Full Message Research Articles

A CASE FOR EMPHATIC PARTICLES IN THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE

The article investigates the issue of whether emphatic particles exist in the English language as well as looks into the ways of distinguishing these particles from similar phenomena including discourse markers and function words. Though particles cannot always be easily identified among other parts of speech, emphatic particles are quite distinct from other types of particles presented in grammar studies - structural, negative or adverbial ones - as well as discourse markers. To clarify the point, the authors dwell on the emphatic particles of the Russian language in order to highlight their main purpose - they help the speaker convey the full message to the addressee without adding any semantic connotations to an utterance. Thus, emphatic particles, along with other discursive elements, are used by the speaker to carry out a complex and multidimensional operation of controlling the understanding of the text on the part of the addressee. As emphatic particles fall into three functional classes - attention markers, background information markers, topic and focus markers - the paper provides a frame for presenting their semantic composition in lexicographic sources. Another objective is to distinguish between discourse markers, discourse particles and emphatic particles in the English language. As various languages prefer different parts of speech as the source of producing particles (prepositions, adverbs, interjections, etc.), there is great terminological variability in the number and purpose of particles used in communication. The findings reveal that in the English language words that are not essentially emphatic particles, such as adverbials or compound discourse particles derived from idiomatic word combinations, often perform the emphatic function. The outcome of the research proves the hypothesis that the English words ‘just’, ‘simply’ and some others are equal to Russian emphatic particles.

Greeting from the Editor

Greetings from the Editor-in-Chief and the Associate Editor. To read the full message, please open the PDF link. Welcome to the final issue of 2023 for the Canadian Journal of Career Development. This year has seen an increase in submissions to our Journal and we are grateful to have so many consider us for their research publication. Our reviewers were certainly delighted and intrigued by your work. Contained within this issue are six articles that address various topics related to career development. There are four articles that are published under our Peer-Reviewed Article Category, and two of which we are happy to have from our francophone community. There is one article published in our Practitioner & Community Best Practices and one article published in our Graduate Student Research Brief Sections. Each article is interesting, and we highly recommend you take time readingthem.

Utterance planning under message uncertainty: evidence from a novel picture-namingparadigm.

Language researchers view utterance planning as implicit decision-making: producers must choose the words, sentence structures, and various other linguistic features to communicate their message. To date, much of the research on utterance planning has focused on situations in which the speaker knows the full message to convey. Less is known about circumstances in which speakers begin utterance planning before they are certain about their message. In three picture-naming experiments, we used a novel paradigm to examine how speakers plan utterances before a full message is known. In Experiments 1 and 2, participants viewed displays showing two pairs of objects, followed by a cue to name one pair. In an Overlap condition, one object appeared in both pairs, providing early information about one of the objects to name. In a Different condition, there was no object overlap. Across both spoken and typed responses, participants tended to name the overlapping target first in the Overlap condition, with shorter initiation latencies compared with other utterances. Experiment 3 used a semantically constraining question to provide early information about the upcoming targets, and participants tended to name the more likely target first in their response. These results suggest that in situations of uncertainty, producers choose word orders that allow them to begin early planning. Producers prioritize message components that are certain to be needed and continue planning the rest when more information becomes available. Given similarities to planning strategies for other goal-directed behaviors, we suggest continuity between decision-making processes in language and other cognitive domains.

