Full-fat Rice Bran Research Articles

Gestating sows have greater digestibility of energy in full fat rice bran and defatted rice bran than growing gilts regardless of level of feed intake.

The first objective of this experiment was to test the hypothesis that apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of GE and nutrients in full fat rice bran (FFRB) and defatted rice bran (DFRB) determined in gestating sows is greater if feed is provided at 1.5 × the ME required for maintenance than at 3.5 × the ME requirement. The second objective was to test the hypothesis that the ATTD of GE and nutrients and the concentrations of DE and ME in FFRB and DFRB is not different between growing gilts and gestating sows if both groups of animals are fed 3.5 × the maintenance requirement for ME. Forty eight gestating sows (parity 2 to 6) were allotted to 3 diets and 2 levels of feed intake (i.e., 1.5 or 3.5 × the maintenance requirement for ME) in a randomized complete block design, with 4 blocks of 12 sows and 2 replicate sows per block for a total of 8 replicate sows per diet. Twenty four growing gilts (51.53 ± 3.1 kg BW) were randomly allotted to the same 3 diets, but all gilts were fed at 3.5 × the maintenance requirement for ME. A basal diet containing corn and soybean meal and 2 diets that consisted of 60% basal diet and 40% FFRB or DFRB were used. Results of the experiment indicated that there were no effects of level of feed intake of sows on ATTD of GE, DM, OM, or NDF, or on concentrations of DE and ME. However, concentrations of DE and ME were greater ( < 0.05) in FFRB than in DFRB regardless of feed intake level. The ATTD of GE, OM, DM, and NDF of diets containing FFRB or DFRB was less ( < 0.05) than in the basal diet, regardless of the physiological stage of the animals. However, the ATTD of GE, OM, and NDF of the basal diet and diets containing FFRB or DRFB was greater ( < 0.05) in gestating sows than in growing gilts. Concentrations of DE and ME in the diets were also greater ( < 0.05) if determined in gestating sows than in growing gilts. The ATTD of GE and the concentrations of DE and ME of FFRB were greater ( < 0.05) than in DFRB and these values were also greater ( < 0.05) in gestating sows than in growing gilts. In conclusion, the level of feed intake by gestating sows did not affect the digestibility of GE and nutrients or the concentrations of DE and ME in diets or in FFRB or DFRB, but the ATTD of GE and the concentration of DE and ME in diets and in FFRB and DFRB were greater in gestating sows than in growing gilts.

Properties of Full Fat Rice Bran and Yoghurt Fortified with it

Properties of Full Fat Rice Bran and Yoghurt Fortified with it

165 Effects of feeding level and physiological stage on digestibility of gross energy and nutrients and concentration of digestible and metabolizable energy in full fat rice bran and defatted rice bran fed to gestating sows and growing gilts

165 Effects of feeding level and physiological stage on digestibility of gross energy and nutrients and concentration of digestible and metabolizable energy in full fat rice bran and defatted rice bran fed to gestating sows and growing gilts

Effect of phytase on true total tract digestibility of phosphorus in full-fat rice bran determined in pigs by regression method

The goal of this study was to determine the effect of phytase on true total tract digestibility of phosphorus (TTDP) and endogenous losses of phosphorus (ELP) of full-fat rice bran (FFRB) by simple linear regression. Twelve castrated pigs in the growing phase with an average live weight of 57.00 ± 2.50 kg were used. The experiment lasted 36 days, divided into three periods of 12 days each. The experimental design consisted of randomized blocks in a 2 × 3 factorial scheme, with two levels of fungal phytase (0 and 750 FTU $\mathbb{kg}^-1$ ) and three levels of phosphorus (P) coming from FFRB (5%, 10%, and 20%), totaling six treatments with six replicates. The P coming from FFRB recovered in feces was influenced by phytase (P < 0.008) and by the amount of ingested FFRB (P < 0.001). The average value of ELP was 524 mg/kg dry matter intake (DMI). The TTDP of FFRB was increased by 20 percentage points due to phytase addition. In conclusion, the ELP represented 524 mg/kg DMI on average. The addition of 750 FTU of phytase increased the TTDP of FFRB, which was 32.60% and 52.60% without and with phytase, respectively.

