Full-fat Soy Flour Research Articles

Triple simultaneous stabilizing action of rosemary spice (Rosemarinum officinalis L.) in full-fat soya based flour rich in protein and β-carotene.

This study aimed at demonstrating the stabilizing effect of up to 0.4% (wt/wt flour) of rosemary spice (Rosemarinum Officinalis L.) in a flour-based protein-rich product intended for young children. The flour was made of full-fat soya flour, meat (beef) powder, and carrot flour as β-carotene source. Analysis was done for proximate composition, β-carotene content, microbial load and sensory evaluation for rancidity over time. Different levels of rosemary spice salvaged a net of 3.42 - 3.83 mg/100 g of β-carotene within a storage period of 7 weeks at 35°C accounting for up to 18% of β-carotene sparing as compared to the non-spicy sample. There was, however, no evidence of increased protection of β-carotene with increase in rosemary spice concentration. Rancid odors and flavour were detected in samples with spice, latter than in samples with no spice. Rosemary spice exhibited up to a net of 38% reduction in microbial load in spicy samples as compared to the non-spicy sample. In a protein, fat and β-carotene rich flour-based product, rosemary spice exhibits triple stabilizing action. The phenolic compounds (rosemarinic, carnosol and carnosic acid) in rosemary spice limits β-carotene degradation and decelerates the production of secondary products of lipid oxidation while the terpene fractions are implicated for halting the proliferation of micro-organisms. Key words: Rosemary spice, high protein β-carotene-rich flour, antioxidant effect, antimicrobial effect.

Apparent dry matter, energy, protein and amino acid digestibility of four soybean ingredients in white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei juveniles

Dry matter, energy, protein and amino acid apparent digestibility coefficients (ADC) were determined in Pacific white shrimp juveniles (6 g average initial weight) for four soybean products: full fat soybean meal (FFSBM, 38% CP in dry matter), solvent extracted soybean meal (SBM, 52% CP), soybean protein concentrate (SPC, 71% CP) and soybean protein isolate (SPI, 89% CP), obtained from soybeans processed by different manufacturers in USA and México. The test diets included 30% of the test ingredients and 70% of a ground commercial diet supplemented with 1% chromic oxide and 1% sodium alginate. Amino acid contents in the ingredients, diets and feces were analyzed by HPLC at Evonik-Degussa laboratory. Amino acid profiles of the four soybean product samples were quite similar except for a lower content of methionine and cystine in SPI. In general, nutrient digestibility values were far higher in the soy products than in the fish meal-based reference diet. Dry matter and energy ADCs were significantly higher for SPI (92 and 98%, respectively) than for FFSBM, SBM and SPC (83 and 89%, respective averages). Crude protein ADC was not significantly different among FFSBM, SBM and SPI, but SPC had significantly a lower value (93 vs 96%). Total amino acid (92 vs 97%) and essential amino acid (91 vs 96%) digestibility profiles were almost identical for FFSBM, SBM and SPI, while the SPC profile was parallel but 3.5 to 7 percentage units lower. Cys and Thr were the least digestible amino acids in all samples, while Gly and Arg were generally the most digested. Compared to the ADC of crude protein, the ADCs for Thr and Cys were 3–4% lower, while arginine ADC was 2–3% higher. The ADCs for Lys and Met were similar to that of crude protein, although Lys and Met digestibility may be overestimated due to their high solubility in seawater.

The effects of some raw tropical legume seeds on performance of exotic adult cockerels: performance characteristics, serum metabolites and organ morphology

An experiment was conducted to examine the effects of some raw legumes (jack beans, bambara groundnut and benne seeds) on performance characteristics, serum metabolites and organ morphology of exotic adult cockerels of gold mine strain. Each of the raw legumes replaced full fat soybean meal at 25% and 50% levels respectively. The experiment lasted for eight (8) weeks. Feed intake and weight gain of birds fed 25% and 50% raw jack beans, raw bambara groundnuts and raw benne seeds were significantly (P < 0.05) reduced respectively. However, the reductions were marked in birds fed 50% raw jack beans. Significant (P

