Full Mode Research Articles

Improved Algorithm to Derive All-Sky Longwave Downward Radiation From Space: Application to Fengyun-4A Measurements

Longwave downward radiation (LWDR) is an important parameter that modulates the earth’s radiation and energy balance, and is also a key variable that affects the global warming. Currently, although many reanalysis LWDR products and satellite-based algorithms are available, their coarse spatio-temporal resolutions as well as the difficulties in organizing the corresponding driving parameters seriously limit their applications. As China’s new generation geostationary satellite, Fengyun-4A (FY-4A) provides higher spatial and temporal resolutions (4 km @nadir, 15min at full disk mode) at longwave infrared channels which can routinely monitor the changes of the earth’s radiation in near real-time and therefore provide great potentials in generating various high-accuracy radiation products. Unfortunately, the existing official LWDR products of FY-4A can only provide estimates under clear skies, and its accuracy still has much room for improvement. For above-mentioned points, an improved general all-sky parameterization algorithm is proposed based on readily available input variables, such as land surface temperature (LST), column water vapor (CWV) and cloud-top temperature (CTT). Then the new algorithm is applied to FY-4A aiming to derive believable all-sky LWDR. The validation results show that, the new algorithm does show a noticeable improvement over the original one by reducing the relatively large errors in LWDR under conditions of extremely cold and dry (flux range <150 W/m²), as well as the large bias in the polar and high altitude regions. Moreover, the new method can generate more reliable LWDR than that of FY-4A official product in terms of both spatio-temporal continuity and accuracy, with RMSE less than 22 W/m² and bias less than 0.5 W/m² under all-sky conditions. The easy-to-use and believable performance of the new algorithm provide an opportunity to accurately derive all-sky LWDR from FY-4A and similar satellite missions with high resolutions.

Применение газовой хромато-масс-спектрометрии для определения содержания хлорорганических соединений в химических реагентах

The possibilities of gas chromatography mass spectrometry for determining of organochlorine compounds content in chemical reagents are shown . The optimal operating conditions of the chromato mass spectrometer and the optimal solvent for extraction- isooctane were selected using the example of organochlorine compounds ( model mixture analysis. Calibration curves were constructed for each individual organochlorine compound at selected ion monitoring (SIM) mode. Different approaches to sample preparation based on dilution and/or extraction are proposed depending on the physico-chemical characteristics of chemical reagents. For the analysis of chemical reagents having a strong hydrocarbon background in the full ion current scanning mode, the identification of organochlorine compounds and subsequent quantitative determination were carried out by using mass fragmentograms. To estimate the efficiency of the technique, the completeness of extraction was assessed by adding a so-called "marker" to the working sample and evaluating the results by the value of the extraction degree.

Design of Miniaturized Half-Mode Substrate Integrated Waveguide Dual-Mode Dual-Band Filter for X and Ku Band Applications

With the advancement in technology, devices are required to have superior performance and be as small in size as possible, due to compactness of electronic devices. Most of these devices don't meet all criterias in one go. To enhance the criteria matching, in this work, two dual-band filters have been designed. The first one uses a SIW multi-mode resonator, two of which are magnetically coupled to form a dual-band filter. To achieve miniaturization, the full-mode multi-mode resonator is cut into two using the diagonal symmetry line. This results in a Half-Mode Substrate Integrated Waveguide (HMSIW) resonator used in the dualband second-order filter design. Using this HMSIW, a size reduction of 50% was achieved while operating at the same frequencies as in the full mode structure. This aids to reduce the size of microwave devices and increase in selectivity. Rogers substrate with a permittivity of 2.2 has been used to design the filter. Center frequencies of operation are 9.5 GHz and 13.8 GHz for the first and second pass-bands, respectively. The insertion loss recorded was 1 dB and 3 dB for the first and second pass-band, respectively.

Challenges and Issues of Public Education in Saudi Arabia during Covid-19: Review Paper

The Covid-19 pandemic compelled many countries to implement the stay-at-home policy, which insisted many employees and workers in variety of industries to work from home. This global crisis also prompted universities, colleges, and schools to conduct their teaching activities online via the Internet. Although online education is favourable for students especially in the era of pandemic, a full mode of online teaching could be associated with many challenges. Particularly, in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA), most education sectors were closed down according to government order. The Ministry of Education (MOE) of the KSA began providing online education services in public and private educational institutions. Thus, this paper aims to determine how Covid-19 impacted higher education in the KSA by highlighting the challenges faced by this sector and identifying the best strategies to address these challenges. In this study, the design science approach was applied. The results revealed that the KSA faced several challenges and issues during the Covid-19 pandemic, and the suggested solution is better in dealing with these challenges.

