Full Lips Research Articles

Unveiling the Strategy Behind Blackfishing: Kim Kardashian's Instagram and the New Beauty Discourse

As a fashion and beauty icon in America, Kim Kardashian is one of the public figures who supports the new beauty discourse. The emerging concept of new beauty in America challenges conventional limits for the delineation of beauty. This idea emphasizes that beauty is not limited by skin color, body shape, age, and hairstyle; instead, it emphasizes the need of embracing of natural body. This study examines how Kim Kardashian's personal Instagram posts from 2014-2023 showcases new notions of beauty via the lens of semiotic theory by Barthes (1964) and the concept of blackfishing. New forms of beauty discourse displayed by Kim Kardashian are accused of being blackfishing by excessively darkened skin, curvy body shapes, full lips, and hair. According to the findings of this study, there is a sense of ambivalence towards black women's bodies. Consequently, white people have internalized certain characteristics of black bodies without appreciating the unique qualities of black women. Kim Kardashian promotes a new beauty discourse that is considered blackfishing through her collaboration with the fashion and beauty industry and building her own cosmetics business. This demonstrates the participation of other influential individuals in the fashion business who endorse Kim's blackfishing appearance so that this appearance continues to appear in public and is normalized.

Variation in Lip Shape and Aesthetics in the Young Female Population: A Statistical Atlas Study.

Background: The distribution of lip shapes in young females and how morphological variation relates to attractiveness are poorly defined. Objectives: We hypothesized that among young female lip images generated by a statistical atlas model, those with more full lips compared with those with less full lips would be perceived as more attractive as measured by anonymous survey participants. Method: A statistical atlas of lip morphology was created using photographs of 700 women aged 18-35 years. The average lip shape was determined by coregistering and averaging images. Morphological variation was analyzed using principal component analysis. The relationship between attractiveness and observed lip morphologies was assessed using publicly distributed surveys. Results: In total, 428 survey responses were obtained. We developed a statistical model of variation of lip shape in the population and its relationship to attractiveness. The most attractive lips were significantly fuller than the average shape in the population, with greater vertical height and surface area. Conclusion: A statistical atlas can provide a visual guide to variation in lip shape in the population. The most attractive lip shapes vary significantly from the population average, lending support to procedures that increase lip height and surface area.

Diagnosis of 7q11.23 deletion in a patient from Manaus, Amazonas with Williams-Beuren syndrome: Case report

Williams-Beuren Syndrome is a rare disease caused by a chromosomal microdeletion in region 7q11.23. It is characterized as multisystemic, including intellectual and learning disabilities, distinct facial features, short stature, hypersocial behavior, and many malformations. Its diagnosis is traditionally clinical, but cytogenomic analyses such as fluorescence in situ hybridization can also be used for better etiological characterization of the syndrome. Our objective is to report the case of a boy in Manaus/Amazonas with Williams-Beuren Syndrome that presents a microdeletion in region 7q11.23. The patient is male, 12 years, of non-consanguineal parents, and no family history of hereditary diseases. The patient was sent for genetic testing after assessment of possible genetic syndrome, as the physical exams presented a gnome-like face, short nasal bridge, full lips, frequent smile, short stature, difficulty learning and atrioventricular dysplasia of valves with mild insufficiency and a cist in the left kidney. The results of the karyotype exam were normal and the fluorescence in situ hybridization revealed the microdeletion of region 7q11.23. Upon the follow-up, the subject was diagnosed with Williams-Beuren Syndrome. This microdeletion results in the loss of various genes that affect genic dosage/genic haploinsufficiency, resulting in a cytogenetic imbalance, consequently contributing to the patient’s phenotype. Therefore, the cytogenomic analysis was instrumental for the etiological diagnosis, in which microdeletion 7q11.23 was identified, allowing for proper diagnosis and prognosis, genetic counseling, and medical decisions, granting a better quality of life for the patient.

Anthropometric Analysis of the Faces of Chinese Women in Leadership Roles.

The aim of this study was to investigate the appearance of the faces of Chinese women in leadership positions through an anthropometric analysis of Women of China from 1949 to 2022. Photographs of cover women of Women of China were gathered and a total of 380 frontal and 101 lateral photographs were collected. The photographs were divided into 3 time phases: phase I (1949-1978): from the launch of Women of China magazine, up until the time of reform and opening; phase II (1978-2010): from the time of reform and opening until when Google China was blocked; and phase III (2010-2022): to the present. The horizontal corneal diameter (11.52mm) was set as the reference value for the frontal face. The anthropometric results showed the width of the face, midface, and lower face decreased over time. The women at phase I had larger and round faces, smaller and narrower eyes, wider noses, and thicker lips; relatively masculine and hard-working woman image, as the occupations of women were mainly described as workers, farmers, and civil servants. Phase II showed smaller but still round faces, relatively wide-set round eyes, narrower noses, and smaller lips than in phase I; neutral features as skilled workers, engineers, entrepreneurs, civil servants, and researchers. Phase III showed oval faces, almond eyes, narrower noses, smaller full lips, and wider chins, reflecting a process of feminization; working in entertainment, sports, and science. The data from this study might serve as the recommended aesthetic proportions when performing plastic surgical procedures for talented woman.