Gestating sows have greater digestibility of energy in full fat rice bran and defatted rice bran than growing gilts regardless of level of feed intake

Gestating sows have greater digestibility of energy in full fat rice bran and defatted rice bran than growing gilts regardless of level of feed intake

Effects of full fat or defatted rice bran on growth performance and blood characteristics of weanling pigs.

The objective of this experiment was to determine the effect of increased concentrations of full fat rice bran (FFRB) or defatted rice bran (DFRB) in diets without or with supplementation of an exogenous xylanase on growth performance and blood characteristics in weanling pigs. A total of 532 pigs (9.3 ± 0.5 kg initial BW) were allotted to 14 diets in 4 blocks and 8 replicate pens per diet in a randomized complete block design. There were 4 or 5 pigs per pen. A basal diet containing corn, soybean meal, and whey powder and 6 diets containing corn, soybean meal, whey powder, and 10, 20, or 30% FFRB or 10, 20, or 30% DFRB were used. Seven additional diets that were similar to the initial 7 diets with the exception that they also contained 16,000 units/kg of microbial xylanase were also formulated. On the last day of the 23-d experiment, 2 blood samples were collected from 1 pig in each pen. Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), IgA, and peptide YY (PYY) were measured in plasma samples and blood urea nitrogen (BUN), total protein, and albumin were measured in serum samples. Initial and final BW were not affected by the inclusion level of FFRB or DFRB or by the addition of xylanase. The ADFI linearly decreased ( < 0.05) as inclusion of FFRB increased in diets and there was a tendency ( = 0.08) for reduced ADFI as DFRB was increased in the diets. Pigs fed diets containing DFRB had greater ADFI ( < 0.05) than pigs fed diets containing FFRB. The ADG increased and then decreased (quadratic, < 0.05) with increasing level of FFRB or DFRB in the diets. The G:F linearly and quadratically increased ( < 0.05) as the inclusion of FFRB increased, and the G:F was greater ( < 0.05) in pigs fed diets containing FFRB than in pigs fed diets containing DFRB. The concentration of BUN linearly decreased ( < 0.05) when pigs were fed diets containing increasing levels of FFRB or DFRB. There was a tendency for the concentrations of TNF-α and PYY to linearly decrease ( = 0.09 and = 0.075, respectively) as the inclusion of FFRB increased in the diet. In conclusion, ADG of weanling pigs was not affected by at least 20% FFRB or DFRB and inclusion of 30% DFRB had no effect on the G:F whereas 30% FFRB increased the G:F. However, microbial xylanase did not influence growth performance under the conditions of this experiment and there was minimal influence of rice coproducts or xylanase on blood characteristics.

Effects of full-fat rice bran inclusion in diets on growth performance and meat quality of Sichuan goose

This trial was conducted to study the effect of full-fat rice bran inclusion in diets on growth performance, carcass and meat quality and fatty acid composition in Sichuan goose.A total of 204 Sichuan white male geese (28-d-old, 984 ± 15 g) were used in the 42-d assay. Full-fat rice bran inclusion in diets was 0%, 6%, 12% and 18%, respectively.On d 70, two geese from each pen were randomly selected and killed for measuring the carcass and meat quality and the meat fatty acid composition.The results showed that full-fat rice bran inclusion had no effect on average daily gain during 28–56 d, but rice bran inclusion at 18% increased average daily gain during 57–70 d. In addition, the full-fat rice bran supplementation decreased the subcutaneous fat yield, and the inclusion of full-fat rice bran in amounts of 12% and 18% decreased the half-eviscerated carcass yield, eviscerated carcass yield and crude fat content in goose meat. Moreover, full-fat rice bran supplementation had no effect on the content of total saturated fatty acid (SFA), but decreased the content of total monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA). The inclusion of full-fat rice bran in amounts of 12–18% increased the content of total polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) and total n-6 in goose meat and in the amount of 18% increased n-3 fatty acids content in goose meat.The results indicated that the rice bran inclusion had a positive effect in geese by stimulating growth performance and improving meat quality and fatty acid composition of goose meat.

Effects of microbial xylanase on digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, neutral detergent fiber, and energy and the concentrations of digestible and metabolizable energy in rice coproducts fed to weanling pigs.

