Full-fat Soybean Research Articles

Effect of processed bambara groundnuts and benne seeds on growth and organ morphology of broiler

An experiment was conducted to determine the effects of replacing full fat soybean meal with aqueous–heated, dry–heated and dehulled Bambara groundnuts (Vigna subterranea (L.) Verdc.) and benne seeds (Sesamum indicum) on performance characteristics and organ morphology of broiler chickens over a period of eight weeks. Anti-nutritional factors in the raw and processed plant seeds were determined. Higher amounts of haemagglutinin (HG) and trypsin inhibitor (TI) were found in the raw Bambara groundnuts, and tannin, phytate and oxalate in raw benne seeds respectively. Both HG and TI were completely destroyed in aqueous-heated Bambara groundnuts while the dry heated Bambara groundnuts contained residual amounts of the anti-nutrients. Higher amounts of the tannin, oxalate and phytate were removed in the dehulled benne seeds. Feed intake was statistically not significant in different treatment groups. Weight gain and feed conversion efficiency were more significantly (p<0.05) reduced in groups fed dehulled Bambara groundnuts, aqueous–heated benne seeds and dry–heated benne seeds. Significant (p<0.05) reductions were also obtained in nitrogen retention of birds fed with dehulled Bambara groundnuts, aqueous–heated benne seeds and dry–heated benne seeds respectively. The organ morphology showed significant (p<0.05) increases in weights of pancreas and kidney of birds fed dehulled Bambara groundnuts. The best improvements in the response indices were obtained in birds fed aqueous-heated Bambara groundnuts and dehulled benne seeds.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjas.v44i1.23127 Bang. J. Anim. Sci. 2014. 44 (1): 26-32

NUTRITIONAL VALUE OF DIFFERENTLY PROCESSED SOYBEAN SEEDS

The main objective of this study was to determine the nutritional and anti-trypsin content of raw soybean seeds in comparison to the solvent extracted and steam cooked soybeans. The proximate composition, minerals and anti-trypsin content of raw soybean seeds and differently processed soybean seeds were determined using standard methods. One way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was used in analysing the data. The moisture content of Solvent Extracted Soybean seeds (SES) (6.7±0.2 %) was significantly higher than Raw Soybean Seed Meal (RSSM) and Extruded Full-Fat Soybean Seeds (EFFS) (p 0.05). Soybeans processed by steaming (EEFS) could be used as a protein and energy source at the village level as the method is easier and cheaper to use while it maintains most of the nutrients and removes the anti-nutrient factors.

Physical properties of extruded snacks enriched with soybean and moringa leaf powder

This study was conducted to investigate the application of extrusion cooking in the production of snacks containing soybean (SB) and Moringa oleifera (MO) leaves as inexpensive sources of micronutrients. The specific objectives were to examine effects of barrel temperature, residence time and moisture content of feed on selected physical properties of extruded snacks (extrudates), namely water absorption index (WAI), water solubility index (WSI) and expansion ratio (ER). The extrudates were obtained by blending different levels of input ingredients of maize flour (MF) (55 to 80%), full fat soybean flour (FFSF) (10 to 30%), and Moringa oleifera leaf powder (MOLP) (5 to 15%). Extrusion process variables in a twin-screw extruder were at three levels for temperature (100, 130 and 160°C), feed moisture content (15, 22.5 and 30%), and residence time (60, 75 and 90 s). The performed study revealed that the level of incorporation of both FFSF and MOLP, and feed moisture content have significant effects on the expansion ratio, water solubility index and water absorption index of the extrudates. It was concluded that the role of processing conditions and blending levels have a significant contribution to the quality characteristics of the soy-moringa expanded snacks.