Lamb-Shaffer syndrome: 20 Spanish patients and literature review expands the view of neurodevelopmental disorders caused by SOX5 haploinsufficiency.

Lamb-Shaffer Syndrome (LSS; OMIM #616803; ORPHA #313892; ORPHA #313884) is an infrequent genetic disorder that affects multiple aspects of human development especially those related to the development of the nervous system. LSS is caused by variants in the SOX5 gene. At the molecular level, SOX5 gene encodes for a transcription factor containing a High Mobility Group (HMG) DNA-Binding domain with relevant functions in brain development in different vertebrate species. Clinical features of Lamb-Shaffer syndrome may include intellectual disability, delayed speech and language development, attention deficits, hyperactivity, autism spectrum disorder, visual problems and seizures. Additionally, patients with the syndrome may present distinct facial dimorphism such as a wide mouth with full lips, small chin, broad nasal bridge, and deep-set eyes. Other physical features that have been reported in some patients include short stature, scoliosis, and joint hypermobility. Here, we report the clinical and molecular characterization of a Spanish LSS cohort of new 20 patients and review all the patients published so far which amount for 111 patients. The most frequent features included developmental delay, intellectual disability, visual problems, poor speech development and facial dysmorphic features. Strikingly, pain insensitivity and hypermetropia seems to be more frequent than previously reported, based on the frequency seen in the Spanish cohort. Eighty-three variants have been reported so far, single nucleotide variants (SNV) and copy number variants represent 47% and 53%, respectively, from the total of variants reported. Similarly to previous reports, the majority of the SNVs variants of the novel patients reported herein fall in the HMG domain of the protein. However, new variants, affecting other functional domains, were also detected. In conclusion, LLS is a rare genetic disorder mostly characterized by a wide range of developmental and neurological symptoms. Early diagnosis would allow to start of care programs, clinical follow up, prospective studies and appropriate genetic counseling, to promote clinical and social improvement to have profound lifelong benefits for patients and their families. Further research is needed to better understand the underlying mechanisms of the syndrome related to SOX5 haploinsufficiency.

:Untangling Blackness in Greek Antiquity

:<i>Untangling Blackness in Greek Antiquity</i>

Novel phenotype–genotype correlation with PEX6 gene in Saudi patients with Heimler syndrome

AbstractPurpose: Peroxisome biogenesis disorders (PBDs; MIM# 601539) are heterogeneous disorders caused by defects in genes encoding proteins that are essential for peroxisomal matrix and membrane proteins. Heimler syndrome is one of PBDs that is caused by mutations in PEX1 and PEX6 genes. In this study, we aimed to fully characterize the clinical and molecular aspects of two Saudi probands who were diagnosed early as Usher syndrome.Methods: We set up a comprehensive clinical and molecular genetic workflow including detailed ophthalmological, audiological and systemic assessments followed by genome‐wide SNP microarrays analysis and targeted PEX6 gene screening by Sanger sequencing.Results: Clinically: both patients appeared dysmorphic with long faces, high forehead, short nose, small low set ears, and full lips. The ophthalmological assessment revealed advanced inherited retinal dysfunction represented by waxy pallor optic disc, attenuated vessels, RPE mottling with intraretinal bony spicules pigmentations and central foveal atrophic changes in both eyes. Both Indexes exhibited bilateral sensory neural hearing loss and amelogenesis imperfecta. Genetically: an autozygous block was identified on chromosome 6p21.1 encompassing PEX6 gene using SNP microarrays. Novel PEX6 (NM_000287.3) c.290 T &gt; G (p.Val97Gly) was found by Sanger sequencing. The identified variant co‐segregated with the phenotype in both families and found to be “likely pathogenic” according to ACMG guidelines.Conclusions: Our study represents the first report of PEX6 associated Heimler syndrome in the middle east and considered to be the third in the literature so far. It highlights the importance of combining molecular diagnosis with the clinical findings to expand our knowledge of PEX6‐related PBDs phenotype and the allelic spectrum for this gene.

