Full Cost Research Articles

A political ecology of speculative urbanism: The role of financial and environmental speculation in Jakarta’s water crisis

Jakarta, Indonesia’s capital, is increasingly characterized by luxury real estate developments and high-profile infrastructural projects made possible by economic liberalization and finance capital. Yet these developments have contributed to Jakarta’s struggles with chronic flooding, land subsidence, and water shortages. This paper contributes an empirical study of the spatial-temporal dynamics of speculative urbanism and the associated impacts on water resources and flood events in Jakarta. I use an urban political ecology approach to analyze mainland and offshore development. First, I show how financial speculation generates flood risk and the overexploitation of water resources, producing uneven socio-spatial distributions of risk. These transformations in Jakarta’s hydroscape in turn threaten to undermine the city’s viability as a site for speculative investment. I thus show how speculative urbanism can be threatened or disrupted by nonhuman agencies. Second, I illustrate a second form of speculation, which I refer to as environmental speculation. As Jakarta’s water crisis has cast doubt on the future of the city itself as a place of habitation, the state explored an ambitious and potentially lucrative coastal defense project, while private developers have engaged in land reclamation. The turn toward offshore development illustrates how environmental speculation creates new opportunities for capital accumulation. I advance two arguments: first, in order to capture the full costs of speculative urbanism, it is imperative that urban scholars attend to its ecological dimensions. Second, an urban political ecology approach advances our understandings of speculative urbanism by illuminating its contradictions and limits.

Penetapan Harga Pokok dan Penerapan Full Costing Method dalam Rangka Penetapan Harga Jual

This study aims to determine the calculation of the cost of goods manufactured by UD. Elza Putra in Jember and to find out the determination of the selling price of the product using a full costing approach. This research method is descriptive qualitative. The research sample is classified based on the cost of raw materials, direct labor costs, factory overhead costs and production costs. Then these costs will be calculated, and the cost of production is determined. Determination of the cost of production using the full costing method. The results showed that in determining the cost of production of UD. Elza Putra Jember obtained a result of IDR 4,842. To determine the calculation of the selling price according to the calculation of UD. Elza Putra Jember earned Rp. 8,500/pc. Meanwhile, after setting the selling price using the full costing method, the result is Rp. 6.000/pcs and according to variable costing get Rp. 8,500/pc. In conclusion, the cost of production is known to be lower than the company's method so that the company earns a profit. And the selling price according to full costing is lower than the company's method so that the company can compete with other companies that produce the same product.
 Keywords: Selling Price, Cost of Production, Full Costing Method

The Knowledge Encapsulation Phenomenon and Its Role in The Construction of a Knowledge Trasnfer Cost Theory

The paper offers a general foundation for the currently fragmented economic studies on knowledge. We argue that such a foundation can be found in the frequently ignored phenomenon of knowledge encapsulation, coined by Harold Demsetz. Knowledge encapsulation refers to a situation under which economic agents are incentivized to compress the costly full knowledge it into incomplete knowledge algorithms. To prove the potential of placing such a phenomenon at the core of a general theory of knowledge, we identify the full knowledge elements and analyze the cost minimizing effects that encapsulation has on them. We then study a wide spectrum of knowledge encapsulation mechanisms, from instructions and superstitions to institutions and outsourcing. We demonstrate that each of these mechanisms can substantially decrease the full knowledge costs without causing a corresponding increase in costs of using incomplete knowledge. These results confirm the universality and the broad scope of knowledge encapsulation phenomenon and allow us to tentatively recommend its application in the general economic theory of knowledge. We further note that the Demsetzian approach may re-orientate the focus of knowledge studies in economics from the process of knowledge creation to its transfer.

Making gifts from contracts: symbolic resources and resanctification in officers’ language

Officers of the Irish Defence Forces have studied at civilian university since 1969, with the introduction of a policy referred to as the University Service Academic Complement (USAC) scheme. In attending university through USAC, officers are obliged to sign a contract stipulating that they will repay the full costs of their time at university. This paper draws on a study of 46 retired and serving officers, to analyse how they discussed their career and the military officer’s experience of civilian higher education. While the agreement officers are obliged to sign is a legal contract, interviewees consistently characterised their experience of the USAC scheme in terms that omitted this economic reality of the financial implications of attending higher education. Instead, they favoured terms that almost exclusively excluded such a perspective, and instead made the USAC scheme appear to be a ‘gift’ in Marcel Mauss’s terms. This paper illustrates how and why this is the case, in that the use of ‘gift language’ is a type of ‘resanctification’ of the military profession by individual officers in the face of the threat to cohesion and their symbolic universe. Beyond and at the societal level, resanctification through gift language also implies a political 'double-bind' for officers in terms of their relationship with civilian military authorities and the military organisation itself. This paper concludes with an overview of some of the implications of a gift analysis for militaries and their surrounding societies.