DPB-MA: Low-Latency Message Authentication Scheme Based on Distributed Verification and Priority in Vehicular Ad Hoc Network

Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) serve as crucial means to ensure safe transportation systems and enhance driving convenience. Ensuring authentication between vehicles and units is the most essential line of defense for VANETs systems. Various schemes of message authentication are put forward to realize safe communication in VANETs. However, these schemes mainly pay attention to privacy and security issues, and are not fit for high-density traffic environments where many messages should be verified by a roadside unit (RSU). At present, achieving the low-latency authentication under the security and privacy of messages remains a critical requirement and challenge. For addressing this problem, this study puts forward a novel low-latency message authentication scheme based on the distributed authentication and message priority (DPB-MA), which can minimize message verification latency through cooperation between the RSU and cooperative vehicles (CVs). In addition, a message priority strategy has been designed to ensure that urgent messages are preferentially verified. According to the security proof with tight reduction, the DPB-MA is existentially unforgeable against adaptive chosen message attack (EU-CMA) in the random oracle model (ROM). Furthermore, our DPB-MA achieves full message aggregation, which also greatly optimizes the communication overhead and authentication efficiency. Performance analysis indicates that our scheme works well in high-density traffic scenarios and is more suitable for securing emergency messages with ultra-low latency requirements.

HOPCTP: A Robust Channel Categorization Data Preservation Scheme for Industrial Healthcare Internet of Things

In this article, we present a robust channel categorization scheme to fix data privacy and preservation problems in an Industrial Healthcare Internet of Things (IHC-IoT) network. The proposed model categorizes the transmission bandwidth into four independent channels for each device by defining triggering rules with respect to time for reception and transmission of data. Besides, our developed prototype, which is known as high optimal path channel triggering protocol (HOPCTP) ensures data privacy and preservation utilizing minimal network resources in an IHC-IoT network. Furthermore, the HOPCTP prototype enables client-side devices to transmit and receive data with four different independent communication channels following the triggering mechanism to avoid adversary device anticipation in the network. The categorized channels are triggered with a defined time period to change their transmission and reception functionality, which triggers the transmitted data between different channels. Same data transmission via four different channels ensures the confidentiality and integrity of data because if an attacker captures one channel of data, he will not be able to understand the full message. The convalescent communication infrastructure is developed among patient wearable devices followed by cluster heads, micro base station, and macro base station to ensure data privacy and preservation with better communication metrics. In addition, the objective of the HOPCTP prototype is to resolve the data privacy issues in delay-sensitive applications, i.e., IHC-IoT networks. To achieve this, the HOPCTP prototype promotes data preservation and communication in terms of authenticity, congestion, throughput, communication cost, and packet loss ratio. The result statistics of the proposed scheme demonstrate remarkable improvement over the existing schemes for aforementioned comparative metrics.

Sub-messages extraction for industrial control protocol reverse engineering

The Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) connects various industrial devices and processes for smart manufacturing purposes. The industrial devices and processes may employ standard or private communication protocols. Protocol Reverse Engineering (PRE) can infer the format of the unknown protocol by analyzing traffic traces. Existing work in the field mainly focuses on Internet protocol only, handling text messages. PRE for industrial control protocols is difficult and particularly designed for IIoT for real-time interconnection among industrial devices. Given the phenomenon that many consecutive sub-messages are often embedded in a lengthy message payload and have a similar format, a novel sub-messages extraction algorithm is proposed in this work by using template iteration as an intermediate step to form a full message format inference framework. An improved evaluation criterion is also proposed to evaluate the sub-messages extraction results. We carry out our algorithm on three standard industrial control protocols and two unknown protocols. Experiments show that adding our sub-messages extraction in PRE for IIoT can greatly improve the accuracy of the overall protocol format inference compared with the existing work.

„Pieśń o cnych lisowskich kozakach”

[“Pieśń o cnych lisowskich kozakach” (“The Song of Noble Lisowczyks”)] The paper remembers the song “Pieśń o cnych lisowskich kozakach”, whose authorship is disputable. The song was written as part of propaganda directed at the nobility opinion opposed to the actions of the Lisowczyks. Compared with previously published editions, the present one brings out a full message of the song, collects information on the fates of the copies of the first edition and explains misunderstandings resulting from the academic debate going on since the 19th c.

