Full Faith Research Articles

Abortion, Full Faith and Credit, and the "Judicial Power" Under Article III

Interstate judgments enforcement is governed by the Full Faith and Credit Clause of Article IV of the Constitution, together with its implementing statute, 28 U.S.C. 1738. Although a highly technical area of the law, interstate judgments enforcement has important social repercussions for some very modern problems of great cultural significance. One of the currently significant applications is the interstate enforcement of judgments rendered in civil suits based on state anti-abortion laws. For example, Texas statute S.B. 8 gives anyone who wishes to sue a civil cause of action against persons who facilitate abortions. Even complete strangers to the abortion can decide to become a plaintiff in such an action and can sue for money “damages” despite having suffered no injury. Non-experts seem to have the impression that the Full Faith and Credit Clause presents an ironclad requirement that judgments of sister states must always be enforced. If thatwere the case, states that recognize reproductive freedom would be obliged to enforce judgments entered into in states like Texas, despite their strong public policy against such actions. This Article shows why this impression is mistaken. First, the full faith and credit principle has for centuries been subject to exceptions,several of which are potentially relevant in the reproductive freedom context. Theseinclude lack of subject matter jurisdiction, the public policy exception, and the penallaw exception. In addition, a uniform law adopted in forty-eight states (the UniformEnforcement of Foreign Judgments Act) permits the state enforcing the judgment to applyits own judgments law to an interstate enforcement proceeding. The enforcing state will therefore apply to foreign state judgments any exceptions to judgments enforcement lawthat it has as a general matter for its own domestic judgments. Second, and more importantly, the Clause and statute both contain an important qualification: they apply only to “judicial” actions. This exception prevents a state from requiring sister-state enforcement of decisions that do not meet the usual tests for a judicial “case or controversy” (as defined in Article III of the Constitution). Article III and Article IV both use the word “judicial” to specify the standard necessary for the exercise of federal power. These two neighboring constitutional provisions are supported by a common historical origin (they were drafted at the same time and by some of the same people at the constitutional drafting convention) and fulfill comparable functions. If the two constitutional provisions are treated the same, judgments under statutes like Texas S.B. 8 would not be given mandatory force in other states because such cases would not meet the standing requirement imposed by Article III.

On (naturally) semifull and (semi)separable semifunctors

The notion of semifunctor between categories, due to [9], is defined as a functor that does not necessarily preserve identities. In this paper, we study how several properties of functors, such as fullness, full faithfulness, separability, natural fullness, can be formulated for semifunctors. Since a full semifunctor is actually a functor, we are led to introduce a notion of semifullness (and then semifull faithfulness) for semifunctors. In order to show that these conditions can be derived from requirements on the hom-set components associated with a semifunctor, we look at “semisplitting properties” for seminatural tranformations and we investigate the corresponding properties for morphisms whose source or target is the image of a semifunctor. We define the notion of naturally semifull semifunctor and we characterize natural semifullness for semifunctors that are part of a semiadjunction in terms of semisplitting conditions for the unit and counit attached to the semiadjunction. We study the behavior of semifunctors with respect to (semi)separability and we prove Rafael-type Theorems for (semi)separable semifunctors and a Maschke-type theorem for separable semifunctors. We provide examples of semifunctors on which we test the properties considered so far.

About Central Bank Digital Currencies (CBDCs)

A Central Bank Digital Currency (CBDC) is a country’s fiat currency that exists in a digital form. This digital currency becomes a liability on the balance sheet of a nation’s central bank when it ceases to be a liability on the balance sheet of one of the nation’s commercial banks and gets transferred to the central bank. Instead of printing paper money, the central bank can create CBDCs by opening electronic bank accounts at commercial banks that are backed by the full faith and credit of the nation’s central bank. The goal of a CBDC is to provide the nation’s government, businesses and consumers with a liquid and accessible currency that supplies privacy, transferability, convenience, and financial security. If CBDCs become highly popular, someday the world might operate with only one global CBDC.

Medical Ethics and Law.