Effects of processing variables and full fat soy flour on nutritional and sensory properties of spaghetti using a mixture design approach

The influence of full-fat soy flour (FFSF) and extrusion conditions on nutritional and sensory characteristics of spaghetti was evaluated using a mixture design, in order to produce functional pasta. Addition of FFSF increases the nutritional composition significantly (P≤0.05). Generally, the presence of FFSF showed a negative influence on the color attribute, but no effect on the firmness and surface condition of spaghetti. No significant difference was observed in the beany flavor up to 23.0 g/100 g. The temperature and screw speed of the extruder had no significant effect on nutritional and sensory attributes, but both enhanced the effect of formulation on the color and surface condition of spaghetti. Also, interaction between the screw speed and the ingredients resulted in a slight positive effect on the firmness and beany flavor attributes. Optimum nutritional value and sensory attributes of spaghetti were produced when 17.0 g/100 g FFSF was added and processed at a screw speed of 40 rpm and a temperature of 70°C.

Optimization of the extrusion conditions and formulation of spaghetti enriched with full-fat soy flour based on the cooking and color quality

The influence of full-fat soy flour (FFSF) 0–27.0 g/100 g, water content 31.0–35.0 g/100 g and extrusion conditions on the cooking and color characteristics of spaghetti was investigated. The process was performed with a speed of 10–40 rpm and a water circulating temperature of 35–70°C. The results showed that adding FFSF causes decreases (P≤0.05) in cooking time, cooking weight, intensity and hue characteristics. However, the cooking loss and saturation of spaghetti increased (P≤0.05). The temperature and speed of the extruder had no significant effect on the cooking and color attributes. Interaction between them and the components, however, had a slight synergistic effect on characteristics. Also, interaction between the components and the water temperature has a negative effect on the color and cooking loss. Data analysis showed that the cooking and color characteristics were optimized when 56.9 g/100 g wheat flour, 12.1 g/100 g FFSF and 31.0 g/100 g water content at a screw speed of 40 rpm and a temperature of 35°C were applied.

Organs development, gene expression and health of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salarL.) fed genetically modified soybeans compared to the near-isogenic non-modified parental line

The present experiment was conducted to study the possible effects of genetically modified (GM), full-fat soybean meal (FFSBM) from Round-up Ready® soybeans compared to its parental, and closest near-isogenic, non-modified (nGM) soybean variety, added at moderate (150 g kg−1) and high (300 g kg−1) inclusion levels. The fish showed a high specific growth rate (SGR 1.27–1.52), and nearly doubled their body weight (BW), with final weights varying from 1009 to 1110 g. Increased levels of dietary FFSBM, independent of the soy being GM or not, significantly decreased mean values of SGR, thermal growth rate, condition factor, final BW, liver somatic index, lipid efficiency ratio, apparent digestibility coefficients (ADC) of protein and gross energy, liver lipid content and plasma cholesterol, and significantly increased ADC of starch and muscle fatty acid levels of 18:3n-3, 20:4n-6, 20:5n-3 and total n-3. Increasing dietary GM FFSBM significantly increased feed conversion ratio, and significantly decreased protein efficiency ratio, ADC of lipid and dry matter and plasma triacylglycerol (TAG) levels. Spleen somatic index was significantly larger in fish groups fed GM FFSBM compared to groups fed nGM FFSBM, which might indicate a possible immune response exerted by the GM soybeans. Mean normalized expression of heat shock protein 70 mRNA in distal intestine was significantly up-regulated while normalized expression of catalase in liver was down-regulated, in fish fed FFSBM compared to fish fed FM. In conclusion, substituting moderate to high levels of GM Round-up Ready® FFSBM in diets for Atlantic salmon and compared to the closest near-isogenic counterpart available, resulted in many effects independent of the soy being GM or not, but with the notable exceptions of enlarged spleen and lowered plasma TAG.

