Full HD Research Articles

AB019. IMAGE 1 SPIESTM in urology

KARL STORZ presents its new full HD camera platform IMAGE 1 SPIESTM, a new milestone in endoscopic imaging. IMAGE 1 SPIESTM stands for Storz professional image enhancement system and provides users with versatile visualization options for operation and diagnosis. Three innovative technologies for visualization are integrated in the new camera system: SPIES CLARATM, SPIES CHROMATM and SPIES SPECTRATM. SPIES CLARATM provides homogeneous illumination of the endoscopic image by brightening dark areas. This is determined dynamically, in order to make up the optimum image brightness. SPIES CHROMATM is a technology for contrast enhancement, it which display of structures is intensified. With the third technology, SPIES SPECTRATM, certain areas of the color spectrum are more strongly emphasized with a color shift. The goal of all SPIESTM visualization modes is that, by differentiating tissue structures from one another, the user gets the best possible support in the operating room. A simple differentiation of the tissue structures will ultimately lead to safer and more efficiently performed operations.

Design and user experience assessment of Kinect-based virtual windows

Nowadays, it is technologically feasible to augment an interior or closed room by creating virtual windows. This paper describes a fully functional system designed to virtually emulate a window by using Kinect-based tracking, prerecorded videos, and COTS hardware (standard PCs and Full HD TVs). The key aspects of the overall architecture design are covered, focusing specially on the enabling user tracking filters and the image transformation approaches. The Virtual Window System (VWS) is able to control one or two synchronized windows and simulate the perspective changes on the image seen by the user as s/he freely moves; additionally, it allows to configure the working logic depending on the characterization of the video to be handled. As the VWS core-tracking component can be configured by tuning different parameters (e.g. related to tracking filters and perspective transformations), the paper includes the methodology and results of a rigorous user satisfaction assessment, in which the subjective impact of different system configurations is compared through a sign test. Although several configurations offer a reasonable experience, users agree on the combination that is providing the best one. When applying this choice, the virtual windows are able to provide a good simulation of a real scene.

Perceptual Picture Quality Analysis of UHD signals in terms of Spatial Information and Noises

As UHDTV displays have become increasingly available in the market, more UHDTV programs are being produced. On the other hand, it has been reported that the perceptual video quality differences between UHDTV and full HD signals are minor in some cases. Consequently, there is an increasing need for UHDTV service references and measurement tools, which can quantify the UHD signals. In this paper, the perceptual image quality of full HD (1080p) and UHD signals is compared along with other formats (720p, 540p, 360p) when they are displayed on a UHD display. We performed subjective tests using a UHDTV display and the subjective scores of the various picture sizes were analyzed.

Image interpolation for high-resolution display based on the complex dual-tree wavelet transform and hidden Markov model

This paper presents a new method for the interpolation of a full high-definition (HD) image based on the dual-tree complex wavelet transform (DT-CWT) and hidden markov model (HMM). In the proposed method, the DT-CWT is used to decompose the low-resolution image into different subbands. In wavelet domain interpolation, given image is assumed as the low frequency LL subband of the wavelet coefficients of a high-resolution image. The proposed method estimates the higher band coefficients by learning the correlation between the coefficients across the scale. In this paper, the relationship between the wavelet coefficients across the scale is described by HMM, and each wavelet coefficient is modeled by a Gaussian mixture having multiple means and variances. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm yields images that are sharper compared to several other methods that we have considered in this paper.

A Seamless Screen Switching Scheme for N-Screen Services Based on Context Awareness

Owing to advances in N-screen technologies that support screen switching among multiple internet-enabled smart devices, people now can use their devices to watch contents even while they are moving. However, current N-screen technologies require human intervention for switching between screens of multiple devices. To overcome this restriction, we propose a seamless screen switching scheme in which screen switching can occur without any user intervention by making use of context information collected from smart devices with embedded sensors to understand local contexts surrounding the user. Our scheme makes it possible to accurately detect the user's contexts through the sensors to predict a specific smart device at which the user is about to arrive, and to provide seamless screen switching between smart devices by prefetching contents in advance so that the user can watch the contents without interruption. In order to minimize the amount of contents to be prefetched, we also propose an enhanced prefetching scheme that takes into account user's movement direction. According to our performance evaluation, the average switching delay time was approximately 480 ms, and traffic loads was reduced by on average of 12 % by the enhanced prefetching scheme compared to an existing one when the user is watching Full HD contents across smart devices dispersed throughout an office of 20 m by 20 m.