"In Law, a man is guilty when he violates the rights of others. In Ethics, he is guilty if he only thinks of doing so."-Immanuel Kant Medical ethics and law are integral components to ensure that healthcare is provided to the community with care and concern. It provides certain standards for health professionals to discharge the duties with utmost consideration to a suffering human being even as the society receives it with full faith and trust. Ethics and law are both complementary in nature .They serve similar purposes and establish certain ground rules which help in guiding human behavior. Law consists of rules and regulations that govern society and helps in maintaining the order. It is developed externally and enforced to protect the citizens. Ethics, by its very meaning, is more subjective and consists of certain principles that guide individual behavior. It is more dictated by one's morals, values and integrity. The purpose of the code of ethics is to serve as a guide for individuals to perform their duties with integrity. There are 4 pillars of medical ethics which are defined as autonomy-respect for patient rights; beneficence-the duty to do good; non-maleficence-the duty to "not to do bad"; justice-to treat all people equally and equitably. This article is an attempt to introspect the relationship between medical ethics and law. Medical ethics have been present from the time of Hippocrates' oath. Modern medicine codes of ethics ensure physicians strive for the highest possible standards of ethical behavior. In this world where modern tools are available for diagnostics at a price where the majority of the Indian population find it unaffordable, decision-making has become difficult. Although ethics and law are closely related, they are not the same. Ethical consideration may many times exceed the need of the law especially in health care. It is adherence to ethical principles that help in creating trust between the public and the health professional. However, certain behavior perceived as ethical for few may not be considered in the same manner by others. In the present modern environment, there may be certain challenges for ethical behavior, and perhaps, the law of the land helps in effectively maintaining certain decorum and ensuring minimal trust deficit.

Improving Export Credit Agency Impact Through Full Faith and Credit

International trade requires sufficient, reliable, and affordable sources of financing. Export credit agencies (ECAs) fill trade finance gaps by offering financing, insurance and guarantees to provide liquidity or mitigate risks. They help to create or secure jobs in the domestic economy. However, comprehensive government support is required to create significant impact. This includes ‘full faith and credit’ of the state. In the context of public foreign trade promotion, full faith and credit is defined as an explicit, direct or indirect, irrevocable, legal commitment to accept all liabilities of an ECA as unconditional obligations of the respective government. Our policy recommendations for countries with relatively young ECAs, for example in Ukraine, Armenia, and Malawi, are to establish a full guarantee in addition to an efficient legal set-up, sufficient capital, and sound risk management of the respective agency. Without full faith and credit, policy goals of fostering economic growth through foreign trade fall short. trade promotion, trade finance, export credit, export credit agency, export-import bank, full faith and credit, government guarantee

Pemaknaan Sufisme: Analisis Isi Instagram Habib Husein Ja’far Al Hadar

The influence of the internet and social media on the study of the younger generation of Sufism cannot be separated from these elements. Sufism can now be expressed in a virtual space that is more symbolic because it only gives birth to Sufi forms. Sufism messages conveyed on social media in a fresh and modern way inevitably influence religion that adheres to modernity. Habib Husein Ja'far is one of the preachers who makes the topic of Sufism the focus of his sermon. Habib Husein Jafar is a content developer who always preaches through social media while also practicing Islam of Love. Researchers in this study looked at Habib Husein Ja'far's Instagram posts about Sufism and his interpretation of Sufism. This investigation was carried out in the library. Digital ethnography is the research methodology used. content analysis or content analysis will be used to answer the problems identified in the problem formulation. The results that the researchers found were that there were 270 posts with the issue of Sufism uploaded by Habib Husein Ja'far's Instagram account from 7 March 2018 to 20 August 2023. In Habib Husein Ja'far's view, the essence of Islam is Sufism itself. The pillars of Ihsan teach about Sufism, namely about worshiping God as if God sees us. Sufism is the pinnacle of Islam, because after we become Muslims (practice Islamic teachings) and have faith (practice Islamic religious teachings with full faith, not just practice). So humans need to reach the top of the climb, namely ihsan.