The objective of this experiment was to test the hypothesis that the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of DM, OM, fiber, and GE by weanling pigs and the concentration of DE and ME in full-fat rice bran (FFRB), defatted rice bran (DFRB), brown rice, and broken rice is improved if microbial xylanase is added to the diet. Eighty pigs (13.6 ± 0.8 kg initial BW) were allotted to 10 diets with 8 replicate pigs per diet in a randomized complete block design with 2 blocks of 40 pigs. A basal diet based on corn and soybean meal and 4 diets containing corn, soybean meal, and each of the 4 rice coproducts were formulated. The rice coproducts and corn and soybean meal were the only sources of energy in the diets. Five additional diets that were similar to the initial 5 diets with the exception that they also contained 16,000 units of xylanase (Econase XT-25; AB Vista, Marlborough, UK) were also formulated. All diets also contained 1,500 units of microbial phytase (Quantum Blue 5G; AB Vista). The DE and ME and the ATTD of DM, OM, fiber, and GE in diets and ingredients were calculated using the direct method and the difference method, respectively. Results indicated that the concentrations of DE and ME (DM basis) in FFRB and DFRB increased ( < 0.05) if xylanase was used. Broken rice had a greater ( < 0.05) concentration of DE and ME than FFRB and DFRB if no xylanase was added to the diets, but if xylanase was used, no differences in ME among FFRB, brown rice, and broken rice were observed. The ATTD of DM was greater ( < 0.05) in ingredients with xylanase than in ingredients without xylanase and there was a tendency ( = 0.067) for the ATTD of OM to be greater if xylanase was used. The ATTD of NDF in FFRB was greater ( < 0.05) when xylanase was added than if no xylanase was used, whereas the ATTD of NDF in DFRB was not affected by the addition of xylanase. In conclusion, if no xylanase was used, broken rice and brown rice have greater concentrations of DE and ME than FFRB and DFRB, and these values were not increased by microbial xylanase. However, xylanase increased the concentration of DE and ME (DM basis) in FFRB and DFRB.

Nutritional value of high fiber co-products from the copra, palm kernel, and rice industries in diets fed to pigs.

High fiber co-products from the copra and palm kernel industries are by-products of the production of coconut oil and palm kernel oil. The co-products include copra meal, copra expellers, palm kernel meal, and palm kernel expellers. All 4 ingredients are very high in fiber and the energy value is relatively low when fed to pigs. The protein concentration is between 14 and 22 % and the protein has a low biological value and a very high Arg:Lys ratio. Digestibility of most amino acids is less than in soybean meal but close to that in corn. However, the digestibility of Lys is sometimes low due to Maillard reactions that are initiated due to overheating during drying. Copra and palm kernel ingredients contain 0.5 to 0.6 % P. Most of the P in palm kernel meal and palm kernel expellers is bound to phytate, but in copra products less than one third of the P is bound to phytate. The digestibility of P is, therefore, greater in copra meal and copra expellers than in palm kernel ingredients. Inclusion of copra meal should be less than 15 % in diets fed to weanling pigs and less than 25 % in diets for growing-finishing pigs. Palm kernel meal may be included by 15 % in diets for weanling pigs and 25 % in diets for growing and finishing pigs.Rice bran contains the pericarp and aleurone layers of brown rice that is removed before polished rice is produced. Rice bran contains approximately 25 % neutral detergent fiber and 25 to 30 % starch. Rice bran has a greater concentration of P than most other plant ingredients, but 75 to 90 % of the P is bound in phytate. Inclusion of microbial phytase in the diets is, therefore, necessary if rice bran is used. Rice bran may contain 15 to 24 % fat, but it may also have been defatted in which case the fat concentration is less than 5 %. Concentrations of digestible energy (DE) and metabolizable energy (ME) are slightly less in full fat rice bran than in corn, but defatted rice bran contains less than 75 % of the DE and ME in corn. The concentration of crude protein is 15 to 18 % in rice bran and the protein has a high biological value and most amino acids are well digested by pigs. Inclusion of rice bran in diets fed to pigs has yielded variable results and based on current research it is recommended that inclusion levels are less than 25 to 30 % in diets for growing-finishing pigs, and less than 20 % in diets for weanling pigs. However, there is a need for additional research to determine the inclusion rates that may be used for both full fat and defatted rice bran.