The banking system of Ukraine during the period of marital status: challenges and achievements

The article is devoted to the analysis of the banking system of Ukraine as of November 2022, namely for 9 months of a full-scale Russian invasion of the territory of an independent state - Ukraine. The war continues, now the terrorist country is targeting the energy and civilian structure of Ukraine. But the main state structures have come out of a state of shock, stabilized and are working in full mode. It should be noted that there are still very few studies on the chosen topic in the Ukrainian scientific community, and their need is growing every day, since practical actions should be based on theoretical grounds. The purpose of the article is to study the activities of the banking sector of Ukraine after the events of February 24, 2022 and to analyze the actions of the NBU, which currently keep the banking system indestructible. The article describes the main measures of the NBU as an organization that conducts monetary policy and keeps the monetary unit - the hryvnia in a balanced state. Actions that led to the stable operation of the banking system after a full-scale Russian invasion and ensure not only the controlled operation of banks, but also keep the information field for customers transparent and eliminates panic among the population. The main limitations for clients of commercial banks and the stages of stabilization of commercial banks are also analyzed. The study traced the dynamics of the dollar, rates on deposits and loans for the future, taking into account the results of the banking system in recent years. The actions of commercial banks regarding the introduction of loan repayment holidays were evaluated. It also proposed steps that will help in the future to carry out a stable banking policy and get closer to reducing the factors on which the country's economy as a whole depends (inflation index, interest rate, credit interest, foreign exchange rates against the dollar). The reasons for the closure of banks are analyzed and recommendations are made to save banking institutions that are on the verge of liquidation by providing subordinated debt by the state. Compared the decision of the National Bank of Ukraine and the Ministry of Finance of Ukraine, in terms of restrictions on the provision of loans and deposits, revealed negative aspects of the government's actions regarding the economic condition of the country. The dynamics of changes have been traced and conclusions have been drawn on the indicators of return on assets and equity over the years of the COVID-19 pandemic (2020 - 2021) and during the period of full-scale invasion of Ukraine.

Low dispersion finite volume/element discretization of the enhanced Green–Naghdi equations for wave propagation, breaking and runup on unstructured meshes

We study a hybrid approach combining a finite volume (FV) and a finite element (FE) method to solve a fully-nonlinear and weakly-dispersive depth averaged wave propagation model. The FV method is used to solve the underlying hyperbolic shallow water system, while a standard P1 finite element method is used to solve the elliptic system associated to the dispersive correction. We study the impact of several numerical aspects: the impact of the reconstruction used in the hyperbolic phase; the representation of the FV data in the FE method used in the elliptic phase and their impact on the theoretical accuracy of the method; the well-posedness of the overall method. For the first element we proposed a systematic implementation of an iterative reconstruction providing on arbitrary meshes up to third order solutions, full second order first derivatives, as well as a consistent approximation of the second derivatives. These properties are exploited to improve the assembly of the elliptic solver, showing dramatic improvement of the finale accuracy, if the FV representation is correctly accounted for. Concerning the elliptic step, the original problem is usually better suited for an approximation in H(div) spaces. However, it has been shown that perturbed problems involving similar operators with a small Laplace perturbation are well behaved in H1. We show, based on both heuristic and strong numerical evidence, that numerical dissipation plays a major role in stabilizing the coupled method, and not only providing convergent results, but also providing the expected convergence rates. Finally, the full mode, coupling a wave breaking closure previously developed by the authors, is thoroughly tested on standard benchmarks using unstructured grids with sizes comparable or coarser than those usually proposed in literature.