"FROM MECCA WITH SELFIE" PHENOMENA: DECONSTRUCTION OF HAJJ AND UMRAH IN DA'WAH MANAGEMENT

Problems often color the implementation of Hajj and Umrah in Indonesia, one of the actual issues that hit the Hajj and Umrah activities today is the phenomenon of the Indonesian people who like to selfie in front of the Kaaba or during the process of other worship activities. This study aims to look at the Hajj and Umrah guidance management strategies in Indonesia in implementing the Hajj and Umrah guidance functions. The method used as a blade in this study is a qualitative type with a phenomenological approach. The results of this study indicate that in order to improve the quality of the congregation, a strategy is needed in the form of pre-departure guidance, during activities, and after worship activities. This strategy can provide awareness to prospective pilgrims in understanding the meaning of each process of Hajj and Umrah activities which are carried out with full faith, piety, and humility in order to arrive at the mabrur goals of Hajj and Umrah. One of them is to become hajj and umrah pilgrims who are mabrur and avoid hedonism, materialism, and consumerism.

Full Faith and Credit to Judgments: Now And Then—and Now

Full Faith and Credit to Judgments: Now And Then—and Now

Full Faith and Credit in the Post-Roe Era

Full Faith and Credit in the Post-Roe Era

Abortion, Full Faith and Credit, and the 'Judicial Power' Under Article III: Does Article IV of the U.S. Constitution Require Sister-state Enforcement of Anti-abortion Damages Awards?

Abortion, Full Faith and Credit, and the 'Judicial Power' Under Article III: Does Article IV of the U.S. Constitution Require Sister-state Enforcement of Anti-abortion Damages Awards?

The Penal Judgment Exception to Full Faith and Credit: How to Bind the Bounty Laws

The Penal Judgment Exception to Full Faith and Credit: How to Bind the Bounty Laws

Pastoral power in leadership work: the relational leadership idiom in the construction industry

PurposeDrawing on the literature on pastoral power, a term introduced by Foucault that denotes a specific form of authority based on the subordinate's open communication regarding aspirations, interests and personal concerns, having the full faith in the leader's care of the subordinate's welfare, this article report empirical material from a study of Swedish construction industry.Design/methodology/approachLeadership practices are contingent on context and situation, and over time, authoritative leadership practices have been complemented by relational leadership that increasingly emphasizes the bilateral communication between manager and subordinate. The more communicative and “soft” leadership idiom may have both benefits and incur unanticipated consequences and conditions that need to be studied on basis of empirical materials.FindingsManagers in the construction industry emphasize how subordinates increasingly turn to their closest managers to address a variety of concerns. Even though managers recognizes the value of providing personalized support, there is a risk that such a leadership idiom distract both managers and subordinates, i.e. counseling activities consume too much resources, making agents less prone to fully attend to proper project goals.Originality/valueTo consider contemporary leadership practices as partially premised on pastoral power provides new analytical possibilities that shed light on how leadership practice needs to correspond with new demands in the corporate setting.

Res judicata and related doctrines of finality of judgments: comparative aspect

The article contains the results of the analysis of the development of res judicata doctrine into a multicomponent doctrine with different meaning in different legal systems of the world, as well as points out the difficulties of distinguishing this doctrine among other doctrines that have claim preclusive or issue preclusive effects. The article focuses on the broad and narrow meaning of res judicata, procedural links that this principle may have with the application of the estoppel rule in court proceedings. The article pays special attention to three doctrines related to res judicata: full faith and credit; election of remedies and law of the case doctrines. The doctrine of full faith and credit in the US procedural law is viewed as a branch of res judicata. In contrast to res judicata, the doctrine of election of remedies is largely based not on respect for the finality of the judgment, but on the principle of estoppel and thus might be applied in order to bar a subsequent cause of action containing claims that are inconsistent with remedies prayed for in the already considered cause of action, rather than to bar the relitigation of already litigated case. The law of the case doctrine, as it has been developed in the US procedural law and adopted in some other countries, in particular India, is related to res judicata in that both are aimed at ensuring legal certainty and the stability of court judgments. However, unlike res judicata, the law of the case doctrine to some degree allows the discretion of the court, or rather its application is discretion based, it is purely procedural and concerns the stability and consistency of the court's rulings in the same case, rather than the conclusive effect of the final judgment for subsequent proceedings. The article argues that these doctrines, especially the election of remedies doctrine and the law of the case doctrine or their elements can be used to address the problems of fairness and consistency of judgments in procedural law.

