Full Equivalence Research Articles

Full Information Equivalence in Large Elections

We study the problem of aggregating private information in elections with two or more alternatives. We characterize environments where information can be aggregated asymptotically by a sequence of equilibria of voting games as the electorate grows large and explore the implications for the information structure. Information aggregation is generically possible when the signal space is rich relative to the state space, and fails robustly when the state space is rich relative to the signal space. We focus on plurality rule, but our results extend to supermajority rules and a large family of scoring rules which includes the approval rule.

Implementation of a MIX Emulator: A Case Study of the Scala Programming Language Facilities

Abstract Implementation of an emulator of MIX, a mythical computer invented by Donald Knuth, is used as a case study of the features of the Scala programming language. The developed emulator provides rich opportunities for program debugging, such as tracking intermediate steps of program execution, an opportunity to run a program in the binary or the decimal mode of MIX, verification of correct synchronisation of input/output operations. Such Scala features as cross-compilation, family polymorphism and support for immutable data structures have proved to be useful for implementation of the emulator. The authors of the paper also propose some improvements to these features: flexible definition of family-polymorphic types, integration of family polymorphism with generics, establishing full equivalence between mutating operations on mutable data types and copy-and-modify operations on immutable data types. The emulator is free and open source software available at www.mix-emulator.org.

On the Solutions of a $$2+1$$ 2 + 1 -Dimensional Model for Epitaxial Growth with Axial Symmetry

In this paper, we study the evolution equation derived by Xu and Xiang (SIAM J Appl Math 69(5):1393–1414, 2009) to describe heteroepitaxial growth in $$2+1$$ dimensions with elastic forces on vicinal surfaces is in the radial case and uniform mobility. This equation is strongly nonlinear and contains two elliptic integrals and defined via Cauchy principal value. We will first derive a formally equivalent parabolic evolution equation (i.e., full equivalence when sufficient regularity is assumed), and the main aim is to prove existence, uniqueness and regularity of strong solutions. We will extensively use techniques from the theory of evolution equations governed by maximal monotone operators in Banach spaces.

A generic framework for checking semantic equivalences between pushdown automata and finite-state automata

For a given process equivalence, we say that a process g is fully equivalent to a process f of a transition system T if g is equivalent to f and every reachable state of g is equivalent to some state of T. We propose a generic method for deciding full equivalence between pushdown processes and finite-state processes applicable to every process equivalence satisfying certain abstract conditions. Then, we show that these conditions are satisfied by bisimulation-like equivalences (including weak and branching bisimilarity), weak simulation equivalence, and weak trace equivalence, which are the main conceptual representatives of the linear/branching time spectrum. The list of particular results obtained by applying our method includes items which are first of their kind, and the associated upper complexity bounds are essentially optimal.

Structural and Dynamic "Portraits" of Recombinant and Native Cytotoxin I from Naja oxiana: How Close Are They?

Today, recombinant proteins are quite widely used in biomedical and biotechnological applications. At the same time, the question about their full equivalence to the native analogues remains unanswered. To gain additional insight into this problem, intimate atomistic details of a relatively simple protein, small and structurally rigid recombinant cardiotoxin I (CTI) from cobra Naja oxiana venom, were characterized using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and atomistic molecular dynamics (MD) simulations in water. Compared to the natural protein, it contains an additional Met residue at the N-terminus. In this work, the NMR-derived spatial structure of uniformly 13C- and 15N-labeled CTI and its dynamic behavior were investigated and subjected to comparative analysis with the corresponding data for the native toxin. The differences were found in dihedral angles of only a single residue, adjacent to the N-terminal methionine. Microsecond-long MD traces of the toxins reveal an increased flexibility in the residues spatially close to the N-Met. As the detected structural and dynamic changes of the two CTI models do not result in substantial differences in their cytotoxicities, we assume that the recombinant protein can be used for many purposes as a reasonable surrogate of the native one. In addition, we discuss general features of the spatial organization of cytotoxins, implied by the results of the current combined NMR and MD study.

71 Up-titration of secondary prevention following acute coronary syndrome (acs)

IntroductionOptimum doses of secondary prevention cardiac medicines need to be achieved post-ACS to derive evidence-based benefits, including reductions in mortality, hospital readmission and improved symptom control. High intensity statin therapy...