Digitilization of academic libraries, a response to the blended mode of teaching in private higher learning institutions in Africa

ABSTRACT Academic libraries are being encouraged to digitalize their services. This idea has been supported with the advent of COVID-19 where health measures are encouraging social distancing and avoiding hand to hand distribution of documents and the limit of face to face contacts. Encouragement is being made to have a full online lectures or blended mode of teaching where there is a mixture of face to face with online courses. The main challenge in this process is that most of core books related to academic courses in libraries are in printed format and accessible only by visiting the library. It is to note that private higher learning institutions in Africa are still facing challenges related to inadequate resources as they do not get governmental finance support. This study aims to review literature on the role of digitalization of academic libraries as a response to the blended mode of teaching. The objective of the study is to investigate challenges faced by academic libraries in private higher learning institutions in Africa that limit them to satisfy their users’ needs through digitization of the library and to propose strategies that can be adopted in order to overcome those challenges. Literature reviewed found out that: The digitalization of library has a great role to play on library users’ needs satisfaction; That academic libraries are facing challenges during the digitalization process, challenges that limit fully adoption the use of internet and the digitalization of libraries in order to satisfy library users’ needs.The study recommends: the management to avail adequate resources to libraries; hiring new personnel and deploying/retraining existing staff in ICT related to library digitalization; Training of library users on the access and use of digitalized library resources; To embrace new technology and move from printed documents accessed physically to digitalized documents accessed through internet in order to meet the users’ needs satisfaction in the age of digitalization of education.

Influence of the Polymerization Modes on the Methacrylic Acid Release from Dental Light-Cured Materials-In Vitro Study.

The study focuses on the problem of lowering the pH around a composite filling concerning the polymerization modes and methacrylic acid release, which may affect not only the oral health but also the whole organism. A total of 90 specimens (30 of each: Filtek Bulk Fill, Evetric and Riva LC) were placed in 90 sterile hermetic polyethene containers with saline and incubated at 37 °C. Ten samples of each material were light-cured for 40 s with one of the three curing modes: full power mode (FPM), ramping mode (RM) and pulse mode (PM). The pH and methacrylic acid release evaluation were performed at the following time points: after 2 h and after 3, 7, 21 and 42 days from the specimen preparation. Regardless of light-curing mode, all used materials were characterized by a gradual elevation in methacrylic acid concentration. Only for Filtek Bulk Fill, increased methacrylic acid release was closely associated with lower pH. The choice of the polymerization mode has no significant influence on the methacrylic acid release. However, further research about composite light-curing is necessary to create the procedure algorithm, reducing the local and systemic complications associated with composite fillings.

Screening and quantification of 146 veterinary drug residues in beef and chicken using QuEChERS combined with high performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole orbitrap mass spectrometry

This work aimed to develop an integrated high-throughput screening and quantification for multi-class veterinary drug residues by HPLC-Q-Orbitrap mass spectrometry. A qualitative screening mass database of 171 veterinary drugs was created using full scanning mode, which improved the screening accuracy and scope. Beef and chicken samples were chosen to validate the quantification method at three spiked concentration levels. The quantification method of 146 veterinary drug residues was developed. After enzymatic hydrolysis, beef and chicken samples were treated using optimized QuEChERS. The calibration curves showed good linearities with correlation coefficients of 0.9921–0.9994. The recovery rates were within 52.1–138.2 % with relative standard deviations 0.4–17.7 %. The limits of detection and limits of quantification were in the range of 0.15–3.03 μg/kg and 0.5–10 μg/kg, respectively. The proposed method was demonstrated to be reliable for the simultaneous analysis of multi-class veterinary drugs. It is of significance to expand the screening scope and quantitative analysis efficiency.

Quantitative Assessment of Computed Tomography Energy Use and Cost Savings Through Overnight and Weekend Power Down in a Radiology Department.

Purpose: To assess energy and cost savings when a CT scanner is powered down during overnight non-operational times compared with the CT scanner left on full power or partial shutdown mode. Materials and Methods: Temporary portable power data loggers were placed on the power supply to the CT scanner to measure the energy consumption of the CT scanner in 3 power modes over 9weeks: system ON (computer on, gantry on), computer ON (computer on/gantry off), and system shutdown (computer off/gantry off). Energy was separated into daily average consumption during normal operating hours and consumption after hours for three different day types: weekdays, Saturdays, and Sundays/Holidays. To estimate savings, the average after hours energy use per day during the system ON was compared to each of the two power saving modes. 95% confidence intervals were calculated for each mode and savings result. Results: Overnight and Sunday system shutdown compared to system ON mode is shown to save approximately 14000 kWh over one year with a 95% confidence interval of (13899 kWh, 14464 kWh) as calculated by the electricity provider. Conclusion: Energy consumed by a CT scanner can be significantly reduced through system shutdown when the unit is non-operational, saving emissions and cost. In addition to cost and energy savings, this study emphasizes the importance of clinician leadership in convening interdisciplinary teams outside of usual healthcare silos to rethink how we purposefully use energy and reduce waste.

