Abstract
Underwater wireless communication has gained a great deal of attention in the last couple of decades because of its applications in the military, industrial, and monitoring sectors. Despite the extreme physical and MAC layer difficulties, acoustics are used for various applications among the various modes of underwater communication technologies used. While significant research efforts have been made to address these issues, the bottleneck remains in achieving high bandwidth, high throughputs, and data rate. Researchers have begun to look into full duplex (FD) implementation to improve bandwidth efficiency and increase data rate and throughput. Users can send and receive data simultaneously over the FD links, maximizing bandwidth utilization and increasing throughput. As a result, we thoroughly reviewed various FD physical layered UWAC systems and MAC layered protocols for underwater communication. The various problems that the aforementioned systems and protocols have faced, as well as the solutions suggested in previous works to solve each problem, are also highlighted. Various metrics are used to compare the performance of various physical layered FD systems and FD MAC protocols. We also explore some of the open research questions in these FD-physical layered and MAC layered protocols, as well as future research directions. Based on ample information, we suggest a cross-layered architecture based on various IBFD-SI cancellations, DA-CSMA, and FD-MAC protocols. This review provides a broad view of the current FD physical and MAC layered protocols based on acoustic communication, as well as recommendations.
Highlights
Underwater wireless communication has found considerable attention during last couple of decades because of its applications in the field of military, commercial, and monitoring applications
The large propagation delays is the cause of relative propagation delays between the nodes, which is a serious challenge while designing of HS-full duplex (FD)-Medium Access Control (MAC) protocols for underwater acoustic communication
Recent research shows that using FD underwater acoustic modems, the SI effect two parts, one for real data transmission and the other for control packet negotiation, can be cancelled [11,29,33], i.e., the HS mechanism can be used to predict transresulting in higher throughput and less interference while achieving FD communicamission scheduling by passively receiving local information about neighboring node tion
Summary
Underwater wireless communication has found considerable attention during last couple of decades because of its applications in the field of military, commercial, and monitoring applications. Contention-based FD-MAC protocols are attractive because of their improved throughput, energy efficiency, and robustness, but these advantages fade as network traffic loads rise, resulting in massive data collision and increased energy consumption [35,36]. Random access MAC protocols are designed to send and receive data between multiple nodes in a random fashion without any control or HS mechanism This increases the likelihood of high collisions and massive energy consumption, and a self-organized FDCP-MAC protocol for multi-hop ad hoc UWAN network has been developed [39]. We contributed by comparing different FD-physical layer-based UWAC Systems in terms of different metrics including spectral efficiency, BER, transmission range, and data rate, as well as implementing these protocols in different environments. To the best of our knowledge, some new open issues and potential research directions are listed, which will aid in the advancement of the aforementioned FD systems and MAC protocols
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