Full Lipid Profile Research Articles

Transforming exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation programs into secondary prevention centers: a national imperative.

Transforming exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation programs into secondary prevention centers: a national imperative.

A pilot study analyzing PSA, serum testosterone, lipid profile, body mass index and race in a small sample of patients with and without carcinoma of the prostate.

Androgens, diet, race and obesity are thought to play some roles in the pathogenesis of prostate cancer. We wanted to evaluate if there were any inter-relationships between prostate specific antigen (PSA), serum testosterone, serum cholesterol, HDL, triglycerides, body mass index (BMI) and race, in older patients with and without prostate cancer (CaP). We evaluated 308 patients referred to urologists in private practice offices and clinics with and without prostate cancer with regard to race, serum PSA, age, serum testosterone, full lipid profile, height and weight, and stage of cancer. We used multivariate analysis, Fisher's exact test and t-tests as well as logistic regression analysis. Data was analyzed using SPSS computer software, and P-values<0.05 were considered statistically significant. Significantly higher levels of serum testosterone were found in black men with CaP than black men without CaP (526+/-28 vs 404+/-19, respectively.) We also found significantly higher levels of serum testosterone in white men with CaP than white men without CaP (409+/-20 vs 302+/-14, respectively, P<0.05). HDL was higher in black men than white men, and triglycerides were higher in white men than black men. Cholesterol was similar across all groups, but BMI was highest in white men with CaP. We also found a significant association between BMI and pathological stage of prostate cancer patients among both black and white men (P<0.05). Our study demonstrated that black men who developed CaP had higher serum testosterone levels, on average, than white men who developed CaP. Furthermore, BMI was highest in white men developing CaP compared to black men, but we found a significant association between pathological stage and BMI in both black and white patients. Although it is controversial whether obesity is considered to be a risk factor for prostate cancer, this small pilot study suggests that BMI may play a role in the progression of the disease once it is established.Prostate Cancer and Prostatic Diseases (2001) 4, 101-105

Inhibition of HMG-CoA reductase with cerivastatin lowers dense low density lipoproteins in patients with impaired glucose metabolism

Hyperlipidaemia refers to hypercholesterolaemia, hypertriglyceridaemia and mixed hyperlipidaemia, and is a very common biochemical disorder with primary (inherited) and secondary causes. Potential causes of secondary hyperlipidaemia should be sought. Hypercholesterolaemia is commonly polygenetically inherited, whereas familial hypercholesterolaemia (FH) is an autosomal dominant condition with significantly greater risk of premature cardiovascular disease (CVD). In hypertriglyceridaemia, CVD risk is not as strong as for hypercholesterolaemia but severe hypertriglyceridaemia (>10.0 mmol/litre, often diabetes and alcohol-related) is a risk factor for pancreatitis. Serum fasting full lipid profile is a primary screening tool. Measurement of serum apolipoproteins (Apo-A1 and Apo-B) and highly sensitive C-reactive protein (HS-CRP) should be considered in patients with unusual or borderline CVD risk. Management includes treating and reassessing any underlying secondary cause, and addressing lifestyle and cardiac risk factors. It is important to determine an individual's 10-year CVD risk using appropriate risk equations to decide whether treatment is needed for primary prevention of CVD. Treatment is always indicated in those with established CVD or at high risk of developing it. Statins are first-line treatment in hypercholesterolaemia (aiming for target serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) <1.8 mmol/litre in very high-risk CVD patients). In hypertriglyceridaemia, statins are first-line therapy if serum triglyceride is less than 6.0 mmol/litre but fibrates or/and high-dose fish oils should be considered if it is more than 6.0 mmol/litre. If hypertriglyceridaemia is severe (>10.0 mmol/litre), fibrates and a very low-fat diet may be necessary. A combination of statin and fibrate is commonly used in mixed hyperlipidaemia patients.

Dietary Supplementation with Aged Garlic Extract Inhibits ADP-Induced Platelet Aggregation in Humans

Garlic has been widely reported to protect against cardiovascular disease by reducing serum cholesterol concentrations and blood pressure and by inhibiting platelet aggregation. However, most of these studies have been performed in hypercholesterolemic subjects or in animal models. We performed a 13-wk study in normolipidemic subjects who ingested 5 mL of aged garlic extract (AGE, Kyolic) per day. Blood was drawn from these subjects at the beginning and end of the study. Aggregation of platelet-rich plasma was induced by ADP; full lipid profiles and liver function tests were determined on serum, and plasma concentrations of eicosanoids were also measured. Dietary supplementation with AGE significantly inhibited both the total percentage and initial rate of platelet aggregation at concentrations of ADP up to 10 micromol/L. The K:(M) for ADP-induced aggregation were approximately doubled after supplementation with AGE, whereas the maximum rate of aggregation was unaffected. No significant changes in plasma thromboxane B(2) and 6-ketoprostaglandin F(1alpha) concentrations or serum lipid profiles were observed. We conclude that AGE, when taken as a dietary supplement by normolipidemic subjects, may be beneficial in protecting against cardiovascular disease as a result of inhibiting platelet aggregation.