Optimization process of resistance spot welding for high-strength low-alloy steel using Taguchi method

Abstract Resistance spot welding (RSW) is considered as predominant welding technique that is used in the manufacturing of modern automobile structure. The automobile structure is made of high strength steel which is preferred by the car industry companies due to its high strength-weight ratio. This work presents an optimization method for RSW of high-strength low-alloy steel DOCOL 500 LA. Tensile test and microstructure analysis for base material (BM) were carried out to get the mechanical properties of BM and to specify the rolling direction. Taguchi method, high efficiency technique, was applied using Minitab19 software to achieve the optimization process. Tensile shear test was carried out to evaluate the strength of welding nugget, absorbed energy and failure mode. The results showed that the optimum parameters were 8,800 A for the current, 30 cycles for the welding time and 2,230 N for the electrode force and two types of failure modes could be observed which were interfacial and full pullout mode.

A Fuzzy Backstepping Attitude Control Based on an Extended State Observer for a Tilt-Rotor UAV

In order to overcome the influence of internal and external disturbances caused by rotor tilt motion and gust disturbance on the full flight mode control of a tilt-rotor unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), a design method using fuzzy backstepping control based on an extended-state observer (FBS-ESO) is proposed. In this paper, fuzzy control is used to tune the parameters of the backstepping control law online, and the extended-state observer estimates the total disturbance of the controlled system to improve the controller’s robustness and anti-disturbance capability. This paper designs the attitude control system of a tilt-rotor UAV based on an FBS-ESO controller. The control performance of the FBS-ESO controller is tested in a hardware-in-loop simulation of the attitude control system. The simulation results show that changing the rotor tilt angle will destroy the stability of the traditional backstepping controller and active disturbance rejection controller (ADRC). In contrast, the FBS-ESO controller maintains good control performance. In addition, the performance of the FBS-ESO controller is not be significantly affected by adding external gust disturbance or changing the UAV parameters in the simulation. These disturbances significantly impact the traditional backstepping controller and ADRC. Therefore, the FBS-ESO controller has better anti-disturbance capabilities and robustness, as well as higher attitude control accuracy.

Explicitly antisymmetrized neural network layers for variational Monte Carlo simulation

The combination of neural networks and quantum Monte Carlo methods has arisen as a promising path forward for highly accurate electronic structure calculations. Previous proposals have combined equivariant neural network layers with a final antisymmetric layer in order to satisfy the antisymmetry requirements of the electronic wavefunction. However, to date it is unclear if one can represent antisymmetric functions of physical interest, and it is difficult to precisely measure the expressiveness of the antisymmetric layer. This work attempts to address this problem by introducing explicitly antisymmetrized universal neural network layers. This approach has a computational cost which increases factorially with respect to the system size, but we are nonetheless able to apply it to small systems to better understand how the structure of the antisymmetric layer affects its performance. We first introduce a generic antisymmetric (GA) neural network layer, which we use to replace the entire antisymmetric layer of the highly accurate ansatz known as the FermiNet. We demonstrate that the resulting FermiNet-GA architecture can yield effectively the exact ground state energy for small atoms and molecules. We then consider a factorized antisymmetric (FA) layer which more directly generalizes the FermiNet by replacing the products of determinants with products of antisymmetrized neural networks. We find, interestingly, that the resulting FermiNet-FA architecture does not significantly outperform the FermiNet. This strongly suggests that the sum of products of antisymmetries is a key limiting aspect of the FermiNet architecture. To explore this further, we investigate a slight modification of the FermiNet, called the full determinant mode, which replaces each product of determinants with a single combined determinant. We find that the full single-determinant FermiNet closes a large part of the gap between the standard single-determinant FermiNet and FermiNet-GA on small atomic and molecular problems. Surprisingly, on the nitrogen molecule at a dissociating bond length of 4.0 Bohr, the full single-determinant FermiNet can outperform the largest standard FermiNet calculation with 64 determinants.