HPR62 Economic Evaluations of Public Health Interventions on COVID-19: A Systematic Review

Due to the rapid spread of COVID-19, governments worldwide have implemented drastic policy measures to contain the transmission of the virus, of which have caused economic downturn and social calamity. There is paucity of data on the full economic cost (EEs) and cost-effectiveness of different policy measures currently used in containing the spread of COVID-19. Objective This systematic review was conducted to summarize the existing evidence on the cost and cost-effectiveness of a range of policy measures used to contain COVID-19 transmission.

Methods of Financing University Education and Their Implications on Access, Quality and Completion Rates: An Experience Shared from Undergraduate Education Students, Maasai Mara University, Kenya

Demand for higher education in Kenya has increased despite insufficient funding from the Government. This led to the cost-sharing policy where both the Government, the students, and their households share the costs of higher education. Students are provided with loans through Higher Education Loans Board (HELB). Public universities are supported through capitation grants to meet development and recurrent expenditure. The household contributes towards tuition and upkeep of their students. At Maasai Mara University, it has been observed that at the end of every semester, some students defer their examinations due to fee balances implying that there are gaps in the existing methods of financing a university education. This study, therefore, investigated the effectiveness of the financing methods and their implications on students’ access, completion rates, and quality education based on students’ experiences at the University. The study used a descriptive survey design. The target population was 950 education students who were in their third and fourth years of study. Stratified random sampling was used to select 315 students to participate in the study. Data were collected through questionnaires and interview guides for the class representatives. Documents were also analyzed. The study found that the majority of the students depended on HELB and support from their households to finance their education. The amount of loans allocated to students was inadequate and multiple sources of funding are required to meet the full costs of education. Students from poor backgrounds resorted to menial jobs which affected class attendance and learning outcomes. Other students deferred their examinations affecting academic progression. The study concluded that the current methods of funding university education were not dependable as they negatively affected students’ access, academic progression, completion rates, and quality of learning outcomes. The study recommended the need for an alternative financial support system for students from poor families to complete their studies on schedule.

Asset Profitability in the Electricity Sector: An Iterative Approach in a Linear Optimization Model

In a competitive electricity market, generation capacities can exactly cover their full costs. However, the real market deviates from this ideal in some aspects. One is the concern of non-existent or insufficient scarcity prices. We present an iterative method in a linear optimization model to investigate the profitability of assets in the absence of scarcity prices and how the system changes when this risk is incorporated into investors’ expectations. Therefore, we use a two-step optimization of capacity planning and unit commitment. Iteratively, mark-ups at the height of uncovered costs are added to investment costs. This typically leads to a system with better investment profitability while keeping the system cost increase low. The methodology is applied to a simplified brownfield generation system, targeting CO2-free power generation within 25 years. In a model with annual foresight of actors, iterations result in a generation system with significantly lower (or even no) uncovered costs for new investments within ten or fewer iterations. Our example case with full foresight shows that early-added gas (combined cycle) and wind onshore capacities are able to recover their full costs over a lifetime, even without scarcity prices. However, the contribution margin gap remains high, especially for storage and biomass.

Analisis Harga Pokok Penjualan Pada Toko Sinar Kumala Elektronik Di Tenggarong

Abstract:one of the businesses in Tenggarong is the Sinar Kumala Electronic, which is engaged in the sale of electronic goods such as refrigerators, televisions, air conditioners and others. As for the items contained in the Sinar Kumala Electronic shop originating from the city of Samarinda, Surabaya and Jakarta.Data analysis tool that used to find out the cost of goods sold at the Sinar Kumala Electronic shop in Tenggarong by using inventory and sales data as well as repurchase of goods made. Based on the research note that the hypothesis that has been stated "that the cost of goods sold by the entrepreneur is smaller than the researcher version in May 2017" then the hypothesis proposed by the researcher is accepted and proven to be true Keyword: Cost Of Goods Sold, Full Costing

Incomplete Justice: The Costs of Partial Indemnity

In the mid-twentieth century, Ontario abandoned a simple, full indemnity costs rule in favour of a discretionary, partial indemnity costs regime with hundreds of sub-rules. This article argues that this was a mistake. Partial indemnity has no doctrinal, principled, or practical benefits that cannot be incorporated into a full costs regime. Additionally, partial indemnity carries significant costs to access to justice. Instead, this article proposes a costs regime that incorporates the best features of both the old rule and the new regime. In brief, it proposes a full indemnity rule; capped at the losing party’s costs; with exceptions for divided success, impecuniosity, and public interest cases; and discretionary fines for engaging in misconduct or dilatory tactics. Collectively, these rules would advance access to justice more than the existing costs regime.