Effects of microbial phytase on the apparent and standardized total tract digestibility of phosphorus in rice coproducts fed to growing pigs.

The objectives of this experiment were to determine the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) and the standardized total tract digestibility (STTD) of P and the effect of microbial phytase on ATTD and STTD of P in full-fat rice bran (FFRB), defatted rice bran (DFRB), brown rice, broken rice, and rice mill feed when fed to pigs. Ninety-six barrows (initial BW of 19.4 ± 1.4 kg) were allotted to 12 diets with 8 replicate pigs per diet in a randomized complete block design. A basal diet based on corn and soybean meal was formulated. Five additional diets containing corn, soybean meal, and each rice coproduct were also formulated, and the ratio between corn and soybean meal in these diets was similar to that in the basal diet. Six additional diets that were similar to the initial 6 diets with the exception that 1,000 units of microbial phytase were added to the diets were also formulated. The ATTD and STTD of P were calculated for each diet using the direct procedure, and the ATTD and STTD of P in each rice coproduct were calculated using the difference procedure. Results of the experiment indicated that the concentration of P in feces was reduced (P < 0.05) from pigs fed diets with microbial phytase compared with pigs fed diets without phytase. No differences were observed between the basal diet and the broken rice diet, but the ATTD and the STTD of P in those diets was greater (P < 0.05) than in all other diets both without and with phytase. Among the rice coproducts, the greatest (P < 0.05) ATTD and STTD of P were observed for broken rice regardless of inclusion of phytase. If no microbial phytase was used, the values for STTD of P in brown rice, FFRB, DFRB, and rice mill feed were not different, but if microbial phytase was included in the diet, ATTD and STTD of P in brown rice was greater (P < 0.05) than in FFRB, DFRB, and rice mill feed. The STTD of P in brown rice, FFRB, and rice mill feed was greater (P < 0.05) if microbial phytase was used than if no microbial phytase was used. Addition of microbial phytase to the diets also increased (P < 0.05) the ATTD of Ca regardless of the rice coproducts used. In conclusion, the STTD of P is greater in broken rice than in all other rice coproducts. The STTD of P in brown rice, FFRB, DFRB, and rice mill feed is relatively low due to the high concentration of phytate in these ingredients, but addition of microbial phytase will increase the STTD of P in most rice coproducts.

Effects of feruloyl esterase, non-starch polysaccharide degrading enzymes, phytase, and their combinations on in vitro degradation of rice bran and nutrient digestibility of rice bran based diets in adult cockerels

The objective of this research was to evaluate the feasibility of improving the nutritive value of rice bran used as poultry feed ingredient by the combination of feruloyl esterase (FAE), non-starch polysaccharide degrading enzyme cocktail (non-starch polysaccharide enzyme containing xylanase, cellulase, and β-galactosidase, NSPase), and phytase. After analyzing the phenolic acid profile of defatted rice bran (DFRB), an in vitro degradation experiment, and an in vivo metabolism assay were conducted. The effects of FAE, NSPase, and phytase were assessed in a 2×2×2 factorial in vitro experiment using DFRB as substrate. Feruloyl esterase, NSPase, and their combination increased the release of ferulic acid from DFRB (P<0.001). Non-starch polysaccharide degrading enzyme cocktail increased reducing sugar production (P<0.001). Phytase addition increased the dry matter disappearance (P<0.001), but resulted in a reduction in the levels of ferulic acid and reducing sugar released when combined with FAE and NSPase, respectively. In in vivo experiment, 40 adult cockerels (BW=2.2±0.1kg) were randomly divided into 5 treatments with 8 individual cockerels per treatment. Cockerels in 1 treatment were force-fed 1 of full-fat rice bran based diets [without enzyme supplementation (RB), with NSPase (RBN), NSPase+FAE (RBNF), NSPase+phytase (RBNP), or NSPase+FAE+phytase (RBNFP) addition, respectively]. Enzyme additions improved the nutrient digestibility of rice bran. The greatest enhancements in digestibility coefficients of dry matter (P=0.036), gross energy (P<0.001), ether extract (P<0.001), and neutral detergent fiber (P=0.01) were found in the RBNF and RBNFP diets. The apparent metabolizable energy of full-fat rice bran based diets increased from 12.05 (RB diet) to 13.05 (RBNF diet), and, then, to 13.13MJ/kg (RBNFP diet). In conclusion, combining FAE with NSPase and phytase improved both in vitro dry matter degradation and ferulic acid release, and in vivo nutrient digestibility of rice bran based diets. It showed a high potential in improving the use of rice bran as poultry feed.