Effect of Decorticated Fermented Prosopis Seed Meal (Prosopis africana) on Growth Performance of Broiler Chicken

Two hundred and forty 7 days old Anak 2000 broiler chicks were used to determine the growth rate and economic of broiler fed decorticated fermented Prosopis africana seed meal (DFPSM). Five experimental diets containing 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100% DFPSM replacement levels for full fat soybean meal were fed to broiler for 8 weeks. The experiments were in a completely randomized design (CRD) with five treatments, each replicated four times with 48 birds per treatment and 12 birds per replicate. The average live weight of broiler ranged from 2500-2850g in each dietary group and were significantly (P < 0.05) affected by dietary treatment, similarly the growth rate and feed conversion ratio were also significantly affected by the dietary treatment (P < 0.05) .The study indicate that 20% inclusion of DFPSM with soybean meal could be used in a broiler diet.

Potential of Toasted Lima bean (&lt;i&gt;Phaseolus lunatus&lt;/i&gt; L) as a substitute for full fat soyabean meal in the diets for (Oreochromis niloticus) fingerlings

A 56-day feeding trial was conducted with Oreochromis niloticus to evaluate the effect of toasted lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus L) meal as a partial replacement supplement for fullfat soybean meal. Five isonitrogenous (30% crude protein) diets were formulated in which full fat soybean was substituted at the rate of 10, 20, 30 and 40% with protein from roasted lima bean. A diet containing no toasted lima bean served as control. Fish fed with test diet B had significantly (p0.05) difference among the different treatments. Fish fed test diet B (10% inclusion level) showed an overall superior growth than other experimental diets. Growth rate and nutrient utilization decreased with increase in inclusion level of toasted lima bean except the high specific growth rate (SGR) value observed in the group fed test diet D (40% inclusion level). These data indicated that up to 10% of fullfat soybean meal protein in the diets of Oreochromis niloticus fingerlings can be replaced by toasted lima beans protein. Keywords: Oreochromis niloticus; Phaseolus lunatus; isonitrogenous; specific growth rate; feed conversion ratioMoor Journal of Agricultural Research Vol. 6 (1&2) 2005 pp. 92-98

Atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar L.) parr fed genetically modified soybeans and maize: Histological, digestive, metabolic, and immunological investigations

Physiological and health related responses to dietary inclusion of genetically modified (GM) full-fat soybean meal (Roundup Ready ®; GM-soy) and maize (MON810 ® Bt-maize; GM-maize), as well as non-parental, untransformed lines (nGM-soy and nGM-maize D2), were evaluated in farmed Atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar L.) parr during the first 8 months of feeding. Significant effects of dietary GM presence were only found in intestinal Na +-dependent d-glucose uptake and SGLT1 protein level in the region pyloric caeca in which the highest values were found in the GM-soy, intermediate in the nGM-soy, and lowest in the standard FM fed groups. Data from this study confirm that GM soybeans (RRS ®) and maize (MON810 ®) at inclusion levels of about 6% appear to be as safe as commercially available nGM soy and maize in diets for Atlantic salmon parr. Results from studies with higher inclusion levels and with non-modified, isogenic or near-isogenic parental lines as control groups are pending.

Effects of Fish Meal Replacement with Full-Fat Soy Meal on Growth and Tissue Fatty Acid Composition in Atlantic Cod (Gadus morhua)

Atlantic cod of initial mean weight approximately 220 g were fed a control diet and three diets in which fish meal (FM) was replaced with increasing levels of full-fat soybean meal (FFS) supplied at 12, 24, and 36% of dry diet, for 12 weeks. There were no significant differences in final weights, but the specific growth rate (SGR) was significantly higher in fish fed the control (FFS0) diet compared to fish fed the FFS12 and FFS36 diets, and the feed conversion ratio (FCR) was significantly lower in fish fed the FFS0 diet compared to the other three treatments. The fatty acid (FA) compositions of the cod muscle and liver were highly affected by dietary treatment, and linear relationships between dietary and tissue FA concentrations were shown for some of these. Moreover, selective utilization or accumulation in the tissues of specific FA was suggested by the results.