Comparative Analysis of German Dgnb and Chinese Green Building Evaluation Standards

With the concept of sustainable development being promoted all over the world, green building, as one of the necessary ways to achieve sustainable development, has been carried out by more and more countries, and a series of evaluation standards related to green building have been introduced. This paper makes a brief introduction and comparative analysis of some typical green building evaluation codes in the world. On the basis of the German DGNB algorithm on the full life cycle cost of green buildings, combined with the actual situation of China, this paper puts forward the algorithm of the full life cycle cost of green buildings suitable for China, and carries out analysis and verification, so as to provide reference for improving the evaluation criterion of green buildings in China.

The reproduction potentials of four entomopathogenic nematode strains related to cost-effective production for biological control

• The biocontrol potentials of four entomopathogenic nematode strains were evaluated. • The high virulence of four nematode strains to insect hosts was revealed. • The reproduction capacity was different between nematode strains and insect hosts. • The mealworm is the best choice for mass production of H-KT3987 strain with lowest cost. • The in vivo production cost was little cheaper than in vitro production cost. Bioassays to evaluate the mortality, virulence and reproduction potentials of four indigenous EPN strains, S-PQ16, S-BM12, H-KT3987 and H-CB3452 on insect larvae of mealworm ( Tenebrio molitor ) and greater wax moth ( Galleria mellonella ) revealed the highest mortality rates of two insect larvae at the highest inoculation dose of 100 IJs to range from 89 to 100 percent and 94.3–100 percent at 48 h after inoculation, respectively. Virulence was high for all nematode strains, with LC 50 values between 29.6 and 47.3 IJs/insect host. The highest IJ yields were different between nematode strains and insect host, from 66.8 × 10 3 IJs (S-PQ16) to 118.6 × 10 3 IJs (H-KT3987) on T. molitor , and from 54.2 × 10 3 IJs (S-BM12) to 163.3 × 10 3 IJs (H-KT3987) on G. mellonella . The culturing cost in terms of food expenditure for rearing insect larvae varied between insect larvae and nematode strains, from 6.76 to 26.63 USD per billion IJs for nematode strains cultured on T. molitor larvae and from 3.54 to 7.81 USD per billion IJs for nematode strains cultured on G. mellonella larvae. The full cost for a nematode product of 2.5 × 10 9 IJs per hectare, produced through in vivo mass culturing , of the most efficient nematode strain, H-KT3987, was 191.3 USD, slightly cheaper than 199.4 USD for the same nematode product produced through in vitro mass culturing.

Full Cost of Electricity “FCOE” and Energy Returns “eROI”

Understanding electricity generation’s true cost is paramount to choosing and prioritizing our future energy systems. This paper introduces the full cost of electricity (FCOE) and discusses energy returns (eROI). The authors conclude with suggestions for energy policy considering the new challenges that come with global efforts to “decarbonize”.
 
 In 2021, debate started to occur regarding energy security (or rather electricity security) which was driven by an increase in electricity demand, shortage of energy raw material supply, insufficient electricity generation from wind and solar, and geopolitical challenges, which in turn resulted in high prices and volatility in major economies. This was witnessed around the world, for instance in China, India, the US, and of course Europe. Reliable electricity supply is crucial for social and economic stability and growth which in turn leads to eradication of poverty. 
 
 The authors explain and quantify the gap between installed energy capacity and actual electricity generation when it comes to variable renewable energy. The main challenges for wind and solar are its intermittency and low energy density, and as a result practically every wind mill or solar panel requires either a backup or storage, which adds to system costs.
 
 Widely used levelized cost of electricity, LCOE, is inadequate to compare intermittent forms of energy generation with dispatchable ones and when making decisions at a country or society level. We introduce and describe the methodology for determining the full cost of electricity (FCOE) or the full cost to society. FCOE explains why wind and solar are not cheaper than conventional fuels and in fact become more expensive the higher their penetration in the energy system. The IEA confirms “…the system value of variable renewables such as wind and solar decreases as their share in the power supply increases”. This is illustrated by the high cost of the “green” energy transition.
 