Effect of Welding Mode on Remote Laser Stitch Welding of Zinc-Coated Steel With Different Sheet Thickness Combinations

Abstract This paper studied the effects of two welding modes, i.e., keyhole penetration and full penetration, on laser welding of two zinc-coated steel stack-ups of the same total sheet thickness but different sheet thickness combinations. The effects of welding modes on keyhole and spatter behavior were studied. It was found that keyhole penetration welding led to little spatter and mass loss for a thick-gage stack-up of the same top and bottom sheet thickness (two 1.5 mm zinc-coated steel sheets, viz., Stack-up S). This was confirmed by numerically calculated low Zout values which indicate a low potential of spatter due to zinc outgassing insufficiency. For a stack-up of thin top and thick bottom sheet combination (1.1 mm/1.9 mm, viz., Stack-up D), full penetration mode is more preferred generating less spatter than the keyhole penetration mode. This was attributed to an enlarged keyhole size at the faying interface in the full penetration mode and the relatively thinner top sheet (1.1 mm thick) compared to the bottom sheet (1.9 mm thick). It was confirmed by the low average and maximum values of Zout. In summary, to reduce the spatter in laser welding of zinc-coated steel, the keyhole penetration mode welding is preferred for the stack-up with the top and bottom sheets of similar thickness, and the full penetration mode is more suitable for the stack-up having a much thinner top sheet than the bottom sheet.

A theoretical approach to the residual stress assessment based on thermal field evaluation in laser beam welding

Residual stresses are one of the major issues in welded parts, since they could be detrimental to the integrity of components and structure. Their determination is rather complex and could be an arduous task, both when it is based on experimental methods and on numerical simulations. The proposed work presents a theoretical approach to the prediction of the longitudinal residual stress distribution, based on a parameterized multi-source model for thermal field simulation in laser welding previously introduced. Reference is made to the case of “keyhole” full penetration welding mode obtained by CO2 laser beam single pass on butt-positioned AISI 304L plates. The resolution of the thermal field allows the analytical calculation of the distribution of the longitudinal residual stresses in two ways: one makes use of a simplified formulation of the distribution well-known in the literature; a second modality makes use of a procedure for residual stress generation, which is based on a combined processing of thermal profiles and the corresponding heating–cooling cycles calculated in single points as their distance from the welding axis varies, and provides a complete characterization of the distribution of longitudinal residual tensile stresses. After the introduction of thermal field modeling, both the proposed residual stress calculation procedures are detailed, applied to the analyzed case, and validated, highlighting the differences in the approaches and results.

Thermal effect of two adjacent nanospheres during electron irradiation

Along with the characteristic size continuously reducing, the impact of the thermal effect on the accurate size assessment of nanoscale devices by the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) technique is increasingly apparent. Various thermal phenomena may occur in different structures of samples under the electron irradiation. To explore the fundamental rule behind this issue, this study used a Monte Carlo (MC) simulation approach to mainly obtain a series of spatial distributions of the temperature rise in two adjacent gold (Au) nanoparticles (Au nanosphere (Au-NS)) with different sizes. Study on the influences of the detection mode, primary electron (PE) energy, the angle of incidence and the size of the PE beam on the thermal effect were carried out systematically. This paper concluded that Au-NSs with different sizes exhibit various heat capacities with PE energy. The smaller the size of an Au-NS, the less heat it accumulates. The detection mode plays an important role in heat generation. Simply put, the overall heat generated in the no extraction mode is larger than that generated in the full extraction mode. This study next examined that, as the incident angle increases, the temperature rise distribution area spreads gradually from the contact region to the inside and its intensity decreases with the PE beam size. Finally, the thermal effect in a system of multi-Au-NSs (a good extrapolation to actual powder samples) was also discussed. Based on the analysis of the electron trajectory and the electron-solid interaction, the underlying mechanism of these results was explained in detail. Compared with earlier reports that just studied on the thermal issue under the case of the PE beam being kept in a fixed incident area for infinite bulks, this work focuses on a whole SEM imaging process, wherein the thermal issue would shed a more substantial light. It is beneficial to develop the relations between the local thermal issue and the structure of samples, which is believed to greatly promote the development of the semiconductor industry.