Growth performance and feed utilization of Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus, 1758) and tilapia galilae Sarotherodon galilaeus (Linnaeus, 1758) fingerlings fed plant protein-based diets

This study was designed to determine the effect of complete substitution of fish meal (FM) by three plant protein sources including extruded soybean meal (SBM), extruded full-fat soybean (FFSB) and corn gluten meal (CGM) on growth and feed utilization of Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus and tilapia galilae Sarothrodon galilaeus. Four isonitrogenous of crude protein (ca. 28.0%) and isocaloric (ca. 19 MJ kg−1) experimental diets were formulated. The control diet (diet 1) was prepared with FM as the main protein sources. Diets 2–4, each FM control diet, were completely substituted with SBM (diet 2), FFSB (diet 3) and CGM (diet 4). l-lysine and dl-methionine were added to plant protein diets to cover the nutritional requirements of tilapia. Each treatment was allocated to three net pens and fed for 17 weeks. Nile tilapia fed the control diet showed significantly higher (P≤0.05) values for final body weight (FBW), feed intake (FI), weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR), whereas fish fed the diet with CGM achieved the lowest values. Tilapia galilae fed SBM diet recorded the highest (P≤0.05) values for growth performance. Better feed conversion ratio (FCR) for both Oreochromis niloticus and Sarothrodon galilaeus was observed when fish were fed SBM diet, whereas the worse FCR was recorded for FFSB diet. Feed utilization parameters including protein productive value (PPV), fat retention (FR) and energy retention (ER) showed significant differences (P≤0.05) for both the species fed different dietary protein sources. The present results suggest that, for Nile tilapia, both SBM and FFSB supplemented with dl-methionine and l-lysine can completely replace dietary FM. Meanwhile, S. galilaeus fed SBM diet exhibited comparable growth and feed utilization with those fish fed a fish-meal-based diet.

Histological, digestive, metabolic, hormonal and some immune factor responses in Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., fed genetically modified soybeans

The paper reports the second and final part of an experiment aiming to study physiological and health-related effects of genetically modified (GM) soybean meal (SBM) type Roundup Ready soybean (RRS) in diets for post-smolt Atlantic salmon. For 3 months salmon were fed diets containing 172 g kg(-1) full-fat SBM from RRS (GM-soy) or an unmodified, non-isogenic line (nGM-soy), or a reference diet with fishmeal as the sole protein source (FM). Slight differences in anti-nutrient levels were observed between the GM and nGM-soy. Histological changes were observed only in the distal intestine of the soy-fed fish. The incidence of moderate inflammation was higher in the GM-soy group (9 of 10 sampled fish) compared with the nGM-soy group (7 of 10). However, no differences in the concomitant decreases in activities of digestive enzymes located in the brush border (leucine aminopeptidase and maltase) and apical cytoplasm (acid phosphatase) of enterocytes or in the number of major histocompatibility complex class II+ cells, lysozyme activity, or total IgM of the distal intestine were observed. GM compared with nGM-soy fed fish had higher head kidney lysozyme (11,856 vs. 10,456 units g(-1) tissue) and a tendency towards higher acid phosphatase (0.45 vs. 0.39 micromol h(-1) kg(-1) body mass in whole tissue) activities, respectively. Plasma insulin and thyroxin levels, and hepatic fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase and ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase activities were not significantly affected. It is not possible, however, to conclude whether the differences in responses to GM-soy were due to the genetic modification or to differences in soy cultivars in the soy-containing diets. Results from studies using non-modified, parental line soybeans as the control group are necessary to evaluate whether genetic modification of soybeans in diets poses any risk to farmed Atlantic salmon.