 We conclude with suggestions for a revised energy policy. Energy policy and investors should not favor wind, solar, biomass, geothermal, hydro, nuclear, gas, or coal but should support all energy systems in a manner which avoids energy shortage and energy poverty. All energy always requires taking resources from our planet and processing them, thus negatively impacting the environment. It must be humanity’s goal to minimize these negative impacts in a meaningful way through investments – not divestments – by increasing, not decreasing, energy and material efficiencies.
 
 Therefore, the authors suggest energy policy makers to refocus on the three objectives, energy security, energy affordability, and environmental protection. This translates into two pathways for the future of energy: 
 
 (1) invest in education and base research to pave the path towards a New Energy Revolution where energy systems can sustainably wean off fossil fuels. 
 
 (2) In parallel, energy policy must support investment in conventional energy systems to improve their efficiencies and reduce the environmental burden of generating the energy required for our lives.
 
 Additional research is required to better understand eROI, true cost of energy, material input, and effects of current energy transition pathways on global energy security.

Evaluation of the Energy Transaction Cost for Microgrid-Based Wheeling System Using Power Flow Tracing: a Case Study

The increasing use of microgrid-based renewable energy has led to energy trading. One of the energy trades arising is based on the utility's transmission network (wheeling case). However, it is necessary to calculate the price of electric energy transactions for all the wheeling players to get the appropriate profit. This study has used a Power Flow Tracing algorithm modified according to the load conditions and the sun conditions all the time. It uses the Power Flow Tracing method by considering transmission, loss, and profit margins based on actual usage. On the other hand, the calculation of transaction costs of electrical energy uses the MW-Mile method by considering power quality in order to determine transmission costs and network losses. At the same time, the Full Cost Method is used to calculate the profit margin on the side of the microgrid owner. This research provides the results of tracking power flow according to the actual usage. The price calculation considers all the contributing players such as utilities, microgrids, and consumers. The research also shows that the transaction distance affects the transaction price.

Matching ICD-11 personality status to clinical management in a community team-The Boston (UK) Personality Project: Study protocol.

Epidemiological studies show 30% to 50% of all patients in community mental health teams have personality disorders. These are normally comorbid with other psychiatric disorders, often as Galenic syndromes, and are seldom identified. In the Boston (UK) Personality Project all patients under a community health service in Boston in Lincolnshire will be asked to agree to have their personality status assessed using scales recording the new ICD-11 classification, together with clinical ratings, social function and satisfaction. A control group of 100 patients from an adjacent service of similar demographics (Spalding) will also have similar ratings but no personality assessments. Changes in clinical status, social function and service satisfaction will be made after 6 and 12 months in both groups. The patients in the Boston group will be offered matched interventions using a stepped care approach for both the severity of disorder and its domain structure. These interventions will include shorter versions of existing psychological treatments, environmental therapies including nidotherapy, adaptive and acceptance models, drug reduction and social prescribing. Full costs of psychiatric care will be measured in both groups. The main hypothesis is that greater awareness of personality function will lead to better clinical outcomes and satisfaction.

Net Child Care Costs in Canada

Child care costs are of great concern for many families in Canada, yet little is known about net child care costs. Using six “typical” families in ten cities and factoring in tax assistance and means-tested child care subsidies, we find that net child care costs vary significantly across the income distribution and family types. For many families, the combination of subsidies and tax-based supports results in significant cost reductions. However, these measures have limitations. For example, maximum subsidies do not always cover the full cost of care, and tax-based supports may not always alleviate cash flow problems.

Analisis Perbandingan Penentuan Harga Pokok Produksi Untuk Menentukan Harga Jual Produk Menggunakan Metode Full Costing Dan Variable Costing

Determination of the cost of production is a way to take into account the elements of cost into the cost of production. Cost of Production is a collection of production costs consisting of direct materials, direct labor and factory overhead costs plus inventories of products in the initial process and less inventories of products in the final process. And the selling price is an estimate of the exchange rate of the product for money. The selling price is the price obtained from the sum of the total production costs plus the mark-up used to cover factory overhead costs. The purpose of this study is to analyze the comparison of the determination of the cost of production to determine the selling price of the product using the Full Costing and Variable Costing method. Based on the calculation of the cost of production to determine the selling price of the product using the Full Costing method and the calculation of the cost of production using the variable costing method Determination of the selling price of the method of calculating the cost of goods manufactured Full Costing is higher than the variable costing methode and the calculation of the cost of production of the variable costing method The difference in the unit selling price of this product occurs because the calculation of the cost of production is also different.