Nutrient analysis, apparent metabolisable energy and ileal amino acid digestibility of full fat soybean for broilers

Nutrient composition, ileal amino acid digestibility and apparent metabolisable energy (AME) of four full-fat soybean (FFSB) samples, collected from commercial feed mills in Southeast Asia, were evaluated using laboratory analyses and animal studies. The AME assay was conducted with broilers using the classical total excreta collection between days 21 and 29 posthatch. A maize-soy basal diet was formulated and test diets, each containing different FFSB samples, were developed by replacing (w/w) 300g/kg of the basal diet with FFSB. The AME of FFSB was calculated based on the difference between AME values of the basal and test diets. The ileal amino acid digestibility assay was conducted with 29-day-old broilers using assay diets containing FFSB as the only source of protein. Digesta from lower ileum was collected on day 34. The ratios between the titanium and amino acids in the diet and digesta were used to calculate the digestibility. The crude protein and fat contents of the four FFSB samples ranged from 351 to 399g/kg and from 177 to 192g/kg, respectively. The AME contents varied widely between the four samples, ranging from 12.62 to 15.46MJ/kg. The standardised ileal digestibility coefficient of protein ranged from 0.763 to 0.821. Variations in the digestibility of amino acids and digestible amino acid contents generally followed that observed for protein digestibility. In conclusion, FFSB contained more fat and AME than soybean meal, but less digestible contents of protein and amino acids due to the diluting effect of fat. Overall, these data show that properly processed FFSB is a valuable feedstuff and offers an attractive method of adding fat to poultry diets.

English

Complementary foods of high nutrient qualities are expected to be given to infants in order to maintain their healthy status as they gradually transit from breastfeeding to family food. This study was aimed at producing high quality complementary food from locally available crops. Acha (Digitaria exilis), soybean (Glycine max) and sesame (Sesamun indicum L.) seeds were cleaned separately of dirt and extraneous materials. The acha grains were malted by steeping, germinating (72 h), drying (60°C, 20 h), desprouting, dehulling, milling and sieving. Soybean was soaked, dehulled, boiled, dried and milled while sesame seeds were soaked, acetic acid treated, rinsed, dehulled, dried, defatted, re-dried and milled. Complementary food blends were formulated at various ratios from malted and unmalted acha, full fat soybean and defatted sesame flours. The formulations produced were assessed for chemical composition and functional properties. The results showed that protein of the malted blends ranged from 7.68 – 21.68%, the energy ranged between 358.45- 433.30 kcal. The bulk density, water absorption and swelling capacities were lower in the malted blends. The viscosity of malted blends (< 2,550 Cps) was significantly lower (p<0.05) by LSD test than the values for unmalted blends (> 6,000 Cps). The supplementation with both soybean and sesame flours increased the protein, fat and ash contents of the blends while malting improved the consistency of the diet. The malted blends formed free flowing gruels which will aid consumption in infants. Key words: Infants, malting, milling, protein, viscosity, water absorption.

Effects of feeding various levels of full fat soybean extruded at high temperature on performance, serum components and intestinal morphology of broiler chickens

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of dietary levels of extruded full fat soybean (EFFSB) on growth performance, physiological enzymes and intestinal morphology of broiler chickens at market age. A batch of FFSB was wet-extruded at 170°C for 15 s to provide the EFFSB. Ross 308 male broiler chicks (144 one-day old) were divided into 12 groups of 12 birds each and allocated to one of the starter, grower and finisher diets containing 0%, 7.5% and 15% of EFFSB. Feed intake and weight gain of chicks fed the diet containing 15% of EFFSB were significantly (P < 0.05) reduced compared with those fed the control diet during 0–10 days of age, but were not influenced during grower and finisher stages and the whole period (P > 0.05). The triglyceride and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) concentrations in blood serum were significantly (P < 0.05) decreased with an increase in dietary levels of EFFSB at 42 days of age. Length of villi and villus absorptive surface area in duodenum section were linearly decreased (P < 0.05) with an increase in dietary level of EFFSB (P < 0.05), although crypt depth and villus length : crypt depth ratio were not affected (P > 0.05). These morphological criteria were not affected by the dietary level of EFFSB measured in jejunum and ileum sections (P > 0.05). It is concluded that the use of EFFSB in feed may reduce the duodenal surface area and serum triglyceride and LDL cholesterol concentrations, but has no effect on performance of broiler chickens at market age.