Comparison of yttrium and chromic oxides as inert dietary markers for the estimation of apparent digestibility coefficients in mirror carp Cyprinus carpio fed on diets containing soybean-, maize- and fish-derived proteins

The apparent digestibility coefficients (ADC) of protein, lipid and energy components within three selected plant protein by-products, i.e. solvent-extract soybean meal, full-fat soybean meal and maize gluten meal were evaluated for mirror carp (Cyprinus carpio L.). In a series of feeding and digestibility experiments, the ingredients were incorporated at the rate of 50% within a basal diet formulation, at the expense of a high quality fish-meal (LT94) source using both yttrium oxide, Y2O3 and chromic oxide, Cr2O3 as inert markers in test diets. The ADC of nutrients obtained from Cr2O3 closely matched those obtained from Y2O3. The ADC of protein were generally high, with >91% for both the fish-meal reference diet and solvent-extract soybean meal, 86% for full-fat soybean meal and 79% for maize gluten meal. The ADC by yttrium oxide gave values of 75–90% for protein. Similarly close values were obtained for both markers with respect to lipid ADC (77–91% with chromic oxide and 74–89% with yttrium oxide). It was concluded that the use of Y2O3 as an inert marker in digestibility studies with carp ought to be suitable for carp following further validation. This should be considered in view of predicting the digestibility of feeds for this fish species before inclusion in practical diets.

Growth, feed efficiency, digestibility and nutrient distribution in Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) fed two different fish meal qualities at three dietary levels of vegetable protein sources

Atlantic cod were fed six diets where the ratio of protein from fish meal to vegetable protein were varied from 91%, 67% to 46%, respectively. The experimental groups were performed in triplicate in a 20 week growth trial, increasing fish weight from about 167 g to 690 g. The vegetable protein sources constituted full-fat soybean meal and corn gluten meal at a fixed ratio of 1:2, and replaced either a high quality fish meal (DC Mink 92.3%) or a lower quality fish meal (DC Mink 85.6%) in the diet. All diets were extruded and balanced to be equal in gross energy, crude protein, lipid, carbohydrate, lysine and phosphorus. No difference in growth (SGR 1%) was observed comparing the two fish meal qualities. However, feed intake was significantly higher (9%) and feed efficiency lower (10%) for lower quality fish meal compared to high quality fish meal. Protein and amino acid digestibility was significantly reduced in the lower quality fish meal, while unaffected by vegetable protein inclusion for both fish meal qualities. Protein utilization as measured by protein efficiency ratio and net protein value was not affected by fish meal inclusion, except in the diet using lower quality fish meal and high vegetable protein inclusion. Lipid and energy digestibility was significantly reduced by vegetable protein inclusion for both fish meals. The lower fish meal quality increased lipid deposition in the liver and affected slaughter quality of cod by increasing HSI and dressing out percentage at low and intermediate substitution levels. Muscle composition showed small dietary changes except for arginine, while liver fatty acid composition clearly reflected fatty acid profile of full-fat soya in the diets. Corn gluten meal and full-fat soybean meal (2:1) can replace approximately 50% of dietary protein without affecting feed intake, growth, protein digestibility or slaughter quality of cod when exchanging high quality fish meal. For the lower quality fish meal diets some lower inclusion of vegetable protein sources seem to be acceptable.

Inclusion of size fractionated fish hydrolysate in high plant protein diets for Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua

Fish hydrolysate was evaluated as feed ingredient in high plant protein diets in an 89 days feed experiment with Atlantic cod ( Gadus morhua). The fish hydrolysate was size fractionated by ultra- and nano-filtration and the various fractions were tested specifically as feed ingredients to trace any effect observed with the hydrolysate. All diets contained 68% of total protein as plant protein, added as a mixture of corn gluten, full-fat soy bean meal, soy protein concentrate and extracted soy bean meal. The diets were equal in protein, lipid and energy. The control diet contained 21.8% fish meal. Fish hydrolysate was tested in another diet where one third of the fish meal protein was exchanged with the fish hydrolysate. Retentate after ultra-filtration of fish hydrolysate and retentate and permeate after nano-filtration were used in three separate diets at dietary inclusion levels corresponding to the absolute dry matter level of the fractions in the hydrolysate. The cod tripled in weight during the experimental period. No significant differences were observed for growth or feed intake for any groups. The diets containing retentate from ultra- and nano-filtration showed lower feed efficiency than the control diet with fish meal or the diet containing fish hydrolysate or permeate after nano-filtration. In conclusion the results show that fish hydrolysate may successfully be used as a protein source in high plant protein diets for Atlantic cod in exchange of fish meal. Removal of small molecules from the fish hydrolysate by filtration reveals poorer feed utilization indicating that this marine fraction of small compounds is important for optimal growth of Atlantic cod. This may be important in the discussion of increased dietary utilization of plant protein sources in feed for fish.

