Full Guidance Research Articles

In search of better route guidance instructions

Safety concerns have prompted designers of in-vehicle route guidance and information systems (IVRGIS) to make more use of an ‘audible interface’ to convey guidance instructions. Previous research has shown that, contrary to expectations, detailed guidance instructions can have a detrimental effect upon wayfinding performance, particularly for elderly individuals. In response to these findings a second series of experiments was carried out to try to improve the effectiveness of route guidance. Using the same procedure, 40 male and 40 female drivers aged 18–35 years watched video footage of journeys through an unfamiliar area, while hearing guidance that linked direction instructions to landmarks visible at the decision point. Results showed that those who heard these amended instructions performed significantly better than other groups at a wide range of tasks designed to measure the spatial knowledge they had acquired. This group performed better than groups who heard nothing, and groups who heard full guidance. The results support the view that, whereas full guidance instructions can have a negative impact upon wayfinding performance, less complex instructions that link landmarks to directions have the capacity to enhance wayfinding performance. This is because instructions of this form strengthen the associations made between directions to be taken and the spatial location of these turns, resulting in the formation of a strong representation of the route. The results also showed that those who had been driving for 1 year or less were significantly less accurate at these tasks than those with more driving experience. This result has important implications for the widespread implementation and use of IVRGIS: suggesting that, for newly qualified drivers, who have not yet developed the ability to attend to and process information while controlling the vehicle, attending to route guidance instructions might have a detrimental effect upon driver safety.

Mental development of unselected children with sex chromosome abnormalities.

Twenty-five children with sex chromosome aberrations found among 11000 consecutively newborn children from 1969 to 1974 have been followed with psychologicalpsychiatric examinations at four different times from the age of 1 year till the ages of 7 to 11. The results of the follow-up studies are presented, and it is concluded that diagnosis of sex chromosome aberrations at birth or during early childhood with full information and guidance to parents and educators are of great importance for the development of the children, especially concerning learning and behavior.

The Philosophy and Practice of Screening For Inherited Diseases

In recent years there has been a decline both in morbidity and mortality attributable to infection, parasitic infestation, and malnutrition which has been coincidental with the development of promising approaches to the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of genetic diseases. This has encouraged the consideration of genetically oriented screening programs as an exercise in preventive medicine, and considerable thought and effort have been expended in the development of suitable programs covering many inherited disorders, particularly those relating to mental retardation. The World Health Organization in a recent publication, "Genetic Disorders—Prevention, Treatment and Rehabilitation,"has stated that the object of these endeavors is to improve the quality of life for individuals and society as a whole by permitting the control of disease in affected persons. When one comes to plan a screening program it is important to keep the following criteria in mind. The incidence of the disorder(s) in question should be reasonably high. The program must be administratively feasible; the laboratory procedures used must be technically reliable with a very low (to absent) incidence of false-positive or negative results. (Better to have a false-positive than a false-negative.) The methods must be relatively unsophisticated and the cost of the whole scheme must not be great as there is little money available for this type of medical practice. Finally and most important, treatment must be available for the children detected. The family concerned should be given full guidance and encouragement and genetic counseling services should be available to them.

KONSELING SEBAGAI ALTERNATIF PENANGGULANGAN PERILAKU MALADAPTIF REMAJA DEPRIVASI PARENTAL

Teenager’s deprivational maladaptif is caused by broken home or death parenting among others, or the worstcondition’s in some families. Most of the teenagers have very hard psychological burdened after they parent was sparated each other.They were lost of full affection, guidance and counseling, taken care, sense of safety, and the bright future. By these families conditionsmost of the teenagers are disturbed their psychological development in all their life. By this case made some teenagers lost of emotionalcontroll, event their attitudes and behaviors unfamiliar and maladaptives as balancing compensation by unfavourable condition in theirfamilies. So, to save the maladaptives teenagers, counseling activities is very needed to assist them finding some accurate alternatives insolving their daily problems. By these ways at list their burdened will be more minimize and get them to study how tobe out of theirproblem, and study how to face the realities either those problem is very much unfavourable. And the end the teenagers have morecapable and potential to face their life rationally and able to see the brigt future

On the Damage of Confectionery Caused by Insect Pests in Kagawa Prefecture

In order to clarify the actual state of the damage of confectionery caused by insect pests in Kagawa Prefecture, present research was carried out in the period from 1967 to 1970 and acquired the following results:The insect pests injurious to confectionery were about 34 species, mainly belonging to Coleoptera and Lepidoptera which are known as the eminent cerial pests. However, the 2 species, namely, the saw-toothed grain beetle, Oryzaephilus surinamensis and the Indian meal moth, Piodia interpunctella were especially injurious like in other districts. The former usually had 4 generations a year and the latter had 3 generations. The peak of appearance of the adult of the former fell on the season from June to August and that of the latter was from the middle of July to the beginning of August in general. Most of the insect pests injurious to the products were frequently observed in the local factories of confectionery, therefore, there are some problems that should be considered. On the other hand, at some local shops of confectionery and groceries, these insect pests were also observed, and their activities were remarkable during the season from July to September. From these actual status, the problems relating to the management of treatment of confectionery at the shops were also pointed out. Moreover, under such status, the damage of confectionery caused by these insect pests apparently increases with the lapse of time after the display of goods on the shop-shelves. Generally speaking, chocolates and biscuits which were prepared by large manufacturers scarcely suffer from the damage by these insect pests in the process of manufacturing, however, they frequently suffer from injury of various pests in the process of circulation of goods after coming out from factories. It is clear that the damage was closely connected with the way of packing or the packing materials, though the damage of these confectionery was comparatively great in summer season and the 2 species of insects already mentioned were also very injurious. The damage of chocolates mixed with almonds, nuts, or raisins was especially greater than other kind in general. The damage of confectionery caused by insect pests seems clearly to have come from the irrational management or treatment of goods on the shelves and the wholesale stores at which the withdrawn goods were held together with the new ones even if a short time. And these status seem to have been the important problem previous to the controlling pests by chemicals at present. Accordingly, the measure of control of pests should be at first set forth from the step of full guidance for the insect pests to traders concerned, and the chemical control of these pests should be considered in the next step and be used only in the particular case.

A Cost Approach to the Assessment of Gang Rehabilitation Techniques

Cost-effectiveness methods were used for a rigorous evaluation of Group Guidance, a detached worker technique used in Los Angeles for coping with delinquent gangs. One hundred core members of three comparable gangs were subjects of a study designed as a natural experiment. One gang had received full Group Guidance service, another had received partial service, and the third gang had received no service. Gang members' records were examined for correctional actions and services occurring over a six-year period which was divided evenly into "before treatment" and "after treatment" phases. The total period covered, roughly, the fourteenth through the twentieth year in the gang members' lives. By use of current auditor's estimates of the costs of actions and services, a career correctional cost was determined for each boy over the six-year follow-up. The cost data disclosed a relationship between service by detached workers and differentials in mean correctional career costs. Application of Group Guidance techni ques was associated with (1) reduction in mean correctional costs from "before" to "after," and (2) reduction in mean costs from no treatment to full treatment. For the fully treated gang, the reduction in correctional costs in one year was several times the cost of the treatment. For the untreated gang, correctional costs rose from before to after.

Driving Torques in a Theoretical Model of a Turbine Meter

A theoretical model of a turbine meter, incorporating fewer restrictions than previously available models, is analyzed from both the momentum and airfoil viewpoints. The two resulting equations for driving torque are explored in a series of graphs and discussed. Emphasis is on design implications. Of particular interest are the criteria, resulting from this analysis, for determining the conditions necessary for full fluid guidance.