The effect of raw and roasted soybeans on intestinal health, diet digestibility, and pancreas weight of broilers

Soybeans have high protein and energy content; however, they also contain antinutritional factors that limit inclusion in feeds for nonruminant animals. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the influence of feeding raw (RFFS), deactivated (DFFS), or over-heated (OFFS) full-fat soybeans on the intestinal health, diet digestibility, and pancreas weight of broilers. One hundred twenty broilers were fed diets containing 15% DFFS, 10% DFFS + 5% RFFS, 15% RFFS, or 10% DFFS + 5% OFFS; data were submitted to ANOVA and means were compared by Tukey's test. Broilers fed 15% RFFS presented higher goblet cell counts and sialic acid levels compared with those fed diets containing DFFS and OFFS. Intestinal villi were shorter in birds fed 15% RFFS than those fed 10% DFFS + 5% RFFS. The coefficient of apparent digestibility of nutrients was affected by the dietary treatments. The pancreas of the broilers fed the diets containing RFFS was significantly heavier of those fed DFFS or OFFS. The intestinal integrity, as well as pancreas structure, is impaired by the inclusion of RFFS in broiler diets. Conversely, soybean over-heating hinders nutrient utilization by broilers.

Performance of Brioler Chickens and mRNA Expression of Liver Fatty Acid Binding Protein Gene Fed with Soybean

Aims: An experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of different levels of processed full-fat soy bean on performance, Lipid blood carcass quality and mRNA expression levels of liver fatty -acid binding protein (LFABP) in broiler chicks. Study Design:A total of 240 day -old male broilers (Ross 308) was used in a completely randomized design. Place and Duration of Study:Islamic Azad University, Kashmar Branch Farm,42 days. Methodology: Experimental treatments included a control treatment (corn -soybean meal), levels 8 and 12% roasted full -fat soybean and levels 8 and 12% extruded full -fat soybean in rations .Each dietary treatment was assigned to four replicate pens holding 12 male broiler chicks. Roasting was conducted for 20 seconds at a temperature of 110∞ c and

Performance, Hematology and Serum Biochemical Indices of Broiler Chickens Fed Toasted Sesame Seed (Sesamum indicum, Linn) Meal Based-Diets

Soyabean, one of the main ingredients commonly employed as a source of vegetable protein in broiler diets is expensive and may sometimes be unavailable. Thus, there is the need to assess the utilization of other legumes in broiler diets. Therefore, effects of dietary toasted sesame seed meal (TSSM) on growth, hematological and selected serum biochemical indices of broiler chickens was evaluated in a feeding experiment lasting 56 days. One hundred and eighty 1-day old Arbor acre chicks (39.2±0.15g/chicken) were randomly divided into five treatments. Each treatment was in triplicate of twelve birds per replicate. Graded TSSM was included at the expense of full fat soybean meal in the basal starter and finishers broiler rations viz; 0 (T1), 25 (T2), 50 (T3), 75 (T4) and 100% (T5). The diets and water were offered to respective birds ad libitum. The design of the experiment was a completely randomized design. Feed intake, weight gain and final weights of birds were significantly reduced (p 0.05) by the graded TSSM in the diets. Serum total protein, alanine amino transferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), cholesterol, triglycerides and very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) were also significantly different (P 0.05) on serum albumin, creatinine, high density lipoprotein and aspartate amino transferase (AST). Conclusively, beneficial effects of dietary toasted sesame seed based diets on performance, haematology and biochemical indices of broiler chickens were obvious up to 25% levels of inclusion.

Effect of Using Raw or Processed Lablab Seed as Major Protein Source in Diets on the Economic of Feeding and Growth Performance of Rabbits

The study was carried out to determine growth performance and economics benefit of feeding raw or processed lablab purpureus seeds to growing rabbits. The lablab seeds were either left raw, processed by decortication, toasting or boiling; and respectively incorporated into diets T2, T3, T4 and T5 to provide 75% of protein provided by full fat soyabean (FFSB) in the control diet (T1). Thirty, 5-weeks old mixed bred rabbits of 350-358g were used in a completely randomized design. Rabbits fed heat treated seed diets grew faster than those fed raw or decorticated seed diets. Rabbits fed the control diet were however heavier than those fed the heat treated lablab seed diets. More money was expended on rabbit fed either raw or decorticated lablab seed diets to gain 1kg live weight than those fed heat processed lablab diets. The control diets were outstanding in terms of gain per kilogram live weight. It was observed that feeding of raw or decorticated Lablab seed in diets to growing rabbits resulted to high cost of feeding, poor growth rate and subsequently death of rabbits fed the raw lablab seed diet. This suggests that Lablab seeds be processed possibly by cooking before use in monogastric diets.