A Restatement of Equivalence Scales Using Time and Monetary Expenditures Combined with Individual Prices

In the classic equivalence scale estimations based on micro-econometric analysis, only the costs of market consumption are taken into account. We define the concept of full cost equivalence scales as integrating both monetary and the time use costs and measure it on matched French family budget and time use surveys. These data allow us to define full prices and to estimate equivalence scales conditional to possible substitution through prices. The results show higher full scales than the monetary for the preferred Independent of a Base specification. Relative to the cost of the second adult, the full child cost is also larger than the monetary for matching estimators and the Prais-Houthakker model. It shows households' capacity to substitute domestic production to market activities. In consequence the measures of income inequality diminish considerably using full income and full equivalence scales.

Las comisiones de investigación del Parlamento Europeo. Un instrumento de control necesitado de reforma

It should be recognized the existence of too many limits in the European regulation on the parliamentary committees of inquiry. It should be appealed to the European Parliament, now empowered by art. 226.3 TFEU, to exercise its own initiative to promote, with the assistance of the Commission and the Council, a new regulation to that effect. Thereby it is urgent to correct the most important shortcomings observed in the current legislation in order to improve the functioning and efficiency of the committees activities. The main goal to achieve should be to broaden and strengthen the powers of the European Parliament, which is, after all, the most democratic institution in the Union, but which, nevertheless, still has restricted instruments of political control. In that sense it should be desirable to promote the full equivalence of those instruments with those already enjoyed by their counterparts in the Member States.

Premetric equivalent of general relativity: Teleparallelism

In general relativity (GR), the metric tensor of spacetime is essential since it represents the gravitational potential. In other gauge theories (such as electromagnetism), the so-called premetric approach succeeds in separating the purely topological field equation from the metric-dependent constitutive law. We show here that GR allows for a premetric formulation, too. For this purpose, we apply the teleparallel approach of gravity, which represents GR as a gauge theory based on the translation group. We formulate the metric-free topological field equation and a general linear constitutive law between the basic field variables. The requirement of local Lorentz invariance turns the model into a full equivalent of GR. Our approach opens a way for a natural extension of GR to diverse geometrical structures of spacetime.

Fingerprints of heavy scales in electroweak effective Lagrangians

The couplings of the electroweak effective theory contain information on the heavy-mass scales which are no-longer present in the low-energy Lagrangian. We build a general effective Lagrangian, implementing the electroweak chiral symmetry breaking SU(2)L ⊗ SU(2)R → SU(2)L+R, which couples the known particle fields to heavier states with bosonic quantum numbers JP = 0± and 1±. We consider colour-singlet heavy fields that are in singlet or triplet representations of the electroweak group. Integrating out these heavy scales, we analyze the pattern of low-energy couplings among the light fields which are generated by the massive states. We adopt a generic non-linear realization of the electroweak symmetry breaking with a singlet Higgs, without making any assumption about its possible doublet structure. Special attention is given to the different possible descriptions of massive spin-1 fields and the differences arising from naive implementations of these formalisms, showing their full equivalence once a proper short-distance behaviour is required.

Межличностные отношения в шведской лингвокультуре сквозь призму устойчивых сравнений (на фоне русского языка)

The results of the analysis of stable similes of the Swedish language that characterize interpersonal relationships are presented. The purpose of this article is to reveal the national identity of the ways of expressing ideas about interpersonal relationships in the Swedish linguistic culture. Material for the study consists of expressions extracted from phraseological dictionaries of Swedish language; texts from Swedish literature and journalism, including the analyzed lexical units; the results of a survey of native speakers of the Swedish language, as well as data of the dictionaries of sustainable similes of the Russian language. Analysis of the Swedish phraseology is made against the corresponding fragment of the language picture of the world in Russian linguistic culture. The relevance and novelty of research is caused by absence at the moment of large-scale studies devoted to the analysis of Swedish stable similes in linguistic and cultural aspect, as well as the lack of the dictionary of Swedish stable similes and Russian-Swedish dictionary of stable similes. In the result of the analysis it can be stated that the ideographic field of stable similes of the Swedish language is significantly different in composition from the corresponding field in the Russian language. The linguistic facts of only three ideographic groups in this field have full or partial Russian equivalents. Units of other groups of considered field require detailed linguistic and cultural, and in some cases historical and etymological review when submitting them to the Russian-speaking audience.

Preparation of a Three-Dimensional Full Thickness Skin Equivalent.