Amino acid digestibility in rice co-products fed to growing pigs

The global production of paddy rice exceeds 700 million tons per year. The primary objective of rice production is to produce polished white rice for human consumption, but in this process, several co-products that may be fed to livestock are also generated. The objective of this experiment was to determine the coefficient of ileal apparent digestibility (CIAD) and the coefficient of ileal standardized digestibility (CISD) of crude protein (CP) and amino acids (AA) in 2 sources of full fat rice bran (FFRB), 1 source of defatted rice bran (DFRB), and in broken rice when fed to growing pigs. Seven finishing pigs with an average initial body weight of 70.1 ± 6.3 kg were used. Pigs were surgically fitted with a T-cannula in the distal ileum. Animals were allotted to a 7 × 7 Latin square design with 7 diets and 7 periods. Seven diets were prepared, but 1 diet was unrelated to this experiment; therefore only 6 diets were used in this experiment. One diet was based on bakery meal, and 1 diet was based on broken rice. Three additional diets were formulated by mixing bakery meal and each of the 2 sources of FFRB (FFRB-1 and FFRB-2) or DFRB. The last diet was an N-free that was used to estimate the basal ileal endogenous losses of CP and AA. The CIAD of CP and AA in bakery meal and broken rice was calculated using the direct procedure, but the CIAD of CP and AA in both sources of FFRB and in DFRB was calculated using the difference procedure. The CIAD and CISD of CP and AA in broken rice were greater (P < 0.05) than the CIAD and CISD of CP and AA in all other ingredients. The CIAD of the average of indispensable AA was greater (P < 0.05) for broken rice and less (P < 0.05) for DFRB, than for the 2 sources of FFRB. The CISD for the average of indispensable AA in broken rice (0.949) was greater than in FFRB-1 (0.862), FFRB-2 (0.850), and DFRB (0.817), but there were no differences between the 2 sources of FFRB, and the average CISD of indispensable AA in DFRB was less (P < 0.05) than in the other ingredients. The concentrations of CISD CP and indispensable AA in DFRB were greater (P < 0.05) than in all other ingredients. In conclusion, the CIAD and CISD of CP and AA in broken rice was greater than in FFRB and DFRB, but the greater concentration of CP and AA in FFRB and DFRB result in greater concentrations of CISD CP and AA in FFRB and DFRB than in broken rice.

EFFECTS OF STABILIZED (RICE BRAN , DEFATTED RICE BRAN AND RICE BRAN OIL) ON SERUM LIPID PARAMETERS AND BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVELS IN RATS

This study was performed to investigate the effect of feeding with stabilized (full-fat rice bran ( FFRB) , Defatted rice bran ( DFRB) and rice bran oil ( RBO ) ) on growth, serum lipid parameters and blood glucose levels of rats . Results showed that, ( DFRB ) contain protein content, ash, fiber and carbohydrates significantly higher than that of ( FFRB ) on contrast they contain significantly lower lipids. ( RBO) has a higher proportion of saturated fatty acids (SFA) especially palmitic acid (16:0), and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) than corn oil. But, corn oil was relatively high in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) especially linoleic acid (18: 2) than (RBO). Furthermore, ( RBO) contained relatively higher concentration of compesterol, stigmasterol, b-sitoisterol, cycloartanol, cycloartenol 24-Methylenecy cloartanol and oryzanol compared to the corn oil. The highest gain in body weight was observed in rats fed on diets containing( RBO) followed by control and ( FFRB ), In addition, no significant difference with the organ weights among all of the tested groups. The serum total cholesterol level and triglyceride of rats that maintained on full-fat rice bran diet was significantly lower than those fed on different diet , while Lowest glucose was observed in rats fed on defatted rice bran. non-significant variations for HDL-cholesterol among the experimental diets as compared to control. It is apparent from the results that ALT (Alanine amino transferase) and AST (Aspartate amino transferase) activities were slightly reduced with full-fat rice bran, defatted rice bran and rice bran oil as compared to normal basal diet. Finally, it can be concluded that, usingstabilization ( FFRB ), ( DFRB) and ( RBO ) had the pronounced effects for lowering serum lipid cholesterol and blood glucose levels in experimental rats.