Bacillus firmus NA-1 균주와 Bacillus subtilis G7-D 균주를 이용한 발효비지의 기능성

일본 청국장에서 분리된 Bacillus firmus NA-1과 재래청국장에서 분리한 Bacillus subtilis GT-D를 이용하여 전지활성 생 대두미세분말(MFS) 첨가 및 발효시간에 따른 비지 발효물의 혈전용해효소, 가수분해효소, 점질물, 펩타이드 생산 및 풍미개선 효과를 알아보았다. 84%의 수분함량을 포함하는 비지에 대두미세분말을 10, 15, 20% 첨가함으로써 78, 74, 70%로 수분함량을 감소시킬 수 있으며, 발효시간이 경과할수록 tyrosine함량이 증가하였으며, B. firmus NA-1 균주보다는 B. subtilis GT-D 균주를 사용하는 경우에 높은 값을 보였다. 발효비지의 점조도는 B. firmus NA-1 균주를 이용한 발효물이 높은 값을 보였으며, 두 균주 모두 MFS 20%를 첨가한 후 26시간 발효한 발효물에서 2.18, 0.35 ㎩ㆍsⁿ로 가장 높은 점조도 값을 나타내었다. 혈전용해효소 역시 B. firmus NA-1 균주를 이용한 비지청국장에서 10%이상의 높은 활성을 보였으며, 발효 22시간까지 증가하다가 26시간부터는 큰 변화가 없거나 감소하는 경향을 보였다. 따라서 20%의 MFS를 첨가한 후 42℃에서 22시간 동안 발효하는 것이 발효취 생성을 최소화하는 조건이라 사료되었다. 비지청국장의 동결건조는 청국장 냄새 및 수분함량을 6%수준으로 줄일 수 있었으며, 혈전용해효소의 활성을 포함하였다. B. firmus NA-1 균주를 이용한 시료에서는 615 unit/g의 가장 높은 protease의 활성을 보였으며, B. subtilis GT-D 균주를 이용한 시료에서는 1903 ㎎%의 tyrosine 함량 및 180 unit/g의 α-amylase의 활성을 나타내었다.

A New Process for Preparation of Soybean Protein Concentrate with Hexane-Aqueous Ethanol Mixed Solvents

A new process for the preparation of soybean protein concentrate (SPC) by directly extracting full-fat soy flour with a mixture of hexane and aqueous ethanol was established. Compared with conventional methods, it has some advantages, such as saving energy and reducing protein denaturation caused by heat action during solvent recovery, because this process saves one step of solvent recovery. The effects of aqueous ethanol concentration and the mixure ratio (hexane to ethanol) on the degree of protein denaturation and product quality were investigated, on the basis of which the orthogonal tests were performed. The optimum technical parameters were obtained by analyzing the results of the orthogonal tests with statistical methods. We found that SPC can be obtained by extracting full-fat soy flour under the following conditions: mixture ratio hexane: 90% ethanol, 9:1, v/v; extraction temperature, 45 degrees C; ratio of solid to solvents, (1:2 w/v); and 5 repeated extractions (15 min each time). The results of quality analysis showed that solubility of the product was improved significantly [nitrogen solubility index (NSI) 46.6%] compared with that for ethanol washing of protein concentrate (NSI 8.7%).