Effect of partial replacement of ground nut cake with extruded full fat or raw soyabeans on nutrient digestibility and productive performance in lactating cows

Present study was carried out to study the effect of partial replacement of ground nut cake with extruded full fat or raw soyabean on nutrient digestibility and productive performances in dairy cows. For this 15 lactating cross-bred cows were selected divided into three groups 5 each were fed on Total mixed ration consisting of 50% concentrate and 50% wheat straw. In concentrate diet for control ground nut cake was incorporated at 18% while as in treatment groups 9% of ground nut cake was replaced with extruded full fat soyabeans and raw soyabeans in treatment 1 and treatment 2 respectively. Experimental feeding was done for 120 days. It was found that digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, average milk yield and 4% fat corrected milk yield was significantly (p≤0.05) increased in T2 as compared to control and T3. Nutrient utilization and productive performances were also significantly (p≤0.05) increased in T1 as compared to control and T3.Milk composition was non-significant in all groups. Thus it can be concluded that feeding of extruded full fat soybean in comparison to raw soybean as a partial replacement of ground nut cake in lactating cows @ 9% level of replacement of concentrate mixture was found to be helpful in enhancing milk production in early lactating cows.

EFEITO DA INCLUSÃO DE SOJA INTEGRAL EM RAÇÕES EXTRUSADAS NO DESEMPENHO DE JUVENIS DE PIAVUÇU (Leporinus macrocephalus L.)

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of the inclusion of extruded soybean in diets for piavucu ( Leporinus macrocephalus L.) juveniles with different levels of digestible energy. A hundred fish with initial weight of 5.06 ± 0.61 g were distributed into 20 aquarium (80 L), in a entirely randomized design with five treatments (0.00, 20.00, 35.00, 50.00 and 67.5% full fat soybean in the diets) and four replications. Isonitrogenous, isocalcium, isophosphorus, isoaminoacids for methionine diets with different digestible energy values (3,193; 3,326; 3,413; 3,510 and 3,621 kcal/kg) were given to fish for seventy days. The criteria evaluated were weight gain, length increment, daily feed intake, feed gain, protein efficiency ratio and survival rate. No differences (P>0.05) were observed among treatments regarding the performance criteria. We concluded that the inclusion of full fat soybean in piavucu juveniles diet is a viable option, and it may partially or totally replace soybean meal, without decreasing performance, while providing greater deposition of fat in the carcass. KEYWORDS: alternative feedstuff; digestible energy; fish production; Glycine max L; nutrition.

Nutrient digestibility of lentil and regular- and low-oligosaccharide, micronized full-fat soybean fed to grower pigs1

A study was conducted to determine the standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of AA and calculate the NE value for regular-oligosaccharide, micronized full-fat soybean (R-MFFSB), low-oligosaccharide, micronized full-fat soybean (LO-MFFSB), lentil, and enzymatically hydrolyzed casein (EHC) for growing pigs. Six ileal-cannulated barrows (31.4 kg BW) were fed 6 diets in a 6 × 6 Latin square. Five diets were cornstarch based, containing either soybean meal (SBM), R-MFFSB, LO-MFFSB, or EHC as sole protein source or N free. The sixth diet contained lentil as sole protein and energy source. The SID of AA for diets was calculated using the N-free diet. Digestibility of AA in feedstuffs was determined by the direct method. Energy digestibility in SBM, R-MFFSB, and LO-MFFSB was determined by difference from the N-free diet whereas energy digestibility in lentil was determined by the direct method. On DM basis, SBM, R-MFFSB, LO-MFFSB, and lentil contained 52, 43, 43, and 27% CP, 8, 12, 14, and 16% NDF, and 1.8, 19, 21, and 1.6% ether extract, respectively. The SID of Lys for SBM was greater (P < 0.05) than that for R-MFFSB or LO-MFFSB (76 vs. 79 and 79%). The SID of other indispensable AA (except Trp) for SBM was also greater (P < 0.05) than that for R-MFFSB or LO-MFFSB. The R-MFFSB and LO-MFFSB were similar in SID of AA. The SID of Lys for lentil (81%) was lower (P < 0.05) than that for SBM with a similar trend for SID of other indispensable AA except for Met and Thr whose SID was similar to SBM. The SID of AA for EHC ranged from 98 to 112%. The SBM had a lower (P < 0.05) NE value than R-MFFSB or LO-MFFSB (2.63 vs. 2.95 and 3.00 Mcal/kg DM). Lentil and SBM were similar in NE value (2.60 vs. 2.63 Mcal/kg DM). In conclusion, R-MFFSB and LO-MFFSB were similar in energy and AA value for pigs. Lentil had lower SID of AA than SBM. However, lentil and SBM were similar in NE value; therefore, lentil can serve as alternative pulse feedstuff for pigs. The AA in EHC were mostly completely digested indicating that EHC can be fed to estimate ileal endogenous AA losses.