Prisca and Aquila: Exemplary Models of Gospel Obedience

Prisca and Aquila were a married couple who moved from Rome to Corinth, providing extensive assistance to Paul’s gospel activity in Corinth and Ephesus before returning to Rome. They instructed Apollos about the full message of the gospel, including baptism in the name of Jesus, and hosted house churches in Ephesus and Rome. This article explores their occupation, social status in the secular world, and role in the early Christian community. Reasons for positioning Prisca’s name before her husband’s in Scripture are explored. They exemplify Paul’s guidance for married couples.

Aquinas on Christ's Will to Die and Our Salvation

Aquinas on Christ's Will to Die and Our Salvation Piotr Roszak Why the Psalms Matter for Biblical Thomism Saint Thomas Aquinas, after composing commentaries on several books of the Old and New Testament, commenced work on his commentary on the Psalms.1 The Psalms commentary originates in a period when commenting on the Psalms was a popular practice; in fact, many theologians began their careers with such works.2 Thomas, on the other hand, turns to the Psalms while in the prime of his theological career. Why did he start so late? There are no clear answers, but perhaps the history of commentaries on the Psalms throughout the Middle Ages may shed light on Thomas's approach. Aquinas wrote Super Psalmos at a time that Martin Morard describes as a change of "epochs."3 It seems that high Scholastic interest focused upon [End Page 199] Saint Paul and the synthesis of biblical theology.4 Neither Albert the Great nor Bonaventure produced written commentaries on the Psalms, and only in the fourteenth century do the Psalms return as a biblical book commented upon at medieval universities. Thomas's distinctive take on the Psalms therefore invites the following questions: what kind of theological message do they reveal for Thomas's sacra doctrina and how does it affect what is labeled as "biblical Thomism"? It is worth emphasizing that the term "biblical Thomism" does not simply refer to exploring forgotten texts of Aquinas.5 Rather, it consists essentially in following the method or "form" of the Angelic Doctor's thoughts as the coordinates on which his doctrinal reflections can be located. Biblical Thomism gravitates toward biblical texts, circles around them, and builds a synthesis based on the testimony of Divine Revelation. It thus seeks to understand Aquinas's biblical reasoning and thereby elucidate his speculative approach. Understood in this way, biblical Thomism approaches theology as the "resonation" of the Word of God.6 This resonation echoes the Fathers and gives birth to a synthesis via a continuous "unifying process" around the biblical center using all available knowledge and its consistent interpretation. Returning to Thomas's commentary on the Psalms, then, we can only understand his style of interpretation by means of this unifying process. Thus, reading his Super Psalmos must unfold in tandem with reading those [End Page 200] works of Saint Thomas in which he refers and quotes specific Psalms.7 The great number of these quotations in Aquinas's answer to the theological question (often in the sed contra, but also in the corpus of the article) make the tissue of that question biblical, testifying to the psalmist's argumentative value. At the same time, to grasp the full message of Aquinas, it is also necessary to take into account the Magna glossatura of Peter Lombard and to compare it to the tertia pars of the Summa theologiae [ST], which was written at the same time as the Super Psalmos. Precisely for that reason, our topic here will be a theme that is raised in both of these works: the Passion of Christ as a way of realizing our salvation. Therefore, in the hope of regaining Aquinas's soteriological framework, we will rephrase Saint Anselm, raising the question "cur Deus crucifixus?" Why the Cross? Psalm 21 in the Vulgate—"Deus, Deus meus quare me dereliquisti?"—offers a particularly suitable pericope for such analysis. For Aquinas, Psalm 21 offers a lens through which to read the course of the Passion. From a hermeneutic point of view, Thomas interprets it ad litteram as a text illuminating the Passion of Christ, and he treats it figuratively as the story about David and his sufferings. As a type of lamentation, this psalm is interpreted by Aquinas as an integral part of five psalms that refer to Christ's Passion.8 Therefore, each psalm, although starting with groaning, anticipates salvation and thanksgiving. Thomas sees this same pattern in the way that Christ begins the prayer on the Cross; it is not an expression of despair but a recitation of the "way of salvation" that marks the beginning of his suffering. Hence, the perspective of interpretation, also supported by the title given the...