Cholesterol and arterial distensibility in the first decade of life: a population-based study.

Blood cholesterol levels are a key determinant of coronary heart disease risk in adults, but the importance of lipid levels in the general population during childhood is less clear. We related arterial distensibility, a marker of vascular function known to be altered early in atherosclerosis, to the lipid profile of a population-based sample of children aged 9 to 11 years. A noninvasive ultrasound technique was used to measure arterial distension during the cardiac cycle in the brachial arteries of 361 children from 4 towns in the United Kingdom. This measure was related to their pulse pressure to assess arterial distensibility. All the children had previously had a comprehensive assessment of cardiovascular risk including a full lipid profile, cotinine-assessed smoke exposure, serum glucose, and questionnaire data on socioeconomic and dietary factors. Mean total cholesterol in the population was 4.72 [SD 0.75] mmol/L. There was a significant, inverse relation between cholesterol and distension of the artery across this range (linear regression coefficient -11.8 microm. mmol(-1). L(-1), P=0.003). Similar relationships were demonstrated with LDL and apolipoprotein B (-12.9 microm. mmol(-1). L(-1), P=0. 005 and -36.9 microm/mmol/L, P=0.01). HDL and triglyceride levels showed no consistent association with distensibility. LDL cholesterol levels had an impact on arterial distensibility in the first decade of life. Furthermore, the functional differences in the arterial wall were demonstrated within the lipid range found in normal children, a finding that raises the possibility that cholesterol levels in the general population during childhood may already be relevant to the development of vascular disease.

Endurance training favorably changes apolipoprotein levels in men with insulin-dependent diabetes

Hyperlipidaemia refers to hypercholesterolaemia, hypertriglyceridaemia and mixed hyperlipidaemia, and is a very common biochemical disorder with primary (inherited) and secondary causes. Potential causes of secondary hyperlipidaemia should be sought. Hypercholesterolaemia is commonly polygenetically inherited, whereas familial hypercholesterolaemia (FH) is an autosomal dominant condition with significantly greater risk of premature cardiovascular disease (CVD). In hypertriglyceridaemia, CVD risk is not as strong as for hypercholesterolaemia but severe hypertriglyceridaemia (>10.0 mmol/litre, often diabetes and alcohol-related) is a risk factor for pancreatitis. Serum fasting full lipid profile is a primary screening tool. Measurement of serum apolipoproteins (Apo-A1 and Apo-B) and highly sensitive C-reactive protein (HS-CRP) should be considered in patients with unusual or borderline CVD risk. Management includes treating and reassessing any underlying secondary cause, and addressing lifestyle and cardiac risk factors. It is important to determine an individual's 10-year CVD risk using appropriate risk equations to decide whether treatment is needed for primary prevention of CVD. Treatment is always indicated in those with established CVD or at high risk of developing it. Statins are first-line treatment in hypercholesterolaemia (aiming for target serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) <1.8 mmol/litre in very high-risk CVD patients). In hypertriglyceridaemia, statins are first-line therapy if serum triglyceride is less than 6.0 mmol/litre but fibrates or/and high-dose fish oils should be considered if it is more than 6.0 mmol/litre. If hypertriglyceridaemia is severe (>10.0 mmol/litre), fibrates and a very low-fat diet may be necessary. A combination of statin and fibrate is commonly used in mixed hyperlipidaemia patients.

Apolipoprotein screening in Australian children: feasibility and the effect of age, sex, and ethnicity.

(i) To evaluate the feasibility of detecting adverse lipid profiles in schoolchildren by measuring capillary dried blood spot apolipoprotein levels, and (ii) to assess the effect of age, sex and ethnicity on apolipoprotein levels. We measured capillary dried blood spot apolipoproteins B and A-I (apo B and apo A-I); assessed levels in relation to age, sex and ethnicity; and recalled children with elevated levels for a full lipid profile measurement. 6992 children (3501 boys and 3491 girls), aged 5-13 years, from schools in eastern Sydney, 1991-1995. Capillary blood levels of apolipoproteins B and A-I, and serum total cholesterol level. Of the 6951 children who provided an adequate fingerprick blood sample, we recalled 1465 children (21.1%) (640 boys [43.7%] and 825 girls [56.3%]) with elevated apo B levels and/or apo B:apo A-I ratios for further testing, either by us or by their family doctor (overall estimated compliance rate up to 70%). Among the 458 children who returned to us, there was a 90% positive predictive value for a total cholesterol level of over 4.5 mmol/L in those with both elevated apo B levels and high apo B:apo A-I ratios. Girls had higher apo B levels and apo B:apo A-I ratios than boys (P < 0.00001 for both), and in both sexes there was a trend downwards for apo B and upwards for apo B:apo A-I ratio over the age range tested, but levels were relatively stable between the ages of 6 and 10 years. Indian children (1.5% of the screened population) had the highest apo B levels, followed by white children (71.1%); Asian children (9.2%) had the lowest (P < 0.00001 compared with Indian and white children). The high positive predictive value of capillary blood apolipoprotein levels for an adverse lipid profile in children suggests that measuring apolipoprotein levels by this method is a useful initial approach to cardiovascular risk assessment.

