Full-duplex Medium Access Control Research Articles

AUB: A full-duplex MAC protocol for the efficient utilization of the idle uplink period in WLAN

AUB: A full-duplex MAC protocol for the efficient utilization of the idle uplink period in WLAN

FDOE: Exploit Concurrent Communication Opportunities in Full-Duplex Wireless Mesh Networks

In recent years, full-duplex communications in a single frequency channel have become a practical technology. However, existing full-duplex medium access control (MAC) protocols can hardly take full advantages of full-duplex transmission opportunities, because they are not capable of adding one more half-duplex link on an on-going half-duplex link to form a full-duplex link. Besides, the exposed node and hidden node issues in multi-hop wireless networks limit flexible establishment of full-duplex links. Such limitations waste full-duplex transmission opportunities, and thus degrade network performance. In this paper, an efficient full-duplex link establishment protocol called full-duplex opportunity exploitation (FDOE) is developed to exploit full-duplex transmission opportunities in a wireless mesh network. FDOE leverages rateless coding and pseudo-noise (PN) sequences to establish a full-duplex link whenever a full-duplex transmission opportunity is available. Such a distinct feature leads to significant improvement of network performance. FDOE is evaluated through theoretical analysis and extensive simulations. Performance results show that FDOE exploits full-duplex transmission opportunities efficiently in wireless mesh networks, and thus significantly outperforms existing MAC protocols.

C-FD MAC: Constellation based Full-Duplex MAC protocol

Simultaneous transmission and reception of data packets in Full-Duplex (FD) communication can theoretically double the system throughput. However, efficient self-interference mitigation and symbol detection at the receiver is required to realize the full potential of FD communication in practical scenarios. In this paper, we propose a constellation-based FD medium access control (MAC) protocol (C-FD) for wireless local area networks (WLAN). In the proposed C-FD MAC protocol, the node and Access Point (AP) can exchange packets simultaneously by transmitting the symbols and using different modulation schemes. The superimposed constellation diagram has been used to decode the symbols efficiently at both ends. The novel feature of the C-FD MAC protocol is that it does not require any complicated interference cancellation techniques. The analytical results for Symbol Error Rate (SER), Packet Error Rate (PER), and throughput have been derived for the symmetrical and asymmetrical FD link considering the additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) with Rayleigh fading. The proposed C-FD MAC protocol achieves nearly twice the throughput compared to Half duplex (HD) communication without compromising the SER. The analytical results have been validated with extensive simulation.

Multi-BSS Multi-User Full Duplex MAC Protocol based on AP Cooperation for the Next Generation WLAN

Multi-BSS Multi-User Full Duplex MAC Protocol based on AP Cooperation for the Next Generation WLAN

Energy-efficient full-duplex MAC protocol design for air-terrestrial communication

Energy-efficient full-duplex MAC protocol design for air-terrestrial communication

Design and Performance Analysis of an In-Band Full-Duplex MAC Protocol for Ad Hoc Networks

This paper proposes a MAC protocol for ad hoc networks using In-band Full-duplex (IBFD) wireless communications, which are named as AdHoc-FDMAC. To utilize IBFD communications in ad hoc networks, this protocol modifies a number of control frames in the IEEE 802.11 Distributed Coordination Function (DCF) MAC standard. Here, the detailed time sequences for all types of IBFD communications are shown for the data transmission and routing. In this paper, the probability and throughput equations for IBFD communications in different situations have been derived. The performance of the proposed AdHoc-FDMAC has been analysed in terms of probability, throughput, and routing time. The Maximum throughput of AdHoc-FDMAC has been found to be 48.34 Mbps, and it is compared with a recently published ad hoc MAC as well as with the conventional HD MAC. The AdHoc-FDMAC outperforms the recently published ad hoc MAC and conventional HD MAC by 16.80% and 66.50% throughput gain, respectively. AdHoc-FDMAC incorporates the existing Ad hoc On-demand Distance Vector (AODV) routing protocol, but this AODV routing is utilized here using IBFD communications. This paper also compares the routing time of the IBFD-based AODV with the conventional AODV. The result shows that the IBFD-based AODV requires 33.33% less routing time than that of the conventional AODV for 3-hop distance between the transmitter and receiver. This paper suggests that the AdHoc-FDMAC protocol provides much more throughput in ad hoc networks by utilizing IBFD communications.