Nutritional value of wet extruded full-fat soybean and its effects on broiler chicken performance

SUMMARY A batch of full-fat soybean (FFSB) was wet extruded at 155°C for 15 s to provide an extruded full-fat soybean (EFFSB) sample. The urease activity index, protein solubility in KOH, and protein dispersibility index were determined in EFFSB samples as in vitro quality tests and indicated good quality of processing. In the first experiment, the EFFSB was substituted primarily at the expense of dehulled soybean meal (DSBM) and soybean oil (SO) in the grower diet as 0, 7.5, 15, and 22.5% to provide 4 diets; then birds received the diets from 15 to 21 d and excreta were collected from 18 to 21 d for chemical analysis. The AMEn and nutrient total tract apparent retention of EFFSB were calculated by regression analysis. The AMEn value of EFFSB was 3,908 kcal/kg, whereas the coefficients of total tract apparent retention for DM, organic matter, EE, CP, CF, and ash were 76, 79, 91, 74, 20, and 61%, respectively. In the second experiment, one hundred ninety-two 1-d-old male broiler chicks were divided into 16 groups of 12 birds each and allocated to 4 diets containing 0, 7.5, 15, and 22.5% of EFFSB at the expense of DSBM and SO. Feed intake and weight gain of chickens fed the diet contained 22.5% EFFSB were reduced (P 0.05) when birds were fed diets containing up to 15% EFFSB. The mucosa absorptive surface area in duodenum and jejunum of birds fed 22.5% EFFSB was reduced (P 0.05). It is concluded that growth performance of broiler chickens was not influenced (P > 0.05) when birds were fed a diet containing up to 15% EFFSB in place of DSBM and SO.

Effect of extruded full-fat soybeans on performance, amino acids digestibility, trypsin activity, and intestinal morphology in broilers

The influence of different levels of extruded full-fat soybean (EFFSB) in the diet on growth performance, apparent ileal amino acids digestibility (AIAAD), intestinal morphology, and trypsin activity in digesta of broilers was determined. In the first experiment, two-hundred sixty ROSS 308 male chickens were used to investigate the effect of EFFSB on growth performance, intestinal morphology, and trypsin activity in the digesta and AIAAD. Five dietary treatments were used, containing 0, 40, 80, 120, and 160 g/kg of EFFSB. The experiment lasted from day 10 till day 38 of age. The inclusion of EFFSB at the level of 160 g/kg in the diet significantly (P &amp;lt; 0.05) decreased final body weight (2443 g in 0 group vs. 2093 in 160 group) and worsened feed efficiency. AIAAD was lower when diet contained more than 40 g/kg EFFSB. But at the level of 160 g/kg AIAAD increased in several amino acids (threonine, isoleucine, leucine, histidine). Trypsin activity increased with increasing EFFSB in the diets. There were no significant (P &amp;gt; 0.05) differences in AIAAD between groups 80, 120, and 160. Villus height (groups 0: 966.2; 4: 852.1; 8: 792.6; 12: 836.3; 16: 926.7 &amp;micro;m) and crypt depth (groups&amp;nbsp;0: 160.1; 4: 134.8; 8: 122.9; 12: 129.5; 16: 134.6 &amp;micro;m) of ileum decreased with inclusion of EFFSB in the diet, but villi/crypt ratio increased. In the second experiment, male chickens ROSS 308 were divided into 4&amp;nbsp;groups with 2 replicates per 100 chicks each. The groups were fed 0, 40, 80, and 120 g/kg of EFFSB. The experiment lasted from day 10 till day 38 of age. Final body weight (2594 g in 0 group vs. 2624 g in 120 group) was not significantly (P &amp;gt; 0.05) affected by the diet. The study showed that EFFSB at the level of 120 g/kg in grower broiler diet had no adverse effect on performance. &amp;nbsp;