Lipid profile and socioeconomic status in healthy middle aged women in Sweden.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To examine the relationship between socioeconomic status (SES) and full lipid profile in middle aged healthy women. PARTICIPANTS: These comprised 300 healthy Swedish women between 30 and 65...

Sodium-lithium countertransport, sodium-hydrogen exchange and membrane microviscosity in patients with hyperlipidaemia.

1. We measured sodium-lithium countertransport, sodium-hydrogen exchange and membrane micro-viscosity in 48 individuals with familial hypercholesterolaemia, 33 subjects with hypertriglyceridaemia and 54 normolipaemic controls. Full lipid profile, blood pressure, body mass index, fasting glucose and insulin levels were also measured. 2. Subjects with hypertriglyceridaemia had higher blood pressure, body mass index, fasting glucose and insulin levels than normal controls. 3. Vmax of the sodium-lithium countertransport was elevated in the hypertriglyceridaemic group compared with controls. Across the whole group log(e) triacylglycerols correlated with Vmax of the sodium-lithium countertransport. There was no difference in sodium-lithium countertransport K(m) between the groups. 4. Sodium-hydrogen maximal proton efflux rate (Vmax) and K(m) were not different between the three groups. There were no correlations between sodium-hydrogen exchange and sodium-lithium countertransport parameters. 5. Microviscosity as measured by diphenylhexatriene was reduced at the core of the membrane in subjects with hypertriglyceridaemia compared with those with familial hypercholesterolaemia or normolipaemic controls, suggesting an alteration in membrane structure. 6. Changes in sodium transport in hyperlipidaemia may be mediated by changes in membrane structure resulting in altered protein conformation or turnover.

Lipid metabolism and apolipoprotein E phenotypes in patients with xanthelasma

PURPOSE : To know the prevalence and types of dyslipidemia associated with xanthelasma. PATIENTS AND METHODS : One hundred fifteen patients with xanthelasma and 105 age-matched control subjects without xanthelasma were evaluated in a cross-sectional study. Univariate and multivariate comparisons of lipid variables (including total cholesterol ; triglycerides ; very-low-, low-, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol [VLDL-C, LDL-C, and HDL-C, respectively] ; cholesterol of high density lipoprotein [HDL] subfractions 2 and 3 [HDL 2 -C and HDL 3 -C] ; apolipoprotein (apo) A-I and B ; and apo E phenotypes) and nonlipid coronary risk factors were made between patients with and without xanthelasma. RESULTS : Patients with xanthelasma had higher levels of cholesterol, LDL-C, and apo B, and lower levels of HDL 2 -C than control subjects. The prevalence of the apo E4/E3 phenotype was higher in cases than in controls (P <0.05). Patients with xanthelasma had a higher prevalence of personal and familiar history of cardiovascular disease and were more overweight than control subjects. A stepwise discriminant analysis disclosed an independent association of xanthelasma with lower HDL-C, HDL 2 -C, and HDL 3 -C levels in men, and with higher total cholesterol and lower HDL 2 -C levels in women. CONCLUSIONS : Xanthelasma appears to be associated with qualitative and quantitative abnormalities of lipid metabolism that may favor lipid deposition in the skin and arterial wall. The findings support the notion that xanthelasma is a marker of dyslipidemia, and underline the need to determine a full lipid profile in these patients to detect those potentially at increased risk of cardiovascular disease.

Lipid metabolism and apolipoprotein E phenotypes in patients with xanthelasma

To know the prevalence and types of dyslipidemia associated with xanthelasma. One hundred fifteen patients with xanthelasma and 105 age-matched control subjects without xanthelasma were evaluated in a cross-sectional study. Univariate and multivariate comparisons of lipid variables (including total cholesterol; triglycerides; very-low-, low-, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol [VLDL-C, LDL-C, and HDL-C, respectively]; cholesterol of high density lipoprotein [HDL] subfractions 2 and 3 [HDL2-C and HDL3-C]; apolipoprotein (apo) A-I and B; and apo E phenotypes) and nonlipid coronary risk factors were made between patients with and without xanthelasma. Patients with xanthelasma had higher levels of cholesterol, LDL-C, and apo B, and lower levels of HDL2-C than control subjects. The prevalence of the apo E4/E3 phenotype was higher in cases than in controls (P < 0.05). Patients with xanthelasma had a higher prevalence of personal and familiar history of cardiovascular disease and were more overweight than control subjects. A stepwise discriminant analysis disclosed an independent association of xanthelasma with lower HDL-C, HDL2-C, and HDL3-C levels in men, and with higher total cholesterol and lower HDL2-C levels in women. Xanthelasma appears to be associated with qualitative and quantitative abnormalities of lipid metabolism that may favor lipid deposition in the skin and arterial wall. The findings support the notion that xanthelasma is a marker of dyslipidemia, and underline the need to determine a full lipid profile in these patients to detect those potentially at increased risk of cardiovascular disease.