Full Duplex Media Access Control Protocol for Multihop Network Computing

Intelligent communication technologies beyond the network are proposed by using a new full-duplex protocol. The Media Access Control (MAC) is a data interaction network protocol, which outperforms the IEEE 802.15.4e. This research discusses the planning and execution of full-duplex (FD) pipeline MAC protocol for multihop wireless networks (MWN). The design uses a combination of Radio frequency and baseband methods to realize full-duplexing with smallest impact on cross layer functions. The execution and trial results specify that Pipeline Media Access Control (PiMAC) protocol considerably develops network implementation in terms of transmission protocol (TP) and transmission delay. The advantage of using FD-MAC will increase the range of nodes. Also takes benefit of the FD mode of the antenna, which outperforms additionally 80% for all assessed cases. In this analysis, it was considered of that Psz = 8184 bits and Rc = 1Mbps; that’s, TDATA represents an excellent portion of total UTC. Tests on real nodes displays that the FD theme achieves a median gain of 90% in mixture throughput as equated to half-duplex (HD) theme for MWN. The energy consumption of proposed system method is 29.8% reduced when compared with existing system method.

A new full-duplex wireless MAC protocol for inducing parallel transmissions between neighbours

A new full-duplex wireless MAC protocol for inducing parallel transmissions between neighbours

Optimal Achievable Transmission Capacity Scheme for Full-Duplex Multihop Wireless Networks.

Full-duplex (FD) communication has been attractive as the breakthrough technology for improving attainable spectral efficiency since the 5G mobile communication system. Previous research focused on self-interference cancellation and medium access control (MAC) protocol to realize the FD system in wireless networks. This paper proposes an optimal achievable transmission capacity (OATC) scheme for capacity optimization in the FD multihop wireless networks. In this paper, the proposed OATC scheme considers the temporal reuse for spectral efficiency and the spatial reuse with transmit power control scheme for interference mitigation and capacity optimization. OATC scheme controls the transmit power to mitigate interference and optimizes the transmission capacity, which leads to the optimal achievable network capacity. We conduct the performance evaluation through numerical simulations and compare it with the existing FD MAC protocols. The numerical simulations reveal that considering only the concurrent transmissions in the FD system does not guarantee optimal transmission capacity. Moreover, the hybrid mechanism, including the sequential transmissions, is also crucial because of the interference problem. Besides, numerical simulation validates that the proposed OATC scheme accomplishes the optimal achievable network capacity with lower interference power and higher achievable throughput than the existing MAC protocols.

FD-MCST design and analysis for multihop wireless networks

Full-duplex (FD) wireless communication improves the attainable spectral efficiency of the wireless network with the simultaneous transmission and reception over the same frequency channel at a single timeslot. However, the effect of self-interference (SI) and inter-user interference (IUI) become crucial to take into consideration compared to the current half-duplex system. Many researches have been studied to suppress the SI and IUI, to design the medium access control (MAC) protocol, and to propose resource management techniques for realizing the FD system and truly achieving the double transmission capacity in the network. In this paper, we propose a novel FD MAC protocol with a mixture of concurrent and sequential transmission scheme, namely FD-MCST, for maximizing the transmission capacity in multihop wireless networks. Through FD-MCST, the transmitting node can cooperatively share the transmission capacity status for maximizing the network capacity. As a result, numerical simulations reveal that the proposed FD-MCST can accomplish a higher achievable network capacity of up to 1.7 times and nearly twice the achievable throughput with a reasonable amount of achievable transmission overhead about 7.7%, compared to the existing FD MAC protocols.

Advancement of Full-Duplex Cognitive Radio Network: A Review

Communication systems, with various pervasive applications, have become a crucial piece of day to day lives. Wireless systems request an ever-increasing number of phantom assets to help with the regularly expanding quantities of clients. As indicated, the present crunch can be fulfilled by use of cognitive radio networks (CRNs). At a given time, secondary users (SUs) in half-duplex (HD) CRNs can either transmit or detect the signal range. This activity confines the secondary users’ throughput because the secondary user cannot transmit during range detection. With advancement in self-interference separation (SIS) technique, full-duplex (FD) CRNconsider synchronous range detection and transmission at a given time on any channel. This FD activity builds throughput and diminishes crashes as compared to HD-CRNs. This paper presents a complete review of FD-CRN correspondences. This paper spread the supporting system models and transmitted and received radio wire structures. This paper describes various SIS approaches in FD-CRNs. Here, authors discuss range detection methods and security requirements for FD-CRNs and review significant advancement in full-duplex medium access control (FD-MAC) conventions as open issues, difficulties, and future research bearings to help FD activity in CRNs.