Determination of Adequate Method for Protein Extraction from Rice Bran and the Substitution of Dried Skim Milk with Protein Concentrate from Rice Bran in Early Weaned Pigs

The present study was conducted to determine a feasible method of protein concentrate extraction from rice bran (RBPC) and its effect as a substitution for skim milk in early weaning pig diets. An investigation to extract protein concentrate from full fat rice bran was undertaken to determine the best ratio of water and rice bran, the amount of NaOH and a HCl solvent to use in a simple paddle-type mixer with modified spinning to produce RBPC. The results stated that the best ratio for water mixing in the RBPC extraction process was 1:5 with 20 g NaOH and 30 min in a paddle-type mixer at 300 rpm. A mix of 250 ml 0.2 N HCl was optimum for neutralization and protein precipitation. After the fluid was spun out with a washing machine, the sediment was left for 12-14 hours to complete the filtration. One kilogram of rice bran could produce an average of 324.5 gram RBPC and it contained 3.40% ash, 496.48 kcal of GE/100 gram, 1.94% crude fiber, 28.20% ether extract, 7.64% moisture and 16.66% crude protein, respectively. A total of 45 crossbred piglets, weaned at 3 weeks of age were allotted into control diet (A) and dietary treatments formulated with a four different rates of RBPC substitution for skim milk at a percentage of 25 (B), 50 (C), 77 (D) and 100 (E) respectively, in a randomized complete block (RCB) design. All piglets had free access to feed and water until 8 week of age when the experiment ended. Feed intake, average daily gain, growth rate and feed efficiency were not affected by dietary treatments. Blood test parameters after completion of the growth trial indicated normal health. Even though the mean of cell hemoglobin concentration was significantly different between treatments (p<0.05) it was still within the normal range. The cost difference for BW gain of 100% RBPC substituted for skim milk in the weaning diet was approximately 35% lower than that of the control and the relative cost of production was 96.67, 92.85, 70.75 and 64.48% lower for the replacement of 25, 50, 75 and 100% of skim milk respectively. These results implied that this technology is feasible for use by

Substrates Influence Stimulatory Effect of Mevalonic Acid on Carotenoid Production in Red Yeasts

ABSTRACTStimulation of carotenogenesis in carotenoid producing red yeasts, algae, or bacteria for enhanced carotenoid production has been achieved by mevalonic acid addition. Recently, carotenoid‐enriched feed was produced by Phaffia rhodozyma fermentation of inexpensive animal feeds. Because mevalonate improves carotenoid yield in P. rhodozyma in synthetic medium, this study tested whether a similar enhancement was possible in biobased substrates. Four concentrations, 0, 0.02, 0.04, and 0.1% of mevalonate as a precursor of P. rhodozyma production of astaxanthin and β‐carotene were evaluated in five substrates: defatted rice bran, full fat rice bran, wheat bran, corn whole stillage, and synthetic media. Additionally, four concentrations, 0, 0.05, 0.1, and 0.5% of apple pomace and tomato pomace were also evaluated as precursors of carotenogenesis in P. rhodozyma fermentation of corn whole stillage and rice bran. Mevalonic acid, tomato pomace, and apple pomace enhanced carotenoid yields in all substrates in that order. However, the optimal concentration of precursor and the percent increase of carotenoid yield in each substrate were variable, potentially indicating substrate influence on carotenoid stimulation. Among animal feed substrates, mevalonic acid in corn whole stillage resulted in the best astaxanthin yield of 220 μg/g and β‐carotene of 904 μg/g. Tomato pomace resulted in 29% astaxanthin and β‐carotene enhancement in corn whole stillage, and apple pomace increased β‐carotene production by 26% in whole stillage. The use of expensive mevalonate is offset by the inexpensive process of producing carotenoid‐enriched DDGS. Optimization of tomato or apple pomace addition may further enhance the carotenoid yields.