Factors Affecting the Market Share of Retailers: Evidence from Vietnam

This research focuses on the analysis of factors affecting the market share of retailers in Vietnam. This research uses Smith and Chaffey’s (2005) 5Ss e-marketing model for analysis, which include Sell, Serve, Speak, Save, and Sizzle. Both quantitative and qualitative methods will be used to conduct the study. The researchers collected information from customers, managers, and directors in 25 retailers in Vietnam. A survey questionnaire was delivered to 15 people in each of the retailers who are customers, managers and directors. The researcher used the SPSS 16.0 software to analyze the data collected and in-depth interviews were carried out with the purpose of testing the hypothesis as well as the overall framework of the research. Out of the 375 questionnaires delivered, 360 were returned. The means of 23 items in the survey questionnaire ranged from 3.3733 to 4.3533 representing the outcome of the descriptive analysis. Research results showed that Cronbach’s Alpha coefficient of five factors affecting the market share of the retailers is sizzle, save, sell, serve and speak. This research has proposed some implications for the market share of retailers, including technology enhancement for full message delivery, ways to approach target customers, and improving product diversity.

A South African view of Pentecostalism as another response to modernism

A popular way used by most sociologists, anthropologists and theologians to define the Pentecostal movement, its origins and growth is by way of the Deprivation Theory, implying that Pentecostalism can be explained in terms of its origins among the poor, marginalised and disenfranchised. However, it is argued that Pentecostal identity was rather formed by its Bible reading practices, its hermeneutics that resulted in its doctrinal understanding of the baptism in the Holy Spirit, the Full Gospel message and the lifestyle it generated that caused others to convert to Pentecostalism. It is submitted that this was the result of utilising a specific Bible reading method prevalent in holiness circles of the 19th century, which involved reading from a primitivist-restorationist and revivalistic perspective, and also served as the primary cause of the establishment of Pentecostalism and its growth. Individuals were attracted to Pentecostalism not because they were deprived – although many of them were – but with the way they read and interpreted the Bible, the resultant religious quest for Jesus and their enchanted worldview. Deprivation and disorganisation should rather be viewed as facilitating rather than causing its attraction, implying that the popularity of the movement is to be sought somewhere else – in the dynamics of the movement itself. It is concluded that Pentecostalism is a countercultural paramodern movement that defined its praxis-oriented identity and restorationist-primitivist spiritual ethos as a social and spiritual response to modernistic liberalism and Protestant fundamentalist cessationist orthodoxy.

The Capacity of Private Information Retrieval With Partially Known Private Side Information

We consider the problem of private information retrieval (PIR) of a single message out of $K$ messages from $N$ replicated and non-colluding databases where a cache-enabled user (retriever) of cache-size $M$ possesses side information in the form of full messages that are partially known to the databases. In this model, the user and the databases engage in a two-phase scheme, namely, the prefetching phase where the user acquires side information and the retrieval phase where the user downloads desired information. In the prefetching phase, the user receives $m_{n}$ full messages from the $n$ th database, under the cache memory size constraint $\sum _{n=1}^{N} m_{n} \leq M$ . In the retrieval phase, the user wishes to retrieve a message (which is not present in its memory) such that no individual database learns anything about the identity of the desired message. In addition, the identities of the side information messages that the user did not prefetch from a database must remain private against that database. Since the side information provided by each database in the prefetching phase is known by the providing database and the side information must be kept private against the remaining databases, we coin this model as partially known private side information . We characterize the capacity of the PIR with partially known private side information to be $C=\left ({1+\frac {1}{N}+\cdots +\frac {1}{N^{K-M-1}}}\right)^{-1}=\frac {1-\frac {1}{N}}{1-\left({\frac {1}{N}}\right)^{K-M}}$ . Interestingly, this result is the same if none of the databases knows any of the prefetched side information, i.e., when the side information is obtained externally, a problem posed by Kadhe et al. and settled by Chen-Wang-Jafar recently. Thus, our result implies that there is no loss in using the same databases for both prefetching and retrieval phases.