Throughput Analysis for Wireless Full-Duplex Multi-Hop Networks with RTS/CTS-Based MAC

Medium access control (MAC) protocol operations for in-band full duplex multi-hop networks play an important role in efficient data relaying and throughput enhancement. Knowledge of the relationship between essential operations in MAC protocol for full duplex MAC (FD MAC) networks and network performance is important and useful in terms of the protocol and network design. FD MAC protocols often require exchanging control frames, e.g., request to send/clear to send (RTS/CTS). However, the conventional model cannot analyze the performance of wireless multi-hop networks with RTS/CTS-based FD MAC. Thus, this paper proposes a throughput analysis model for wireless multi-hop networks with RTS/CTS-based FD MAC. The proposed model includes novel “airtime expressions”, which allows us to handle RTS/CTS operations under FD MAC. The proposed model provides the end-to-end throughput of multi-hop networks with RTS/CTS-based FD MAC for any number of hops and any payload size. The validity of the analytical expressions is confirmed through comparisons with simulation results.

An Improved Backoff Scheme and Its Performance Analysis for Full Duplex MAC Protocols in VLC Networks.

IEEE 802.15.7 Visible Light Communication (VLC) networks suffer from performance degradation caused by the hidden device collisions due to the directional transmission with narrow beamwidth. One of the solutions for mitigating the hidden device collisions is to employ a full-duplex transmission technique. As a side effect of the full-duplex transmission in the VLC networks, however, the data-packet discard due to the retransmission limitation occurs frequently in the networks. This paper proposes an improved backoff scheme and its performance analysis to suppress the packet discard. The proposed backoff scheme increases the Backoff Exponent (BE) and the Number of Backoff stage (NB) in IEEE 802.15.7 only when the data packet transmission fails. To evaluate the system performance theoretically, this paper also provides the Markov-chain model for channel access with the proposed scheme. The performance evaluations through simulation and theoretical analysis show the effectiveness of the proposed scheme.

An multi-BSS multi-user full duplex MAC protocol based on AP cooperation for the next generation WLAN

Aiming at the problems of low efficiency of buffer information collection and sharp drop of system throughput caused by the aggravation of conflicts in the multi basic service set (BSS) high density deployment overlap coverage scenario of next generation wireless local access network (WLAN), an access point cooperation based multi-BSS multi-user full duplex multiple access protocol named as CMMFD is proposed. Firstly, a channel resource allocation algorithm for stations (STA) in overlapping coverage area is designed, in which, the access control (AC) equipment allocates the channel resources for all STA in response to buffer state and interference information (BI) according to the proportion of STA in the overlapped coverage area. Secondly, a BI information collection protocol process based on access point (AP) cooperation sending trigger frame is designed to collect all STA information. After receiving trigger frame, STA will access the channel and report BI information in p-probability according to the channel resources allocated by AC. Finally, a multi-BSS multi-user channel resource allocation algorithm based on full duplex is designed. AC allocates channel resources according to all BI information reported by AP, and schedules STA in the multi-BSS to carry out multi-user full duplex transmission over the sub-channel. Simulation results show that the throughput of the CMMFD protocol improves by 29.6%, compared with Mu-FuPlex protocol and EnFD-OMAX protocol.

Full Duplex Physical and MAC Layer-Based Underwater Wireless Communication Systems and Protocols: Opportunities, Challenges, and Future Directions