Linear Z<sub>2</sub><sup>n</sup>-Manifolds and Linear Actions

We establish the representability of the general linear ${\mathbb Z}_2^n$-group and use the restricted functor of points - whose test category is the category of ${\mathbb Z}_2^n$-manifolds over a single topological point - to define its smooth linear actions on ${\mathbb Z}_2^n$-graded vector spaces and linear ${\mathbb Z}_2^n$-manifolds. Throughout the paper, particular emphasis is placed on the full faithfulness and target category of the restricted functor of points of a number of categories that we are using.

Conflict of Laws, Choice of the Forum Court in the us, and the Due Process in Family Law Disputes

Summary In the United States (US) the family law litigant will have to consider the implications of laws that are federally recognised and those which the state embodies in its own family law statutes. The function of the equal protection clause and due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment of the Constitution protects the parties in family disputes that reach the court. The operation of the Full Faith and Credit Clause is an important consideration and is central to the question if the court can apply the law of the forum court (lex fori) or that of the state where the dispute emanated. The federal constitution allows the state courts to apply marriage laws of another state. If the issue is procedural, then the law of the state will be applied where the dispute that gave rise to the litigation (lex loci). This paper examines the interstate in family law by considering marriages, child custody, and adoption rules and it enquires whether the courts have been sufficiently consistent in interpreting family law of the state in accordance with Article IV, Section 1. There is also a section that compares the law in the US with the application of the lex fori rules in family cases in the Scottish jurisdiction and how that influences parties in family law disputes.

DIRECTIONS OF ENSURING NATIONAL CURRENCY STABILITY AND THE MAIN ASPECTS OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF FOREIGN EXCHANGE RATE IN UZBEKISTAN

A national currency is a legal tender issued by a country’s central bank or monetary authority. It is typically the predominant medium of exchange for purchasing goods and services. In Uzbekistan, the uzbek soum (UZS) is the primary form of currency, backed by the full faith and credit of the government and the National Reserve. In Uzbekistan the Central Bank has the right to oblige commercial banks to keep the minimum mandatory reserves in special reserves. Stabilization of such reserves is determined by the type of bank’s liabilities, deposit and lifetime. This mechanism is mainly used to coordinate the volume of liquid assets of commercial banks.

Asset mispricing

We use a unique sample of corporate bonds guaranteed by the full faith and credit of the US to test recent theories about why asset prices may diverge from fundamental values. A key feature of our study is access to proprietary data on the haircuts, funding costs, and inventory positions of the primary dealers making markets in the individual bonds. The results provide strong support for the cross-sectional implications of the safe-asset, intermediary-constraints, and search-frictions literatures. Furthermore, the results indicate that network topology may also play an important role in explaining mispricing.

Integrasi Sastra Arab dan Islam serta Pengaruhnya Terhadap Sastrawan Muslim Modern

In his work, some modern Muslim literature shows a relationship between Arabic literature and Islam. This is shown in some of the literary works of Muslim writers who made Islam a Worldview and thought in his writing. Abu Bakar Siradjuddin, for example, who persistently spread Islam in Europe through his Literary Works and received a good response was even followed by several other poets. In contrast to Siradjuddin, Ahmad Al Alawi, an Algerian poet, also spread Islam through his 1955 manuscripts and literary books. This shows that the existence of Arabic and Islamic literature is still sustainable. Although on the other hand, there are new cultures, but this does not change the pattern of Muslim Literature. This article uses a description analysis method to describe the study of the Integration of Arabic and Islamic literature as an object of art and life revealed from the soul with full faith in Islam. So the resulting Texts also hold on to the view of Islamic life. (Islamic Worldview)