Evaluation of apparent digestibility coefficient of energy of various vegetable feed ingredients in Florida pompano, Trachinotus carolinus

The apparent digestibility coefficient (ADC) of energy of various vegetable feed ingredients with relatively high levels of carbohydrate was determined for Florida pompano, Trachinotus carolinus. A practical fish meal and soybean meal based reference diet was formulated to contain 54% protein, 11% lipid, and 1% chromic oxide. Using the 70:30 replacement strategy seven test diets were produced that included corn grain, sorghum grain, whole wheat flour, wheat bran, wheat middlings, full fat rice bran, and defatted rice bran. Each of the diets were offered to juvenile pompano (111.6 g mean weight) maintained in a recirculation system. After one week of conditioning to the diets, fecal samples were obtained by manually stripping the fish. Chromium content and gross energy of the diets and fecal samples was then determined and digestibility coefficients calculated. The ADC of energy of the evaluated feedstuffs showed a wide variation, ranging from 8.2% for wheat middlings, to 55.4% for whole wheat flour. Knowing the contribution of common vegetable feed ingredients to the digestible energy content of production diets is critical to achieve cost-effective formulations that may lead to a reduction in the overall feeding cost of Florida pompano production, providing useful information to improve feed formulations for this species.

Assessment of methods for the determination of digestibilities of feed ingredients for Tra catfish, Pangasinodon hypothalamus

In this study, we undertook a series of experiments to assess different faecal-collection methods and also the digestibilities of a range of feed ingredients when fed to Tra catfish (Pangasinodon hypothalamus). Apparent digestibility coefficients for dry matter, energy and nitrogen for a reference diet were also determined from faeces collected by way of settlement at 2-h intervals from 2 to 24 h. No significant effect of sample collection time on the digestibility values was observed. Stripping was attempted, but was not considered a suitable method for collecting digesta from Tra catfish. Dissection collection was also evaluated. Values determined from dissection collection were lower than those from using settlement. In a second experiment, a suite of test ingredients was combined with a reference diet component in a 30 : 70 ratio to determine the ingredients for dry matter, energy and nitrogen digestibilities. Ingredients included were trash-fish, defatted rice bran, wet full-fat rice bran, dried full-fat rice bran, broken rice, cassava, soybean and fish meals. Collection of faeces by settlement was used for determining the digestibility of each of the ingredients. The results showed that Tra catfish can efficiently digest protein and energy from a wide range of feed ingredients and nutrient sources.

In situ ruminal degradation of phytic acid in formaldehyde-treated rice bran

Rice bran has a very high content of phytic acid (IP6), which is a nutritional antagonist of Ca. Microbial phytase degrades IP6, but ruminal degradation of nutrients can be reduced by formaldehyde treatment. Milk fever in dairy cows can be prevented by reducing available dietary Ca to stimulate Ca homeostasis. In the present study, effects of formaldehyde treatment on ruminal degradation of IP6 in rice bran were investigated. Two samples of full-fat rice bran were treated with four levels of formaldehyde ( i.e., 0, 1000, 2500 and 5000 ppm fresh weight) and ruminally incubated in situ for 0, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64 and 336 h in three rumen fistulated lactating dairy cows. Dry matter (DM) disappearance was determined, residues were analysed for P and, for one of the products, also for inositol phosphate (IP) forms. Degradation parameters were calculated for DM, P, total IP, and IP6. The in situ washable fraction ( W), undegradable fraction ( U) and degradable fraction ( D) were measured and the rate of degradation (kd) was calculated by exponential regression to the equation: Y( t) = U + D × exp(−kd × t). HPLC analyses confirmed that most P in the original sample and residues was phytate, mostly IP6. DM and P degraded differently in the two rice brans and formaldehyde treatment reduced degradability, lowering W and increasing D and kd. The calculated rumen escape (kp = 0.05/h) for P increased from 0.082 at 0 ppm to 0.136, 0.284 and 0.398 at 1000, 2500 and 5000 ppm of formaldehyde treatment, respectively. Degradation of total IP forms and IP6 corresponded with P disappearance. Formaldehyde treatment reduced W in total IP and IP6, proportionally increasing D, while U was 0 in both. kd decreased with formaldehyde treatment in total IP and IP6, which decreased from 0.309/h at 0 ppm to 0.217, 0.116 and 0.071%/h as formaldehyde treatment level increased. The calculated rumen escape (kp = 0.05/h) of IP6 were 0.079, 0.126, 0.229 and 0.318 for the increasing formaldehyde treatment levels. Formaldehyde treatment reduced rumen degradability of IP6 in rice bran. One kg of formaldehyde-treated rice bran could bind 7 g of dietary Ca post-ruminally, making it a potentially feasible tool to decrease intestinal Ca availability to aid in the prevention of milk fever.