Underwater wireless communication has gained a great deal of attention in the last couple of decades because of its applications in the military, industrial, and monitoring sectors. Despite the extreme physical and MAC layer difficulties, acoustics are used for various applications among the various modes of underwater communication technologies used. While significant research efforts have been made to address these issues, the bottleneck remains in achieving high bandwidth, high throughputs, and data rate. Researchers have begun to look into full duplex (FD) implementation to improve bandwidth efficiency and increase data rate and throughput. Users can send and receive data simultaneously over the FD links, maximizing bandwidth utilization and increasing throughput. As a result, we thoroughly reviewed various FD physical layered UWAC systems and MAC layered protocols for underwater communication. The various problems that the aforementioned systems and protocols have faced, as well as the solutions suggested in previous works to solve each problem, are also highlighted. Various metrics are used to compare the performance of various physical layered FD systems and FD MAC protocols. We also explore some of the open research questions in these FD-physical layered and MAC layered protocols, as well as future research directions. Based on ample information, we suggest a cross-layered architecture based on various IBFD-SI cancellations, DA-CSMA, and FD-MAC protocols. This review provides a broad view of the current FD physical and MAC layered protocols based on acoustic communication, as well as recommendations.

Full-Duplex MAC Protocol Based on CSMA/CA for Switching Transmission Mode

Full-duplex (FD) radios can transmit and receive packets simultaneously in the same frequency band. Although this potentially doubles the spectral efficiency, it also causes inter-node interference, which was not an issue for half-duplex (HD) radios and can significantly reduce FD radio throughput. This paper proposes a hybrid transmission switching algorithm to reduce performance degradation due to inter-node interference. In contrast to previous studies that only considered channel capacity, we determine the transmission mode by considering the modulation and coding scheme (MCS). The access point compares the required transmission time for HD, FD, and hybrid mode and selects the mode with the best network throughput. We also designed an analytical model to evaluate network throughput for the proposed algorithm. In particular, we consider FD pair probability, which has not been addressed previously. Analytical and simulation results verify that the proposed algorithm improves network performance.

FD MAC Protocol Design for Co-Existing WLANs in 5G Cellular Networks

Abstract In this paper, we design full-duplex (FD) medium access control (MAC) protocol for co-existing wireless local area networks (WLANs) in 5G cellular networks (WCFD-MAC). Our design considers some significant features of 5G networks, exceptionally, beamforming and FD capabilities at both, the base station and user equipment. FD communications may generate interferences, namely self-interference (SI) in bidirectional FD (BFD) and inter-user interferences in three-node FD (TNFD). Several efforts have been performed to mitigate the SI in BFD communications. However, the inter-user interferences in TNFD are still considered as a major drawback in FD networks. These interferences must be mitigated by an efficient MAC protocol design. WCFD-MAC protocol allows two neighboring users to simultaneously participate in TNFD communication without interfering with each other by using directional transmission and a three-node angle condition (TAC). Directional transmission combined with TAC increases system throughput. WCFD-MAC protocol allows a new half-duplex (HD) communication scheme referred to as three-node HD (TNHD). This scheme may occur when bidirectional FD (BFD) and TNFD communications cannot occur. TNHD scheme includes device-to-device (D2D) communication and allows energy efficiency, which is one of the keys requirements of 5G wireless networks. Simulations results show that WCFD-MAC protocol achieves higher throughput than existing works in the literature.

FD-OMAC: A Novel Full-Duplex Optical Media Access Control for IEEE 802.15.7

Optical wireless communication (OWC), the IEEE 802.15.7 standard (revised 2018) is developed in normative reference to low-rate wireless personal area networks IEEE 802.15.4 standard. One significant difference between the two standards is the highly directional transmitters in the OWC networks. This difference opens up the possibility of adding full-duplex communication to wireless networks. Our work proposes adding full-duplex functionality in the contention-free period (CFP) of the OWC media access control (MAC) layer. We justify the significance of our proposal by implementing IEEE 802.15.7 resource allocation scheme for both our proposed full-duplex optical MAC (FD-OMAC) and the IEEE 802.15.7 MAC. Our simulation results demonstrate that the proposed work improves the spectral efficiency in the CFP without compromising delays. We also discuss the minor changes required in the IEEE 802.15.7 MAC for implementing FD-OMAC. We further extend the FD-OMAC to a multiple access point network and evaluate its performance in comparison with IEEE 802.15.7 MAC.

Designing and assessment of a full duplex MAC protocol for HEW networks with asymmetric traffic

Designing and assessment of a full duplex MAC protocol for HEW networks with asymmetric traffic

Designing and assessment of a full duplex MAC protocol for HEW networks with asymmetric traffic

Wireless local area networks (WLANs) based on the IEEE 802.11 standard have been very popular in recent years because of their ability to offer mobility, flexibility and ease of use, with very low ...