A Simple Sensorless Current Sharing Control for Input-Parallel Output-Parallel Dual Active Bridge Converters

The circuit parameters mismatch of input-parallel output-parallel (IPOP) dual active bridge (DAB) converter modules will cause power imbalances of the system. To solve this problem, in this article, we present a simple sensorless current sharing control based on dual-phase-shift (DPS) modulation method. First, the full process operation mode of IPOP DAB is analyzed. Then, the power balance mechanism of the IPOP DAB converter is discussed, and a sensorless current sharing control method is proposed. The core principle of the proposed method is based on the perturbation algorithm to estimate the parameter mismatches of each DAB cell. Once the parameter mismatches are known, the phase shifts that achieve current sharing are calculated. The implementation scheme based on CAN Bus is given, and sensitivity and stability analysis of the proposed method is conducted. Finally, the simulation and experimental results verify the effectiveness of the proposed control strategy.

A solid-state lithium-oxygen battery operating at ambient temperature and full charge-discharge

Solid-state Li-O2 batteries (SSLOBs) have been denoted as the holy grail in next-generation Li metal batteries for their high theoretical energy density, manipulation of ambient air to energy storage as well as high safety. However, the solid rigid interfaces both at the cathode and anode side introduce ultra-high resistances in the battery system and impede its operation under ambient temperature. Moreover, the high-reductive Li anode and semi-open cathode would cause severe side reactions during cycling which further degrade battery performance. To manage the above-mentioned issues, a rationally designed SSLOBs based on plastic crystal electrolyte is proposed in this study to enable SSLOBs operation at ambient temperature and in full charge-discharge mode. The brand-new Li-O2 battery has been improved mainly from two aspects. First, we propose a polyacrylonitrile (PAN) modified succinonitrile (SN) electrolyte (PAN-SN) to retard the polymerization of SN and meanwhile suppress the degradation of Li ionic conductivity. Second, we propose an alternative mixed electron/ion complex conductor (MEIC) cathode to coordinate with plastic crystal electrolyte with an expanded Li-O2 reactive zone and improved interfacial charge transfer during the charge-discharge process. The fabricated flexible SSLOBs based on PAN-SN electrolyte and MEIC cathode could be successfully fully charged-discharged (cutoff 2.0–4.5 V) for tens of cycles at ambient temperature under simulated air condition (20 vol% oxygen), with high-capacity retention of around 85 %.

Co‐design of a low noise amplifier with compact substrate integrated waveguide bandpass filtering matching network

This article presents a co-design of a low noise amplifier (LNA) and bandpass filter (BPF) input matching network (IMN) based on quarter-mode and one-eight-mode substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) cavities. The transmission zeros (TZs) of the proposed BPF IMN occur in the stopband and demonstrate improved frequency selectivity compared to conventional methods. Our design can reduce the complexity and circuit sizes of receiving BPFs and LNAs in communication systems, and improve the receiving performance of radio frequency (RF) front-end circuitry. Three different LNAs were fabricated and tested. The proposed LNA features a three-stage compact-size SIW BPF IMN at a center frequency (f0) of 8 GHz. The proposed LNA with a compact SIW BPF IMN exhibits better electrical performance than a conventional LNA (CLNA) with a full-mode (FM) SIW BPF. We found that the small signal gains at f0 of the standalone CLNA, FM SIW BPF cascaded with CLNA, and the proposed LNA were 15.69, 14.72, and 15.18 dB, respectively. The measured noise figure (NF) at f0 of CLNA was 0.86 dB, while the NF of the FM SIW BPF cascaded with CLNA was 2.23 dB, and the NF of the proposed LNA at f0 was 1.71 dB. In addition, the circuit size of the proposed LNA is 48% smaller than that of an FM SIW BPF cascaded with CLNA.

A fast and lightweight tool for partially coherent beamline simulations in fourth-generation storage rings based on coherent mode decomposition.

A new algorithm to perform coherent mode decomposition of undulator radiation is proposed. It is based on separating the horizontal and vertical directions, reducing the problem by working with one-dimension wavefronts. The validity conditions of this approximation are discussed. Simulations require low computer resources and run interactively on a laptop. The focusing with lenses of the radiation emitted by an undulator in a fourth-generation storage ring (EBS-ESRF) is studied. Results are compared against multiple optics packages implementing a variety of methods for dealing with partial coherence: full two-dimension coherent mode decomposition, Monte Carlo combination of wavefronts from electrons entering the undulator with different initial conditions, and hybrid ray-tracing correcting geometrical optics with wave optics.