Videoconference in education: “Mconf” and “Multipresence” Systems

Abstract: The objective of this paper is to present two low cost videoconference applications being developed in Brazil that can be used also in education: Mconf and Multipresence. Mconf is an open source, distributed, scalable and federated global web conferencing system, interoperable with SIP and mobile devices. The Multipresence system allow interoperation of many technologies to comply with a multitude of devices and communication standards, such as the following: Telepresence room in high definition (Full HD); Ultra-telepresence room in ultra-high definition (UHD 4K); Content sharing among the participants (simultaneous upload, rearrangement and visualization of images, texts and applications); Legacy videoconferencing systems; High definition videoconferencing through a personal computer application program; Web conferencing (web browser); Mobile devices and SIP phones.

Incidental and intentional memory performance in depression and amnestic mild cognitive impairment

Incidental and intentional memory performance in depression and amnestic mild cognitive impairment

The Most Utilized Rotation and Translation Movement While in Ball-Possession among Futsal Players

The objective of this study was to identify the most utilized rotation and traction related movements among international futsal players when they are in a ball possession situation. A total of 4 matches from The AFF Futsal Championship 2014 were analyzed. The analyzed matches consist of two semifinal matches, 3rd-4th placing match and the final match. There are four indicators for rotation movement (half-trunk rotation, half-body rotation, quick-half trunk rotation, and quick-body rotation) and four indicators for traction movement (front traction, back traction, side traction, and sudden stop) that are selected to be observed in this study. Each indicator was divided into two categories, which are attacking and defensive mode. All matches were recorded using a full high definition video camera and analyzed using SportCode Elite (v. 10) and Dartfish EasyTag (v. 1.0.8) software. Two trained and experienced analysts were assigned to analyze all 4 matches. Inter- and Intra- analyst reliability studies were also performed in order to examine the content validity of the data obtained. Overall results indicated that the front traction during the defensive mode is the most utilized movement, among others, while back traction during the attacking mode is the least utilized movement. Front traction during attacking mode was found to be the highest number of usage during attacking mode while sudden stop traction during defensive mode is the least utilized movement among other defensive movements. Regardless of attacking or defensive mode, results show that front traction is the most utilized movement, followed by half-trunk rotation and side traction. This study also show that the rotation (47%) and traction movements (53%) utilized during competitive games are quite balanced. A similar result was also obtained when comparing between attacking (46%) and defensive mode distribution (54%) from overall data. Further study on futsal games should focus on the most utilized movement during competitive matches to understand more about the nature of the games.

Lossless Frame Memory Compression Using Pixel-Grain Prediction and Dynamic Order Entropy Coding

Power constraints constitute a critical design issue for the portable video codec system, in which the external dynamic random access memory (DRAM) accounts for more than half of the overall system power requirements. With the ultrahigh-definition video specifications, the power consumed by accessing reference frames in the external DRAM has become the bottleneck for the portable video encoding system design. To relieve the dynamic power stresses introduced by the DRAM, a lossless compression algorithm is devised to reduce the external traffic and the memory requirements of reference frames. First, pixel-granularity directional prediction is adopted to decrease the prediction residual energy by 54.1% over the previous horizontal prediction. Second, the dynamic $k$ th-order unary/Exp-Golomb rice coding is applied to accommodate the large-valued prediction residues. With the aforementioned techniques, an average data traffic reduction of 68.5% for the off-chip reference frames is obtained, which consequently reduces the dynamic power requirements of the DRAM by 42.3%. Based on the high data reduction ratio of the proposed compression algorithm, a partition group table-based storage space reduction scheme is provided to improve the utilization of row buffers in the DRAM. Consequently, an additional 14.5% of the DRAM dynamic power can be saved by reducing the number of row buffer activations. In total, a 56.8% decrease in the dynamic power requirements of the external reference frame access can be obtained using our strategies. With TSMC 65-nm CMOS logic technology, our algorithm was implemented in a parallel VLSI architecture based on a compressor and decompressor at the cost of 36.5k and 34.7k, respectively, in terms of gate count. The throughputs of the proposed compressor and decompressor are 1.54 and 0.78 Gpixels/s, which are suitable for quad full high definition (4K) @ 94 frames/s real-time encoding with the level-D reference data reuse scheme.