Pelatihan Penerapan Metode Full Costing Dalam Perhitungan Harga Pokok Penjualan Untuk Penetapan Harga Jual Produk

The calculation and drafting of cost of goods is an important matter. So that the business owner does not experience a loss, the selling price of an item cannot be determined arbitrarily. Many business owners do not know how to determine the selling price because they do not know the concept of calculating the cost of goods sold (COGS) for the resulting products. Cost of Goods Sold (COGS) is the amount of expenditure and expenses that are allowed, either directly or indirectly, to produce goods or services in the conditions and places where the consumer can sell or use the goods. So there are important benefits that business owners must realize that the Cost of Goods Sold (HPP) must be recorded and calculated properly, so that the selling price is correct. The method used was short training and mentoring which was carried out with individual and classical approaches. The results of this service are expected to provide knowledge and insight for business owners so that they can use financial information carefully for decision making and be able to apply bookkeeping in good business management.Keywords: Full Costing, Cost of Goods Sold, Selling Price

Methodology of imputed rent: rethinking of the own housing costs

International comparisons of household expenditures on housing and communal services, despite a significant increase in tariffs, indicate an unreasonably low absolute and relative level of these expenditures in Ukraine. Analyzing this problem, the article considers the concept of conditional (imputed) rent (rent), which in recent years has been used as macroeconomic statistics and statistics on income and living conditions. The need to reliably determine the conditional rent is due to the differences in the formation of annual expenditures and incomes of households living in their own homes and those who rent housing.
 The aim of the article is, however, to compare the statistical expenditures of households on housing and communal services, in particular on housing maintenance services in cases where households are homeowners or tenants and national statistical observations differ in the methods of determining conditional rent or no such definition at all. 
 The research methodology in this article deals with the definition of conditional rent in Ukraine in scientific publications on housing economics. Such publications are intended to clarify the idea of the full cost of homeowners necessary for its normal reproduction. Therefore, it is important how perfect the methodology for determining the conditional rent abroad is and how domestic statistics determine (or do not determine at all) the conditional rent.
 The results of the study indicate the general problems of determining the conditional rent, related to the incompleteness of the information base required for calculations. At the same time, in domestic practice there is a methodological gap in the reflection of conditional rent in macroeconomic statistics of final consumption expenditures of households and the lack of a corresponding indicator in sample surveys of income and expenditure (living conditions). It is concluded that correct comparisons in domestic surveys, further improvement of housing statistics and adjustment of absolute and relative indicators of household expenditures using their own housing, and thus an overall increase in the share of expenditures on housing services.

Systematic Mapping on the Creation of Learning Activities Using Virtual Reality

Virtual Reality (VR) is a technology well equipped to enhance learning processes. The development of Learning Activities with Virtual Reality (LAVR), however, remains a complex process. This makes it a somewhat costly process, the full cost of which can be reduced by using a set of tools (framework) for implementing LAVR, involving an educational model with which to guide the developer. In this paper, we review scientific articles that focus on learning processes that use immersive technologies, seeking to identify frameworks and guidelines for the creation of LAVR. To do this, a systematic mapping of the scientific production in ScienceDirect was carried out, observing those studies from 2015 onward that involved topics including virtual reality, learning activities, Bloom taxonomy, and the state of the practice in which they are found. The results show that no studies are to be found in the literature on frameworks, guidelines, or recommendations either for the creation of LAVR or for the production of frameworks that facilitate this process using the Bloom taxonomy. However, studies can be found that guide the creation of LAVR, and these could be used as the basis for creating a framework. Based on the review, it could be concluded that VR favors learning processes at the various levels of education in a range of areas but that there is a paucity of directives able to facilitate the creation, adaptation, and incorporation of LAVR. This, therefore, constitutes a field of interest that merits further research.

How much does it cost to combine supply-side and demand-side RBF approaches in a single intervention? Full cost analysis of the Results Based Financing for Maternal and Newborn Health Initiative in Malawi

ObjectiveTo estimate the economic cost associated with implementing the Results Based Financing for Maternal and Newborn Health (RBF4MNH) Initiative in Malawi. No specific hypotheses were formulated ex-ante.SettingPrimary and secondary delivery...