Internet and Social Media: Bridge or Barrier for a Culture of Communion?

October 29 of next year will be the golden anniversary of the transmission of the first digital message, which was sent between two of the U.S. Defense Ministry’s ARPAnet computers in 1969. This was the birth of the Internet, and the groundbreaking test run was both happy and foreboding. Charley Kline was trying to send the simple prompt “LOGIN” from UCLA to Bill Duvall at Stanford Research Institute about 350 miles away. Only the first two letters were sent before the system crashed, however, making the very first digital message one that was lost in transmission. Nevertheless, the full message was successfully relayed an hour later after a reboot, and the rest is history. Last year, the French bishops’ conference came up with a document entitled “Eglise en reseaux—Quelle communion a l’ere du numerique?” In this pastoral text, they described “digital networks” as a “huge challenge” and “double-sided issue” while asking, “What kind of communion is possible in the digital age?” This article as such aims to explore the challenges to and opportunities in the way people relate to one another other as posed by the Internet and social media as well as how these rapidly evolving technologies can be a bridge or barrier for a culture of communion.

Does Undetectable = Untransmissable?

Does Undetectable = Untransmissable?

Message-Falsification Prevention With Small Quantum Mask in Quaternary Y00 Protocol

Confidentiality, integrity, and availability constitute the triad of cybersecurity. Confidentiality is the property of invisibility against unauthorized parties. Integrity is protecting data from being altered or falsified by unauthorized parties, and availability is the accessibility of data to legitimate parties whenever they need it. However, in quantum cryptography, confidentiality is of central interest, while the latter two are often overlooked. In contrast, the Y00 protocol has an affinity for the conventional optical infrastructure. Therefore, its availability is the same as that of the current optical network. Moreover, the previous work showed that the quaternary Y00 protocol could prevent message falsification to satisfy integrity. This paper proposes a new implementation that uses a quantum mask size reduced to 4 levels from 24 levels that was required in the previous work. This smaller mask is sufficient to prevent the attacker’s falsified messages in the middle of the communication line at will, even if she knows the full message. Therefore, the attacker fails to falsify the message with a probability of almost 100% per byte.

Communication Versus Computation: Duality for Multiple-Access Channels and Source Coding

Computation codes in network information theory are designed for scenarios where the decoder is not interested in recovering the information sources themselves, but only a function thereof. Korner and Marton showed for distributed source coding (DSC) that such function decoding can be achieved more efficiently than decoding the full information sources. Compute–forward has shown that function decoding, in combination with network coding ideas, is a useful building block for end-to-end communication over a network. In both cases, good computation codes are the key component in the coding schemes. Could these same codes simultaneously also enable full message decoding over a sufficiently strong multiple-access channel (MAC)? This work establishes a partial negative answer and converse result. Specifically, for any code that is known to be a good computation code for some MAC, we characterize a class of MACs for which that code cannot enable full message decoding (and vice versa). Finally, an analogous duality result is established for a related DSC problem.

Eye Movement Patterns in Response to Anti-Binge Drinking Messages

ABSTRACTHealth message design combines selected visual and textual components that are thought to work in concert to produce a particular intended message effect. Most health message effects research assumes rather than determines that message recipients attend to those visual and textual components. In contrast, the present research mapped viewing patterns of 50 participants in response to a set of anti-binge drinking print messages using eye-tracking methodology. Results showed that participants primarily viewed faces of persons portrayed in the messages, as well as alcohol use cues and cryptic one-liners. Textual components (e.g., information about consequences of heavy drinking) were viewed infrequently and briefly. Viewing patterns were associated with perceptions of message effectiveness, but more so for women than for men. Additionally, men, for whom anti-binge drinking messages were more self-relevant than for women, viewed message components more often and longer than women. These findings suggest that when message recipients view a self-relevant health message, they may attend primarily to a subset of components that do not necessarily convey the full message.