Gantries or Cantilevers for Route Guidance on a Reorganized Arterial Road? A Before Study of Route Choice Effectiveness Using a Traffic Sign Simulator (Case Study)

This study evaluates ex-ante which of two signalization concepts is most effective at a reorganized arterial road in Hasselt (Flanders; Belgium): a gantry (advance direction sign above the road) or a cantilever (advance direction sign alongside the road). Over a distance of 500 meters, three intersections will be replaced by five intersections with traffic lights and the number of sorting lanes will be increased. The complexity of the situation poses a challenge as to how most optimally signalize route guidance.Twenty-two participants drove seven different routes in a medium fidelity fixed-base simulator with a mock-up in front of a single projection screen. Participants were exposed to an animated graphic road environment that integrated a full HD video recording of the actual real life road environment and a virtually developed scenery. The video contained 3D animations of the foreseen geometric road realignments. We used a within-subject design with origin, destination, and signalization concept (gantry vs. cantilever) as the manipulated conditions in a randomized order. Participants were able to control the rendering of the video simulation by means of the gas pedal, mimicking speed. The direction indicator was used to signal lane switches and route-related decisions at a number of predefined locations. In addition, we recorded eye tracking data by means of a combined FaceLab-EyeWorks system. For each drive, we instructed participants to head for one of the destinations. In the analysis, reaching the destination (outcome of a decision) was less important as the performance at a decision point (optimal or suboptimal). Performance was measured in terms of capacity gains (correct car in the correct lane) and less weaving behavior (as a surrogate of traffic safety). At the end of the experiment the participants completed a short questionnaire.Test scenarios with gantries resulted in more optimal decisions compared to scenarios with cantilevers and participants needed less attempts to reach the correct destination. Compared to the cantilevers, participants had more but equally long eye fixations on the gantries, resulting in a higher total fixation duration time for the latter. The questionnaire showed that 73% of the participants preferred the gantries over the cantilevers. Based on the simulator study gantries can be considered as more effective in terms of route guidance than cantilevers because they induce the lowest number of maneuvers. Consequently, the recommendation was to equip the reorganized arterial with gantries.

Refraction and visual fatigue syndrome on watching the ULTRA HD 4k television curved screen system

Purpose: To evaluate eye sensitivity disorder (similar to glare), with symptoms of visual fatigue, through watching television ULTRA HD3D-55-inch 4K curved screen among volunteers with normal eye examination. Methods: A prospective, longitudinal, case-control study, with inclusion and exclusion criteria and groups formation enrolled by age range. A comparison of a video documentary presented with the ULTRA HD TV 4K and with the FULL HD TV before and after the previous tele-audience, consisting of an evaluation of three phases of the study regarding the case-control criteria. The main variable analyzed was a questionnaire of visual fatigue syndrome complaints which was compared with secondary variables as the contrast sensitivity test, amplitude of accommodation test, blink frequency test, and test of conjugated saccadic eye movements of big amplitude. Tablets with digital camera equipment were used for video recording of the blink frequency, and saccadic eye movements throughout the television audience. Statistical analysis with Chi Square test. Results: Eighty healthy volunteers were evaluated and assessed as expressiveness of statistical inference alpha (α) of 10%, without obtaining significance of 5% for complaints of a questionnaire Visual Fatigue Syndrome. Other statistical tests showed 5% of significance of data in a global inference research on the frequency of blinking and combined saccadic movements of great amplitude. Conclusion: High resolution television screens ULTRA HD 4K may cause complaints of eyestrain in a population with some uncommon characteristics (low eyelid blink frequency and conjugated saccades movements). The low statistical significant index could be increased in a research with a higher number of participants. The authors call attention to the possibility of increasing this visual fatigue effect in the future advent of Television System ULTRA HD 8K.

Subjective Video Quality Assessment of H.265 Compression Standard for Full HD Resolution

Recently increasing interest in multimedia services leads to requirements for quality assessment, especially in the video domain. There are many factors that influence the video quality. Compression technology and transmission link imperfection can be considered as the main ones. This paper deals with the assessment of the impact of H.265/HEVC compression standard on the video quality using subjective metrics. The evaluation is done for two types of sequences with Full HD resolution depending on content. The paper is divided as follows. In the first part of the article, a short characteristic of the H.265/HEVC compression standard is written. In the second part, the subjective video quality methods used in our experiments are described. The last part of this article deals with the measurements and experimental results. They showed that quality of sequences coded between 5 and 7 Mbps is for observers sufficient, so there is no need for providers to use higher bitrates in streaming than this threshold. These results are part of a new model that is still being created and will be used for predicting the video quality in networks based on IP.