Effect of phenolic compound removal on rheological, thermal and physico-chemical properties of soybean and flaxseed proteins

This study aimed to investigate the effect of removal of phenolics on physico-chemical properties of protein isolates obtained from flaxseed and soybean. Proteins were isolated (I) from full-fat (F) and defatted (D) soybean (s) and flaxseed (f) using isoelectric precipitation. Free and bound phenolics were removed from the protein isolates. Thermal and gelation properties of protein isolates before and after removal of phenolics were investigated. Protein isolates from defatted soybean after removal of free and bound phenolics were showed a decrease in thermal stability of glycinin. For protein isolate from full-fat soybean, the results showed the removal of free phenolics increase thermal stability of glycinin with increase water holding capacity (WHC) and produce more viscous and less elastic gels as compared to protein isolate after removal of bound phenolics. Removal of free and bound phenolics from flaxseed protein isolates decrease thermal stability, WHC and viscoelastic properties as compared to protein isolate after removal of free phenolics.

Energy concentration of high-protein, low-oligosaccharide, and conventional full fat de-hulled soybeans fed to growing pigs

An experiment was conducted to determine the energy concentration in de-hulled full fat soybeans (FFSB). Conventional (FFSB-CV; 435g crude protein (CP)/kg and 241g acid hydrolyzed ether extract (AEE)/kg), high-protein (FFSB-HP; 502g CP/kg and 205g AEE/kg), and low-oligosaccharide (FFSB-LO; 468g CP/kg and 211g AEE/kg) varieties of de-hulled FFSB were used. The digestible energy (DE) and metabolizable energy (ME) in the 3 sources of de-hulled FFSB were determined using 24 growing barrows (initial BW: 28.3±3.7kg). A corn-based basal diet and 3 diets containing corn and each source of de-hulled FFSB were formulated. Pigs were placed in metabolism cages and randomly allotted to the 4 diets with 6 replicate pigs per diet. After a 5 d adaptation period, feces and urine were collected for 5 d. The DE and ME in each source of de-hulled FFSB were calculated using the difference procedure. The concentrations of DE and ME in de-hulled FFSB-CV, FFSB-HP, and FFSB-LO were 18.8±1.17 and 17.4±1.36; 20.0±1.62 and 18.3±1.87; and 19.7±1.63 and 18.1±2.16MJ/kg dry matter, respectively, but no significant differences among the 3 sources of de-hulled FFSB were observed. In conclusion, the same energy values can be used for de-hulled high-protein and low-oligosaccharide varieties of soybeans as the values used for de-hulled conventional soybeans.

Cultivation of Lactobacillus sp. and Production of Probiotic Powder as Animal Feed Additive

The objectives of this study were to develop culture medium and fillers with appropriate growth conditions and to evaluate stability of selected Lactobacillus salivarius L61 and commercial probiotic (L. plantarum Fr-B). Both strains were cultured in full-fat Soybean, Skim Milk, Dextrose (SSMD) and K2HPO4 with 1, 5 or 10 g/L yeast extract compared to de Man, Rogosa and Sharpe (MRS) medium. Stabilities of powdered Lactobacillus cultures were examined using Ground Rice Husk (GRH) or Rice Bran (RB) fillers with 25% (w/w) CaCO3. Lactobacillus counts were determined using ten-fold serial dilution of a pour plate method on MRS agar and incubated in anaerobic jar at 37°C for 48 h. The results showed that Lactobacilli populations in MRS broth were higher than those in SSMD but had lower stability. Lactobacillus salivarius L61 and L. plantarum Fr-B population growth at optimal incubation time (24 h) and optimal growth medium were 2.63 x 10 CFU/ml and 1 x 10 CFU/ml. The optimal growth media (w/v) was 1% full-fat soybean, 1% skim milk, 10 9 0.5% yeast extract, 0.5% dextrose and 0.05% K2HPO4. The stability of Lactobacillus L61 in GRH was higher than in RB and the stability under refrigeration temperature (RFT, 4-6°C) in both fillers were higher those in room temperature (RMT, 28-30°C). The GRH filler could maintain 10 CFU/g of Lactobacillus L61 cells at RFT 9