In vitro test systems are a promising alternative to animal models. Due to the use of human cells in a three-dimensional arrangement that allows cell-cell or cell-matrix interactions these models may be more predictive for the human situation compared to animal models or two-dimensional cell culture systems. Especially for dermatological research, skin models such as epidermal or full-thickness skin equivalents (FTSE) are used for different applications. Although epidermal models provide highly standardized conditions for risk assessment, FTSE facilitate a cellular crosstalk between the dermal and epidermal layer and thus can be used as more complex models for the investigation of processes such as wound healing, skin development, or infectious diseases. In this chapter, we describe the generation and culture of an FTSE, based on a collagen type I matrix and provide troubleshooting tips for commonly encountered technical problems.

Topological and Graph-Coloring Conditions on the Parameter-Independent Stability of Second-Order Networked Systems

In this paper, we study parameter-independent stability in qualitatively heterogeneous passive networked systems containing damped and undamped nodes. Given the graph topology and a set of damped nodes, we ask if output consensus is achieved for all system parameter values. For given parameter values, an eigenspace analysis is used to determine output consensus. The extension to parameter-independent stability is characterized by a coloring problem, named the richly balanced coloring (RBC) problem. The RBC problem asks if all nodes of the graph can be colored red, blue, and black in such a way that (i) every damped node is black, (ii) every black node has blue neighbors if and only if it has red neighbors, and (iii) not all nodes in the graph are black. Such a colored graph is referred to as a richly balanced colored graph. Parameter-independent stability is guaranteed if there does not exist a richly balanced coloring. The RBC problem is shown to cover another well-known graph coloring scheme known as zero forcing sets. That is, if the damped nodes form a zero forcing set in the graph, then a richly balanced coloring does not exist, and thus parameter-independent stability is guaranteed. However, the full equivalence of zero forcing sets and parameter-independent stability holds true only for tree graphs. For more general graphs with few fundamental cycles, an algorithm, named chord node coloring, is proposed that significantly outperforms a brute-force search for solving the NP-complete RBC problem.

Poisson algebras via model theory and differential-algebraic geometry

Brown and Gordon asked whether the Poisson Dixmier–Moeglin equivalence holds for any complex affine Poisson algebra, that is, whether the sets of Poisson rational ideals, Poisson primitive ideals, and Poisson locally closed ideals coincide. In this article a complete answer is given to this question using techniques from differential-algebraic geometry and model theory. In particular, it is shown that while the sets of Poisson rational and Poisson primitive ideals do coincide, in every Krull dimension at least four there are complex affine Poisson algebras with Poisson rational ideals that are not Poisson locally closed. These counterexamples also give rise to counterexamples to the classical (noncommutative) Dixmier–Moeglin equivalence in finite GK dimension. A weaker version of the Poisson Dixmier–Moeglin equivalence is proven for all complex affine Poisson algebras, from which it follows that the full equivalence holds in Krull dimension three or less. Finally, it is shown that everything, except possibly that rationality implies primitivity, can be done over an arbitrary base field of characteristic zero.

Behaviour of Entropy Under Bounded and Integrable Orbit Equivalence

Let G and H be infinite finitely generated amenable groups. This paper studies two notions of equivalence between actions of such groups on standard Borel probability spaces. They are defined as stable orbit equivalences in which the associated cocycles satisfy certain tail bounds. In ‘integrable stable orbit equivalence’, the length in H of the cocycle-image of an element of G must have finite integral over its domain (a subset of the G-system), and similarly for the reverse cocycle. In ‘bounded stable orbit equivalence’, these functions must be essentially bounded in terms of the length in G. ‘Integrable’ stable orbit equivalence arises naturally in the study of integrable measure equivalence of groups themselves, as introduced recently by Bader, Furman and Sauer. The main result is a formula relating the Kolmogorov–Sinai entropies of two actions which are equivalent in one of these ways. Under either of these tail assumptions, the entropies stand in a proportion given by the compression constant of the stable orbit equivalence. In particular, in the case of full orbit equivalence subject to such a tail bound, entropy is an invariant. This contrasts with the case of unrestricted orbit equivalence, under which all free ergodic actions of countable amenable groups are equivalent. The proof uses an entropy-bound based on graphings for orbit equivalence relations, and in particular on a new notion of cost which is weighted by the word lengths of group elements.