Ruqyah Syar’iyah: Upaya Mencari Kesembuhan

The treatment of ruqyah syar'iyah (hereinafter referred to as ruqyah) is one of the treatments practiced in time of Rasulullas SAW. In the last few years, such treatment has been popularly practiced in Indonesia, including in Makassar, one of the cities in Indonesia where the practice of ruqyah is mushrooming. While many literatures deal with the practice of ruqyah from spiritual point of view, the new contribution of this article lies in the practice of various types of ruqyah.
 This study was conducted in the city of Makassar, the capital city of South Sulawesi where more than 80% of its population are Muslims. Using qualitative approach, this study involved 14 informants, consisting of eight patients, two peruqyah, staff of ruqyah clinic and patients’ families respectively. Data was collected using the combination of interview and observation.
 This study shows that whether or not one is intended to cure his/herself depends very much on their belief in the treatment. Some started with modern medical treatment, others had full faith from the start. Some did it on the basis of their own desire, others influenced by close relatives. Ruqyah is part of Tibbun Nabawi and in its development ruqyah itself is divided into three types, namely, mass ruqyah, clinic ruqyah, and independent ruqyah. Despite the fact that the stages of each type are relatively the same: pra-ruqyah, main ruqyah, and post-ruqyah, each has its own uniqueness. Ruqyah not only helps to heal someone, especially those who suffer from disorders of spirits, but also strives to be a medium of preaching for patients. Curative healing is the main axis in the treatment of ruqyah, but preventive measures are also introduced as a bulwark against disturbance by spirits. Even though ruqyah is an islamic treatment, non-Muslim is not prohibit to take such treatment as long as they believe and follow the rule. This indicates that the belief to such treatment breaks down religious barriers. However, healing through ruqyah treatment is not entirely dependended on peruqyah, but it is mainly depended on the patient him/herself, by improving his/her quality of life after the ruqyah treatment.

The Capital Commons: Digital Money and Citizens' Finance in a Productive Commercial Republic

All societies must address two questions where the organization of productive activity is concerned. The first is whether production will be mainly publicly managed, privately managed, or 'mixed.' The second is whether the financing of production will be mainly publicly managed, privately managed, or mixed.In the American commercial republic, we seem more or less to have answered the 'who does production' question to our own satisfaction. From the founding era to the present, we have elected to leave production primarily, though not of course solely, 'in private hands.' Where the financing of production is concerned, on the other hand, we have been more ambivalent. For the past 160 years, our financial system has operated as a public-private franchise arrangement. At the core of our franchise lie the sovereign public (the 'public' of our 'republic') and its money-modulator - the issuer and manager of its monetized full faith and credit, its 'money' - on the one hand, and the private sector financial institutions and markets we publicly license to allocate most of the resultant Wicksellian 'bank money' or 'credit-money' on the other hand. At the periphery of the franchise lie those institutions and markets that 'shadow bank' through relations with the banking core.In recent years, developments in several distinct spaces have prompted what amounts to a broad reassessment of our hybrid financial arrangements. One such development is weariness with our system's penchant for over-generating public credit that fuels bubbles and busts rather than production, a product of leaving our public capital - by far the greater part of investment capital - to private management. This is what the author has long called poor credit modulation. Another ground of critique is our hybrid system's poor record on what the author has long called credit allocation, from which modulation turns out to be inseparable. Our morbid fear of explicitly, rather than implicitly, ‘picking winners and losers’ is the culprit here. Finally, other sources of disenchantment are our system's long-term worsening of inequality, the scandal of commercial and financial exclusion our system permits, and the promise offered by new financial technologies where ending both that and leaky monetary policy are concerned. The current COVID pandemic and recent murder of George Floyd of course underscore these sources of disillusion.This article embraces these critiques, which the author himself has leveled continuously over the past fifteen years, argues that privately ordered production requires publicly ordered finance, and shows how to order finance publicly on a Fed balance sheet forthrightly recognized as a Citizens’ Ledger. New public investments will make up the asset side of the upgraded Fed balance sheet, while a corresponding system of digital public banking through ‘FedWallets’ will upgrade the liability side of the same. Newly restored regional Fed functionalities ('Spreading the Fed'), an FSOC-inspired National Reconstruction and Development Council (NRDC) and its financing arm (a restored RFC), and a price-stabilizing 'People's Portfolio' round out the new system of Citizens' Finance. In the course of its arguments, the article traces all salient consequences that flow from its complete overhaul of our system of financing production, from banking through ‘shadow banking’ to the capital markets. It also makes some surprising discoveries along the way. Among these is that full separation of Fed and Treasury and hence monetary and fiscal policy, itself an artifact of franchise finance and hence the false hope of separating credit modulation from credit allocation, is no longer tenable. Another is that global central bank digital currency (CBDC) development is now corroborating much of what the article argues.