An 11-Year-Old Girl With Rare Diagnosis of Meier-Gorlin Syndrome Accompanied by Neonatal Seizure, Mental Retardation, and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A Case Report and Review of Literature

Meier-Gorlin syndrome (MGS) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder with homozygous or heterozygous mutations in one of the five following genes (ORC1, ORC4, ORC6, CDT1, and CDC6). This syndrome is characterized by the triad of short stature (pre/postnatal), microtia, and patella hypoplasia/aplasia. Special features included microcephaly, microstomia, full lips, micrognathia, narrow convex, and high nasal bridge nose. Also, it may be accompanied by feeding problems, skeletal disorders, urogenital or respiratory anomalies, and intelligence disorders. This case report describes the first Persian MGS accompanied by neonatal seizure, mental retardation, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.

Tenedos Nekropolisi’nden Cam Pendant

The male head-shaped glass pendant discussed in this study was found together with a terracotta statuette, a terracotta head (or a protome), and some knucklebones (astragali) in a pithos burial during rescue excavations in 1993 in the Tenedos necropolis. The rod-formed pendant has a beard, big eyes, a long nose, full lips, and a slightly protruding chin. Trails of opaque yellow, white, and turquoise glass were applied to the translucent dark blue body of the pendant. Such glass pendants are considered to be of Phoenician and/or Punic origin and are distributed throughout the Mediterranean basin, the northern coast of the Black Sea, and Eastern Europe. They range in date from the 7th century to the middle of the 1st century BC. The Tenedos glass pendant is compatible with M. Seefried’s “Type C” (male head with curly hair) and dated between the 5th century and 3rd century BC. It belongs to the C1 subgroup (head with curly hair and sleek beard) of this type. The head-shaped glass pendant is a rare find from the northeast region of the Aegean. In the context of the other finds from the tomb, notably the standing female figurine, the glass pendant can be said to belong to the first half of the 5th century BC. Moreover, this find indicates the contact between the Phoenician and/or Punic world and Tenedos in this period.

From Wolf-Hirschhorn syndrome to NSD2 haploinsufficiency: a shifting paradigm through the description of a new case and a review of the literature

BackgroundWolf-Hirschhorn syndrome (WHS) is a well-defined disorder, whose core phenotype encompasses growth restriction, facial gestalt, intellectual disability and seizures. Nevertheless, great phenotypic variability exists due to the variable extent of the responsible 4p deletion. In addition, exome sequencing analyses, recently identified two genes, namely NSD2 and NELFA, whose loss-of-function variants contribute to a clinical spectrum consistent with atypical or partial WHS.The observation of patients exhibiting clinical features resembling WHS, with only mild developmental delay and without the typical dysmorphic features, carrying microdeletions sparing NSD2, has lead to the hypothesis that NSD2 is responsible for the intellectual disability and the facial gestalt of WHS. While presenting some of the typical findings of WHS (intellectual disability, facial gestalt, microcephaly, growth restriction and congenital heart defects), NSD2-deleted children tend to display a milder spectrum of skeletal abnormalities, usually consisting of clinodactyly, and do not exhibit seizures.We describe the clinical picture of a child with WHS due to a de novo mutation of NSD2 and discuss the clinical and diagnostic implications.Case presentationA 6-year-old boy was evaluated for a history of intrauterine growth restriction, low birth weight, neonatal hypotonia, and psychomotor delay. No episodes of seizure were reported. At physical examination, he displayed marphanoid habitus, muscle hypotrophy and facial dysmorphisms consisting in high frontal hairline, upslanting palpebral fissures and full lips with bifid ugula. Cryptorchidism, shawl scrotum, mild clinodactyly of the right little finger and bilateral syndactyly of the II and III toes with sandal gap were also noted. The radiographic essay demonstrated delayed bone age and echocardiography showed mild mitral prolapse. Whole genome sequencing analysis revealed a heterozygous de novo variant of NSD2 (c.2523delG).ConclusionsFull WHS phenotype likely arises from the cumulative effect of the combined haploinsufficiency of several causative genes mapping within the 4p16.3 region, as a contiguous genes syndrome, with slightly different phenotypes depending on the specific genes involved in the deletion.When evaluating children with pictures resembling WHS, in absence of seizures, clinicians should consider this differential diagnosis.