DEVELOPMENT OF NEUROMORPHIC SIFT OPERATOR WITH APPLICATION TO HIGH SPEED IMAGE MATCHING

Abstract. There was always a speed/accuracy challenge in photogrammetric mapping process, including feature detection and matching. Most of the researches have improved algorithm's speed with simplifications or software modifications which increase the accuracy of the image matching process. This research tries to improve speed without enhancing the accuracy of the same algorithm using Neuromorphic techniques. In this research we have developed a general design of a Neuromorphic ASIC to handle algorithms such as SIFT. We also have investigated neural assignment in each step of the SIFT algorithm. With a rough estimation based on delay of the used elements including MAC and comparator, we have estimated the resulting chip's performance for 3 scenarios, Full HD movie (Videogrammetry), 24 MP (UAV photogrammetry), and 88 MP image sequence. Our estimations led to approximate 3000 fps for Full HD movie, 250 fps for 24 MP image sequence and 68 fps for 88MP Ultracam image sequence which can be a huge improvement for current photogrammetric processing systems. We also estimated the power consumption of less than10 watts which is not comparable to current workflows.

프로그래머블 멀티 포맷 비디오 디코더

 !#$%HFHD(Full High Definition) 234' *. *+)?@A#$%B=Z[.U\':]=>*. ^_`BHEVC#$Mab30c;FHD @A,300MHz dXG(,e= >*.AbstractThis paper introduces a programmable multi-format video decoder(MFD) to support HEVC(High Efficiency Video Coding) standard and for other video coding standards. The goal of the proposed MFD is the high-end FHD(Full High Definition) video decoder needed for a DTV(Digital Tele-Vision) SoC(System on Chip). The proposed platform consists of a hybrid architecture that is comprised of reconfigurable processors and flexible hardware accelerators to support the massive computational load and various kinds of video coding standards. The experimental results show that the proposed architecture is operating at a 300MHz clock that is capable of decoding HEVC bit-stream of FHD 30 frames per second.Keyword : multi-format video decoder, reconfigurable processor, HEVC

Implementation of Prototype on Full HD Cloud Desktop Service Based on Graphic Hardware

클라우드 데스크톱 서비스에서는 서비스 제공자가 서비스 사용자에게 원격의 서버에 있는 가상화된 데스크톱 환경을 제공한다. 이러한 서비스는 기존의 PC에서 사용하였던 오피스 환경, 웹 검색과 같은 기본적인 작업 뿐만 아니라, 고품질 영상, 3D 콘텐츠와 같은 고화질의 서비스도 요구하고 있다. 본 논문은 이러한 고화질 서비스를 위해 Full HD 급의 영상을 전송하는 클라우드 데스크톱 서비스의 프로토타입의 구조를 제안하고 이를 구현한다. 이 프로토타입은 그래픽 하드웨어 가속을 기반으로 하고 있으며, 네트워크를 통한 영상 및 USB 전송을 통해 사용자와 서비스 공급자 사이의 정보를 교환한다. 설계된 프로토타입을 LAN 환경에서 구동하여 실제 서비스를 시연하였으며, 응답 시간을 실측한 결과 안정된 성능을 나타냄을 확인하였다.

Design of High-Performance HOG Feature Calculation Circuit for Real-Time Pedestrian Detection

This paper proposes the design of high-performance histogram of oriented gradient (HOG) feature calculation circuit for real-time pedestrian detection. By utilizing thoroughly analyzed results of the operations for overlapping blocks and windows and by managing internal memories and registers to store the intermediate results of HOG feature efficiently, not only all redundant operations are totally removed but also trilinear interpolation technique is successfully applied in the proposed circuit. The proposed circuit can process variable sizes of input image up to full high-definition (HD) image and it supports two types of detection window and color format of input image. In order to accelerate the processing time, the proposed circuit adopts the parallel architecture with pipelines, and the external memory bandwidth is minimized by the efficient management of internal memories and registers. The circuit size is reduced by sharing the circuit resources for the common operations and by minimizing the required storage spaces. Even though a large amount of computations is required due to trilinear interpolation, the proposed circuit can process full HD images in real time, assuming a scaling factor of 0.9. Therefore, it can be used for real-time pedestrian detection in many applications.

Video assistance in mitral surgery: reaching the "Thru" port access.