097 Incorporation of chitosan in the dermal matrix improves epidermal barrier formation in full thickness human skin equivalents

097 Incorporation of chitosan in the dermal matrix improves epidermal barrier formation in full thickness human skin equivalents

Well-Being of College Students in China

In this study, we tested a modified academic satisfaction model based on social cognitive career theory in a sample of 757 college students in China. The hypothesized model included personality traits (extraversion and emotional stability), self-construals (independence and interdependence), environmental and person-cognitive variables (supports, self-efficacy, outcome expectations, and perceived goal progress) in the academic domain, and academic and global well-being outcomes. Pathways that consisted of academic supports, self-efficacy, and goal progress partially mediated the effects of personality traits and self-construals on academic satisfaction and/or stress, which were, in turn, predictive of life satisfaction. Although Chinese students perceived outcomes of completing a college degree as favorable, such outcome expectations did not predict progress made in the academic domain. Multigroup analyses showed that the modified academic satisfaction model was applicable to both male and female college students in two major metropolitan areas—Chongqing in Southwest China and Shanghai in East China. With evidence for measurement equivalence, full structural equivalence was present by gender, whereas two of the hypothesized paths differed by location. Results of the study suggest that outreach or intervention programs, which involve gathering supports, boosting self-efficacy, and facilitating goal progress in the academic domain, are particularly beneficial for promoting the well-being of Chinese college students.

Social cognitive predictors of academic and life satisfaction: Measurement and structural equivalence across three racial/ethnic groups.

Data of 306 Caucasian American, 284 Asian American, and 259 Latino/a American college students were analyzed in this study to test a modified version of Lent and Brown's (2006, 2008) satisfaction model in the academic context. In addition to the full set of variables hypothesized in the original model, the modified academic satisfaction model also included independent and interdependent self-construals to represent one's cultural orientations. Comparisons between the hypothesized model and 2 alternative models showed that direct paths from extraversion and emotional stability added significantly to the predictions of academic satisfaction and life satisfaction for all 3 racial/ethnic groups while those from independent and interdependent self-construals also had the same effects for Latino/a American students. The hypothesized model offered excellent fit to the data of all 3 racial/ethnic groups. Consistent with theoretical prediction, academic supports, self-efficacy, outcome expectations, or goal progress formed pathways that mediated the relations of personality traits and self-construals to academic satisfaction or life satisfaction across 3 groups. Although full measurement equivalence (configural invariance and metric invariance) was observed, 4 structural paths and 16 indirect effects differed significantly by race/ethnicity. Most of these differences in structural paths and indirect effects occurred between Caucasian Americans and Asian Americans. On balance, findings of the study provided evidence for the cross-racial/ethnic validity of the modified academic satisfaction model while identifying racial/ethnic differences that might have useful clinical implications. (PsycINFO Database Record

English article usage as a window on the meanings ofsame,identicalandsimilar

We propose an explanation for a traditional puzzle in English linguistics involving the use of articles with the nominal modifierssame,identicalandsimilar.Samecan only take the definite articlethe, whereasidenticalandsimilartake eithertheora. We argue that there is a fundamental difference in the manner in which a comparison is made with these modifiers.Identicalandsimilarinvolve direct comparisons between at least two entities and an assertion of either full property matching (identical), or partial property matching (similar). The comparison withsameproceeds differently: what is compared is not linguistic entities directly, but definite descriptions of these entities that can be derived through logical entailments.John and Mary live in the same houseentailsthe house that John lives in is the (same) house that Mary lives in. There must be a pragmatic equivalence between these entailed definite descriptions, ranging from full referential equivalence to a possibly quite minimal overlap in semantic and real-world properties shared by distinct referents. These differences in meaning and article co-occurrence reveal the sensitivity of syntax to semantic and pragmatic properties, without which all and only the grammatical sentences of a language cannot be predicted.

Regulatory copy and paste: the allocation of assets in cross-border insolvencies – methodological perspectives from the Nortel decision

This article focuses on a general methodological problem highlighted in the specific context of cross-border insolvencies: under what conditions can legal rules and principles embedded in one specific legal context be transferred to another? Using the recent Nortel decision by the Court of Justice of the European Union, the author will ask whether the Court would have upset the institutional balance when filling the regulatory gap as to a lis pendens rule in the European Insolvency Regulation (EIR) by reference to the Brussels I regime. The article will then analyse in detail the coherency of the EIR’s rules for assigning the debtor's assets to partial insolvency estates; in particular, whether considerations peculiar to conflicts of laws adequately express the purposes and interests underlying insolvency-related asset allocation. By tracing potential consequences that may arise from legal transplants lacking full functional equivalence, the article will show that the concept of allocation as currently outlined in Article 2(g) EIR lacks comprehensiveness and functional coherence. From this analysis, the author will develop a differing concept of allocation in line with the general structure of the Insolvency Regulation and with a special focus on claims and intellectual property rights.