3M syndrome: A Tunisian seven-cases series

3M syndrome (3MS) is a rare autosomal recessive primordial growth disorder characterized by a severe pre- and post-natal growth deficiency, minor dysmorphisms and skeletal abnormalities, contrasting with normal intellect and endocrine function. Three different genes have been so far involved in the disease, with mutations in CUL7, OBSL1 and CCDC8. The CUL7 gene mutations are accountable for 77,5% of the genetically confirmed patients, with a founder mutation identified in exon 24 for the Maghreb families. The follow up is mainly orthopedic with possible GH-based treatment.The objective of this report was to carry out a clinical analysis of a series of Tunisian patients with features evoking 3MS and to perform a molecular analysis of the CLU7 exon 24.We carried out a descriptive retrospective study including Tunisian patients who consulted at the congenital disorders and hereditary diseases department of Charles Nicolle's hospital, Tunis, Tunisia, for intra-uterine onset growth retardation with normal intellect. We selected the patients having characteristic 3MS facial dysmorphia.The molecular analysis of the CUL7 exon 24 was performed using PCR and Sanger sequencing searching the founder mutation c.4451_4452delTG.Seven patients were included in this study. Consanguinity was noted for four families. The mean age at the first consult was 2.5 years. All the patients had an intra-uterine onset growth retardation with a preserved head circumference. All patients presented facial dysmorphia of 3MS, with a prominent forehead (7/7), a triangular face (6/7), an underdeveloped midface (7/7), a fleshy tipped nose (5/7), anteverted nares (6/7), a long philtrum (7/7) and full lips (4/7). All the patients presented skeletal abnormalities with various severities such as lumbar lordosis, hyperextensible joints, short thorax, square shoulders, hip dislocation, and prominent heels. Less frequent features were noted such as spina bifida occulta in one case, and single transverse palmar crease in 4 cases. One GH treatment response was reported.The molecular genetic analysis of the CUL7 gene (exon 24) revealed the founder mutation for all the patients which reinforces the hypothesis of founder effect for 3MS in the Tunisian population.

What\u2019s in a face? The role of facial features in ratings of dominance, threat, and stereotypicality

Faces judged as stereotypically Black are perceived negatively relative to less stereotypical faces. In this experiment, artificial faces were constructed to examine the effects of nose width, lip fullness, and skin reflectance, as well as to study the relations among perceived dominance, threat, and Black stereotypicality. Using a multilevel structural equation model to isolate contributions of the facial features and the participant demographics, results showed that stereotypicality was related to wide nose, darker reflectance, and to a lesser extent full lips; threat was associated with wide nose, thin lips, and low reflectance; dominance was mainly related to nose width. Facial features explained variance among faces, suggesting that face-type bias in this sample was related to specific face features rather than particular characteristics of the participant. People’s perceptions of relations across these traits may underpin some of the sociocultural disparities in treatment of certain individuals by the legal system.

Parmigianino’s Bitch

Parmigianino’s Bitch

Lip Augmentation

A heightened cultural emphasis on youth and beauty has resulted in an increase in cosmetic surgery in the Western world. Lip augmentation is one of the most popular cosmetic procedures done because full lips are considered youthful and voluptuous. With reliable and improved techniques, it is possible to change the appearance of the lips utilizing injectable materials and surgical techniques. This article focuses on popular materials and techniques utilized to augment the size and volume of the lips—the most common are dermal fillers. Lip augmentation requires a thorough understanding of anatomy and managing patient expectations, available materials, and techniques.

Like father, like son: Stereotypical Black facial features in children causing trouble

AbstractThis present study was designed to investigate whether face‐type (stereotypical or nonstereotypical) facilitates stereotype‐consistent categorization and decision‐making. Previous literature suggests an associative link between adults' stereotypically Black facial features and assumed criminality. The question addressed here is whether the cognitive processes that underpin biased decisions for an adult's racially stereotypical facial features (e.g., broad nose, full lips) apply to children's faces. In two studies, testing face‐type categorization and disciplinary judgments, people were more likely to miscategorize children with stereotypical faces into negative roles more than positive roles. People were also more likely to increase their disciplinary judgments from one infraction to another for children with stereotypical faces compared to nonstereotypical faces. These results suggest that face‐type cues do extend to children and also engender negative associations.

The Ideal Lips: Lessons Learnt from the Literature.

Defining the ideal dimensions and proportions of the human face has been attempted for centuries, popularised in the Renaissance period by artists including Leonardo Da Vinci. The lips are part of the lower third of the face and are central to lower face aesthetics and the overall symmetry of the face. They also place an important part in conveying facial emotions and expressions. Full lips with well-defined Cupid's bow have always been associated with youth and beauty. The approval of hyaluronic acid use for tissue augmentation and the prevalence of social media have caused an exponential increase in lip augmentation procedures (Linkov et al. in Arch Plast Surg 46(3):248-254, 2019), as such researchers and aestheticians have focused on characterising the ideal lips mathematically to help guide clinicians. This narrative review will summarise the available evidence in the literature pertaining to the ideal lips, taking into account age, ethnicity and gender differences. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE III: This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .

Subject and partner satisfaction with lip and perioral enhancement using flexible hyaluronic acid fillers.

The injection of hyaluronic acid (HA) dermal fillers is a popular minimally invasive approach to improve lip volume and contour, and with improved techniques has gained popularity because full lips are often associated with beauty and youth. Patient satisfaction is a key driver for successful aesthetic procedures, influencing individual treatment plans and future recommendations. To evaluate subject and partner satisfaction with the hyaluronic acid (HA) dermal filler HARK for lip enhancement at 8weeks after the last treatment. Subjects in this open-label study all received HARK in the lips, and an additional group also received HARR and/or HARD in nasolabial folds (NLFs) and marionette lines (MLs). Satisfaction was assessed at Weeks 4 and 8 after the last treatment using questionnaires (FACE-Q™ [subjects] and KISSABILITY [subjects and partners]). Nineteen subjects received HARK only; 40 also received HARR and/or HARD . Subjects reported a high level of satisfaction with their lips following treatment. Increases from baseline in the mean total satisfaction score were statistically significant at Weeks 4 and 8 (P≤.001). Most subjects (≥89%) reported satisfaction on all FACE-Q questions at Week 8. Both subjects and partners were satisfied with the kissability, appearance, and natural look and feel of the post-treatment results. This study demonstrated that HARK resulted in lip enhancement with high levels of subject and partner satisfaction, when used alone or in combination with HARR / HARD in NLFs and MLs.

Bainbridge-Roper syndrome: A rare case of developmental delay

ASXL3 mutations were first identified in 2013 by Bainbridge et al. as a cause of syndromic intellectual disability in four children with similar phenotypes using whole-exome sequencing. The clinical features – postulated by Bainbridge et al. were developmental delay, severe feeding difficulties, failure to thrive and neurological abnormalities. To date, a total of nine individuals with BRPS have been published in the literature in four reports (Bainbridge et al., Dinwiddie et al, Srivastava et al. and Hori et al.). In this report, we describe an uncertain variant present in Exon 11 of ASXL3(+) heterozygous zygosity in a female child with clinical features: truncal muscular hypotonia with significant motor delay, profound speech impairment, intellectual disability and a characteristic dysmorphic facies phenotype (open mouth, full lips, depressed nasal bridge, metopic prominence, microcephaly (45.5.cm), with camptodactyly and dysplastic fingers). Hence, we are reporting a rare case of developmental delay.

The use of botulinum toxin A in upper lip augmentation.

Full lips are beauty standards. Botulinum toxin A (BTA) paralyzes the orbicularis oris muscle to achieve the eversion of the lip, and thus makes the lip look plump. This study presents three cases of BTA injection to the lip and evaluates the possible changes in the labial morphology and the lip surface area. Three patients received a total of 4U BTA injection at the vermilion border of the upper lip. Vectra® H1 3D imaging system was used to capture 3D photographs of the lips before injection and two weeks after injection. Eight linear distances and the upper lip surface area were measured. Anthropometric measurements before and after injection were compared. Patients displayed a larger upper vermillion height (P=.038) and a smaller cutaneous upper lip height (P=.024). There was a trend for a larger upper lip surface area, but not statistically significant (P=.109). Symptoms of slight perioral muscular palsy and mouth incompetence lasted about one month in three patients. BTA helps to enlarge the upper lip and shorten the philtrum. The BTA injection can be an option for lip enhancement with caution.

Training away face-type bias: perception and decisions about emotional expression in stereotypically Black faces.

Prior research indicates that stereotypical Black faces (e.g., wide nose,full lips) are perceived negatively relative to non-stereotypical faces (face-type bias). The current study investigated whether stereotypical faces may bias the interpretation of a neutral facial expression to seem threatening. Moreover, could biased responses be trained away with feedback? In two experiments, stimuli (face images) were presented in a speeded identification task that included corrective feedback, and participants indicated whether the face stimuli were stereotypical or not and threatening or not. Stimuli were pre-rated by face-type (stereotypical, non-stereotypical) and expression (neutral, threatening). Computational modeling based on General Recognition Theory indicated that training increased perceptual discriminability between all the faces. By the end of training (in both experiments), discriminability for emotional expression was slightly higher for stereotypical faces. Model parameters (for both experiments) also showed that, early in training, decision boundaries were more biased toward the threatening response for stereotypical faces relative to non-stereotypical faces. The results suggest that decision bias may be malleable with training.