Desempenho de novilhos de corte em pastagem nativa com níveis de suplementação de farelo de arroz integral

Este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar o desempenho de novilhos de corte em pastagem nativa (PN), suplementados com níveis de farelo de arroz integral (FAI) de 0; 0,5; 1,0 e 1,5% do peso vivo dos animais, num delineamento inteiramente casualizado em parcelas subdivididas, durante 126 dias. Na parcela principal, foram alocados os níveis de suplemento e, nas subparcelas, os períodos de tempo (6 períodos de 21 dias). A suplementação foi oferecida de forma individual, duas vezes por dia, às 7h e às 15h:30min. O método de pastejo empregado foi o contínuo com lotação fixa e carga variável. As médias encontradas para proteína bruta foram de 6,8 e 14,9%, e para os coeficientes de digestibilidade "in vitro" da matéria orgânica, foram de 59,54 e 71,47% na PN e no FAI, respectivamente (dados expressos na matéria seca). Os ganhos médios diários dos animais foram de 0,35; 0,55; 0,53; e 0,63kg animal-1 dia-1 para os níveis de inclusão de farelo de arroz de 0; 0,5; 1,0 e 1,5% do peso vivo dos animais, diferindo entre animais suplementados e não-suplementados. Os resultados de rendimento e peso de carcaça fria dos animais não diferiram entre os tratamentos. A suplementação com FAI nos níveis entre 0,5 a 1,5% proporcionou incremento no ganho médio diário de aproximadamente 60%, quando comparado com os animais que não receberam suplemento.

Improving the Nutritive Value of Full-Fat Rice Bran for Broiler Chickens Using a Lipase-Based Enzyme Preparation

Two experiments were conducted to test the hypothesis that a lipase-based enzyme preparation would increase the AME content of full-fat rice bran (FFRB) by increasing fat digestibility when fed to broiler chickens. Experiment 1 used FFRB from Australia and lasted for 35 days, while Experiment 2 used FFRB from Thailand and lasted for 14 days. Rice bran was substituted in a maize-soybean diet at levels of 90 g/kg (Experiment 1) and at 90 and 180 g/kg in Experiment 2. Total collections of excreta were used for determination of AME content and fat digestibility. In Experiment 1, the enzyme increased the AME content of FFRB between days 4-7, 18-21 and 32-35 by 6.1-16.1% (p>0.05), however this was not associated with improved fat digestibility. In Experiment 2, the enzyme enhanced the AME content of FFRB between days 4-7 (10.42 vs. 9.06, p=0.107) and 11-14 (11.94 vs, 9.93, p=0.041), but again, this was not caused by increased fat digestibility. Inclusion of 180 g/kg depressed the AME content of FFRB by 7.4-11.5% (p>0.10) in conjunction with decreased (p<0.05) fat digestibility between 0-14 days of age. Improvements in bird growth with the enzyme were seen in Experiment 2 but not in Experiment 1. Increases in AME content of FFRB per se were not caused by enhanced fat digestibility, suggesting that the side activities associated with the preparation must have acted singularly or in combination to improve AME content and bird performance. These data show that the response of FFRB to the lipase-based enzyme preparation was dependent upon the geographical origin of the rice bran and the level of FFRB substituted in the basal diet.