity in the absence of Call which hardly changed during rigor mortis progress. A marked decrease in the activity was observed with both sardine muscles during extended ice storage of 10 days. Both sardine muscles showed a large fall in myofibrillar ATPase activity, when stored frozen for 10 days. With either muscle, pH decreased down to 5.8-5.9 after one day and remained essentially unchanged thereafter.