Ileal vs. faecal amino acid digestibility in concentrates and fibrous sources for rabbit feed formulation

This work studies in a wide range of ingredients what is the best amino acid evaluation for rabbit feed formulation. A semi-synthetic casein basal diet was designed for measuring the protein and amino acid endogenous flow. Another 11 diets, one for each ingredient (soybean meal, toasted full-fat soybean, soybean hulls, two types of sunflower meal (280 and 360g/kg CP), peas, alfalfa meal, wheat, wheat shorts, maize, and corn gluten feed), were formulated in order to get the maximal proportion of the protein from the tested feedstuffs studied maintaining the chemical composition and dietary nitrogen endogenous flow. Ytterbium linked to fibre was used as a marker (4g/kg). Twenty-eight New Zealand White×Californian doe rabbits fitted with a glass T-cannula at the ileum were fed the experimental diets ad libitum for 16 d (for 6 periods each). Feed intake and hard faeces excretion were recorded for each rabbit over a 4-d period (10–15 d). On days 15 and 16, ileal samples from each rabbit were collected under gravity for 1h from 19:00 to 23:00h to avoid the effect of the soft faeces excretion period on the protein ileal flow. The endogenous ileal flow of N was 512mg/d as average and increased 6mg/g of DMI (P<0.001). Amino acids ileal endogenous flow varied from 399mg/d for glutamic acid to 26mg/d for methionine. Soybean meal and full-fat showed high (>0.90) and similar (P>0.05) apparent faecal (AF) and true ileal (TI) N and amino acids digestibility, whereas those of soybean hulls were lower (0.653 and 0.529 for AF and TI N digestibility, respectively). Cereals and their by-products showed the highest differences between AF and TI N and amino acids digestibility, because they were well digested at ileal level (ranged from 0.809 to 0.880), whereas AF digestibility was lower (from 0.630 to 0.769). Likewise, sunflower meals, peas and alfalfa showed higher TI than AF digestibility, but this difference was only relevant (from 0.052 to 0.16 units) for some amino acids (Thr, Val, Ile, Leu, Lys, and Ala). The current work shows that the relative value among ingredients change depending on the digestibility unit used, and confirms that TI digestibility is the recommendable unit for feed formulation in rabbits.

Phenolic–protein interactions in oilseed protein isolates

The objective of this work was to investigate the phenolic–protein interactions in protein isolates from soybean and flaxseed. Proteins were isolated from full-fat and defatted soybean and flaxseed using sodium hydroxide extraction and isoelectric precipitation. Free phenolics were extracted from the protein isolates using methanol; for bound phenolics, the proteins were subjected to basic and acidic hydrolysis followed by methanol extraction. Total phenolic contents in free and bound phenolic extracts were determined by spectrophotometric analysis. Reversed phase-HPLC was used for separation of individual phenolic compounds, which were identified by mass spectrometry (MS). Protein isolates from full-fat soybean showed higher content of phenolics in bound phenolic extract (20% of total phenolic content) compared to protein isolates from defatted soybean (11% of total phenolic content). Generally, bound phenolics (20%–30% of total phenolic content) were higher in protein isolates from flaxseed than in protein isolates from soybean (10%–20% of total phenolic content). RP-HPLC chromatogram showed that the soybean and flaxseed protein isolates had free phenolic compound profile which was different than bound phenolic compound profile. The phenolics in free extracts exhibited greater antioxidant activity than phenolics in bound extracts of protein isolated from soybean and flaxseed. Results suggest the presence of primarily protein–phenolic interactions in protein isolates from soybean and primarily protein–lipid–phenolic interactions in protein isolates from flaxseed.