Hard-Information Bit-Reliability Based Decoding Algorithm for Majority-Logic Decodable Nonbinary LDPC Codes

A modified bit-reliability based decoding algorithm is presented based on a recent work by Huang et al . For the presented algorithm, only one Galois field element is passed and exchanged along the edges of the Tanner graph. At variable nodes, full messages rather than extrinsic messages are processed to further reduce the computational complexity. At check nodes, only hard reliability is considered and the main operation is to compute the check-sum and send one extrinsic symbol back to variable nodes. Simulation results show that, even with lower complexity and less memory consumption, the presented algorithm still can perform very closely to the original wBRB algorithm with low quantization bits ( $3 \sim 4\,\text{bits}$ ) when decoding the majority-logic decodable nonbinary LDPC codes. For codes constructed in high order fields, the presented algorithm can even outperform the original wBRB algorithm.

Multiple Access Channels With Combined Cooperation and Partial Cribbing

In this paper, the multiple access channel (MAC) with combined cooperation and partial cribbing is studied, and its capacity region is characterized. Cooperation means that each of the two encoders sends a message to the other via a rate-limited link prior to transmission, while partial cribbing means that each of the two encoders obtains a deterministic function of the other encoder’s output with or without delay. Prior work in this field dealt separately with cooperation and partial cribbing, but by combining these two methods, we can achieve significantly higher rates. Surprisingly, the capacity region of the MAC with combined cooperation and partial cribbing can be expressed using only one auxiliary random variable (RV) similar to the capacity regions of the MAC with cooperation and with partially cribbing encoders. The reason is that in an optimal coding scheme, the encoders use both cooperation and partial cribbing to generate a common message between the encoders. Furthermore, the Gaussian MAC with combined one-sided cooperation and quantized cribbing is studied. For this model, an achievability scheme is given. This scheme shows how many cooperation or quantization bits are required to practically achieve the capacity region of the Gaussian MAC with full message cooperation or perfect cribbing. To ratify the main results, two additional models are studied. In both models, only one auxiliary RV is needed. The first is a rate distortion dual setting for the MAC with degraded message set and combined cooperation and cribbing. The second is a state-dependent MAC with cooperation, where the state is known at a partially cribbing encoder and at the decoder. However, there are cases where more than one auxiliary RV is needed, e.g., when the cooperation and the cribbing are not used for the same purposes. The MAC with an action-dependent state is presented, where the action is based on the cooperation but not on the cribbing. Therefore, in this case, more than one auxiliary RV is needed. As a result, when the common information shared by the two encoders is used unevenly by the users in the channel, more than one auxiliary RV is needed to express the capacity region.

Concurrent hardware architecture for dual-mode audio steganography processor-based FPGA

Recently, audio steganography has become an important covert communications technology. This technology hides secret data in a cover audio without perceptual modification of the cover audio. Most of the existing audio steganography techniques are unsuitable for real-time communication. Although field programmable logic array (FPGA) technologies offer parallel processing in hardware that can improve the speed of steganographic systems, the research activities in this area are very limited. This paper presents a parallel hardware-architecture for dual-mode audio steganography (DMAS) based FPGA technology. The proposed DMAS reconfigures the same hardware blocks in both hiding and recovery modes to reduce the hardware requirements. It has been successfully implemented on a Xilinx XC6SLX16 FPGA board to occupy only 97 slices. Furthermore, it processes data simultaneously at an operating frequency of up to 58.82MHz and accomplishes full message retrieval at an embedding rate of 25% with an audio quality above 45dB in terms of signal to noise ratio.