An examination of the intestinal tract of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., parr fed different varieties of soy and maize

This study was conducted to investigate the long-term effects of feeding plant products from both traditional breeding and from biotechnology on intestinal somatic indices, histology and cell proliferation in first-feeding Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L. (initial weight 0.21 +/- 0.02 g). A standard fishmeal diet (standard fishmeal) was formulated to contain fishmeal as the sole protein source and suprex maize as the main starch source. Six experimental diets were then developed: two in which some of the fishmeal was replaced with commercially available, genetically modified Roundup Ready full-fat soybean meal (GM-soy) or commercially available, non-GM full-fat soybean meal (nGM-soy) at a level of 12.5% of the total diet, and four diets in which the suprex maize was replaced with two lines of GM-maize (Dekalb 1; D1 and Pioneer 1; P1), both products of event MON810, and their half-sibling non-GM counterparts (Dekalb 2; D2 and Pioneer 2; P2), at a level of 12.1% of total diet. Each diet was fed to fish in triplicate tanks and the experiment lasted for 8 months, during which the fish reached a final weight of 101-116 g. There was no significant effect of diet on the intestinal indices, nor were histological changes observed in the pyloric caeca or mid intestine. In the distal intestine, one of nine sampled fish fed nGM-soy showed moderate changes, two of nine sampled fish fed GM-soy showed changes, one with moderate and one with severe changes, and two of nine fish fed nGM-maize D2 had moderate changes. Using a monoclonal antibody against proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), cell proliferative responses to the experimental diets were assessed. In fish fed both soy diets, a significantly higher (P < 0.05) cell proliferation response was observed in the distal intestine concomitant with an increased localization of PCNA positive cells along the whole distal intestinal folds. The PCNA response among the nGM-soy group was significantly higher compared with all the other diet groups. In contrast, for fish exposed to dietary maize (type D) compared with fish fed the standard fishmeal, the soy-diets (GM-soy and nGM-soy) and maize (type P), a significantly lower (P < 0.05) cell proliferation response was observed in the distal intestine. Results indicated that the GM plant products investigated in this study, at about 12% inclusion level, were as safe as commercially available non-GM products, at least in terms of their effect on indices and histological parameters of the Atlantic salmon intestinal tract.

Coeficientes de digestibilidade aparente da energia e nutrientes do farelo de soja integral sem e com fitase para a tilápia do Nilo (Oreochromis niloticus)

This work was carried out to determine the apparent digestibility coefficients (ADC) of energy and nutrients in supplemented (1000 phytase unit/kg of diet) and non supplemented full-fat soybean meal by Nile tilapia (110.3 ± 20 g). Fish were fed on pelletized diet to apparent satiation. A reference diet with 26.76% crude protein and 3400 kcal digestible energy/kg were utilized. To formulate the test diet, the full-fat soybean meal replaced 30% of the reference diet. Chromic oxide was utilized as an inert indicator. Faeces were collected by modified Guelph system. The ADC of dry matter, gross energy, crude protein, ether extract and total phosphorus were, respectively, 67.64, 73.34, 92.49, 96.12 e 26.14% and 65.96; 75.33; 93.28; 95.73 and 58.82% for full-fat soybean meal without and with phytase supplementation. Results show that full-fat soybean meal is effectively utilized by the Nile tilapia and phytase supplementation improves the availability of total phosphorus

The Possibilities of Using High Oil-Sunflower Meal and Enzyme Mixture in Layer Diets

Two experiments were conducted using commercial layers to test the nutritive value of high oil- sunflower meal (HO-SFM) and the efficiency of an enzyme preparation with xylanase, β-glucanase and pectinase activities (Grindazym GP 5000, Danisco Ingredients, Denmark). In the 1 trial, 256 White Hy-Line st layers of 37 wk of age were placed in California type cages. Dietary treatments consisted of 0%, 15%, 20% FE-SFM and 20% FE-SFM+Grindazym GP 5000 (1 g/kg feed) at the expense of full fat soybean and soybean meal. Diets were randomly assigned to each of 4 replicates (4 consecutive cages of 4 layers in each) so as to give each diet to 64 birds according to a completely randomized design. Diets and water were provided to layers ad libitum. Egg production (EP) was recorded daily, and egg weight (EW) and feed intake (FI) on a biweekly base. The second trial was carried out on a commercial layer farm and dietary treatments the same as in the 1 trial were fed to 1477, 1477, 1458 and 1482 layers respectively. Each of the dietary st