Minimally invasive and video assisted mitral valve surgery has been used widely since beginning of 20th. Different reduced surgical approaches allowed replacing or repairing a mitral valve sparing sternal incision. Nevertheless the most used strategy has been in the last years the right mini thoracotomy and the extra thoracic cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). The main goal is avoiding sternal approach for mitral valve procedures and improve postoperative course of the patients. Some postoperative complication likes blood loss, need for transfusion, prolonged intubation and infection has been reduced using this alternative technique. A special advantages has been reported in elderly or high risk patients and in redo cases. Several cardiac centres using videoscopy and a revolutionary set up for CPB management and aortic occlusion have adopted the approach. The team approach, including surgeon, anaesthesiologist, nurse, cardiologist and perfusionist, is crucial for a safe and effective realization of this surgical strategy. The proper use of catheters and Seldinger skilfulness, and the guidance of trans-esophageal echocardiography (TEE) during the procedure are two milestones of this technique. A careful and progressive learning curve is required for all the components of the team. In fact some peculiarity likes modified surgical instruments, 3D and Full HD video assisted view, percutaneous canulation for CPB and myocardial protection, etc., make this procedure challenging for all members of the operative room (OR) team. Our favourite set-up include right mini thoracotomy in the IV intercostal space, femoral vein and arterial canulation and an additional venous cannula in the superior vena cava for the drainage of the upper part of the body. Aortic occlusion is achieved usually using an endo-aortic clamp positioned by means of continuous and careful TEE guidance. A mitral valve procedure is realized by direct or video guided view; using adapted and shaft instruments or special atrial retractors all standard techniques are used in this setting. The literature reports and our published results showed the technique is safe, easy to replicate and allows an excellent rate of valve repair even in more complex patients.

H.264 medical video compression for telemedicine: A performance analysis

Today, lossy compression is becoming increasingly important for storage and transmission, of great amounts of numerical data, especially in the telemedicine field. However, the loss of information involved by this kind of compression can be considered as risky in particular for medical applications like diagnosis. To minimize this risk a balance should be done between compression efficiency and experts' perceived quality by running subjective quality assessment for compressed medical data. In this study, we address this issue and we deal with this problem by determining H.264 compression bitrate thresholds for full HD otolaryngology medical sequences. We show that this type of videos could be lossy encoded up to a ratio threshold ranging from 100:1 to 270:1 with maintaining practitioners' satisfaction. Besides, objective results showed us, that the use of quality assessment algorithms such as MSE, NIQE, NQM, SSIM, MSSIM and BRISQUE, could be helpful to compute realistic compression ratios and could, thus, validate human perception. These results are finally improved by a preliminary study, in which we used the new video encoding standard HEVC. It seems to be more efficient than H.264 in terms of objective video quality.

A real-time inverse quantised transform for multi-standard with dynamic resolution support

ABSTRACTIn this paper, a real-time configurable intelligent property (IP) core is presented for image/video decoding process in compatibility with the standard MPEG-4 Visual and the standard H.264/AVC. The inverse quantised discrete cosine and integer transform can be used to perform inverse quantised discrete cosine transform and inverse quantised inverse integer transforms which only required shift and add operations. Meanwhile, COordinate Rotation DIgital Computer iterations and compensation steps are adjustable in order to compensate for the video compression quality regarding various data throughput. The implementations are embedded in publicly available software XVID Codes 1.2.2 for the standard MPEG-4 Visual and the H.264/AVC reference software JM 16.1, where the experimental results show that the balance between the computational complexity and video compression quality is retained. At the end, FPGA synthesised results show that the proposed IP core can bring advantages to low hardware costs and also provide real-time performance for Full HD and 4K–2K video decoding.

A 181 GOPS AKAZE Accelerator Employing Discrete-Time Cellular Neural Networks for Real-Time Feature Extraction.

This paper proposes a real-time feature extraction VLSI architecture for high-resolution images based on the accelerated KAZE algorithm. Firstly, a new system architecture is proposed. It increases the system throughput, provides flexibility in image resolution, and offers trade-offs between speed and scaling robustness. The architecture consists of a two-dimensional pipeline array that fully utilizes computational similarities in octaves. Secondly, a substructure (block-serial discrete-time cellular neural network) that can realize a nonlinear filter is proposed. This structure decreases the memory demand through the removal of data dependency. Thirdly, a hardware-friendly descriptor is introduced in order to overcome the hardware design bottleneck through the polar sample pattern; a simplified method to realize rotation invariance is also presented. Finally, the proposed architecture is designed in TSMC 65 nm CMOS technology. The experimental results show a performance of 127 fps in full HD resolution at 200 MHz frequency. The peak performance reaches 181 GOPS and the throughput is double the speed of other state-of-the-art architectures.