Full Coordination Research Articles

Understanding oxygen reduction reaction activity of Pt-based nanoparticles from Pt atomic layers to Pt single atom alloy

The development of Pt-based atomic layer alloy and Pt-based single atom alloy (SAA) catalysts for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) has received extensive attention. A comprehensive insight into how Pt distribution on nanoparticle surface affects ORR kinetics is still unclear. Here, we employ density functional theory calculation, current–potential polarization curve simulations and Wulff construction principle to study ORR on a series of Au@PtnL nanoparticles with diverse Pt loading from three atomic layers to dilute concentration of single-atom (n = 3, 2, 1, 1/4, 3/16, 1/8, 1/16). The ORR rate-determining step and activity of Au@PtnL nanoparticles can be described by a three-dimensional volcano plot spanned by the adsorption free energies of ΔG(O2*) and ΔG(OH*), where high density Pt SAA (Au@Pt1/4L) presents highest Pt atom catalytic efficiency. The simulations reveal that thinner Pt atomic layers on Au@PtnL possess higher d-band energy level due to stretch strain, leading the stronger OH* intermediate binding and suppressed protonation kinetics of OH*, in good agreement with available experimental data. When Pt atoms become isolated by Au host on Au@PtnL, Pt single-atom is converted into a free atom-like electronic structure due to the ligand effect of Au full coordination. A much narrower d band of Pt single-atom results in more filling of the σ* anti-bond, which brings about a much weakened OH* adsorption strength and superior ORR activity of Pt SAA. An excessive diluter concentration of Pt SAA suffers from declined ORR kinetics impeded by O2 adsorption as the rate-determining step. This work shed light on the adjustment mechanism of the coordination environment of Pt active sites on ORR activity and attributed it to a combined ligand effect and geometry strain effect, which provides guidance for the future engineering of Pt-based nanoparticles with high Pt atom catalytic efficiency.

Tense mismatches in Korean gapping and bare ko-coordination: an experimental study

Abstract Korean coordination allows non-final conjuncts to appear either without a tensed verb as in gapping (aka right-node-raising or right-peripheral ellipsis) or without a verbal tense morpheme as in bare ko-coordination. This study uses an acceptability judgment experiment designed to investigate whether tense mismatches degrade the acceptability of Korean gapping and bare ko-coordination with reference to full coordination. The experimental findings of the study indicate that tense-matched gapping is preferred over tense-mismatched gapping and that tense-matched bare ko-coordination is preferred over tense-mismatched bare ko-coordination. The results of the study also demonstrate that temporal order, whether it is sequential or reverse, does not affect the acceptability of Korean gapping and bare ko-coordination because tense-mismatched violations are symmetric so that they cause to affect all conjuncts. Overall, this study discusses how the phenomena of tense-mismatches are accounted for in full coordination, bare ko-coordination, and gapping. The tense-mismatches in these constructions are due to differences in conjunct size. The conjunct size is TP in full coordination (with two overt Ts) and bare-ko coordination (with a null T in the first conjunct and an overt T in the second conjunct), while it is vP in gapping (with an overt T in the second conjunct).

Improving efficiency in supply chains with a capital-constrained app developer under the agency contract

We investigate a supply-chain model with a capital-constrained app developer. The developer interacts with a distribution platform via an agency contract, and the demand is uncertain and dependent on the app’s quality level and selling price. Given the amount of capital that the developer commits to investing in the creation of quality, the platform offers the developer a loan at a certain interest rate, based on which the developer determines the app’s quality level and subsequently also the selling price. We analytically prove that: (i) the interest rate offered by the platform decreases in the developer’s capital and, interestingly, the platform subsidizes the developer’s efforts either when the platform’s share of the revenue or the developer’s capital are sufficiently large; (ii) there is an amount of capital assigned to the creation of quality that is optimal in terms of maximizing the developer’s expected profit; and (iii) the total channel’s expected profit increases in the developer’s capital, which enables us to propose an improved contract leading to Pareto improvement and full coordination by using a side payment that compensates the developer for his loss of profit. In addition, we compare the supply-chain measures of the platform-financing model with those of four common benchmark models: a self-financing developer, a centralized system, no financing, and bank financing. Finally, we extend the analysis in three directions: setting price under demand uncertainty; analyzing a multiplicative demand form with regard to price and quality; and exploring the case of bank financing in addition to platform financing.

An ecological study protocol for the multimodal investigation of the neurophysiological underpinnings of dyadic joint action.

A novel multimodal experimental setup and dyadic study protocol were designed to investigate the neurophysiological underpinnings of joint action through the synchronous acquisition of EEG, ECG, EMG, respiration and kinematic data from two individuals engaged in ecologic and naturalistic cooperative and competitive joint actions involving face-to-face real-time and real-space coordinated full body movements. Such studies are still missing because of difficulties encountered in recording reliable neurophysiological signals during gross body movements, in synchronizing multiple devices, and in defining suitable study protocols. The multimodal experimental setup includes the synchronous recording of EEG, ECG, EMG, respiration and kinematic signals of both individuals via two EEG amplifiers and a motion capture system that are synchronized via a single-board microcomputer and custom Python scripts. EEG is recorded using new dry sports electrode caps. The novel study protocol is designed to best exploit the multimodal data acquisitions. Table tennis is the dyadic motor task: it allows naturalistic and face-to-face interpersonal interactions, free in-time and in-space full body movement coordination, cooperative and competitive joint actions, and two task difficulty levels to mimic changing external conditions. Recording conditions-including minimum table tennis rally duration, sampling rate of kinematic data, total duration of neurophysiological recordings-were defined according to the requirements of a multilevel analytical approach including a neural level (hyperbrain functional connectivity, Graph Theoretical measures and Microstate analysis), a cognitive-behavioral level (integrated analysis of neural and kinematic data), and a social level (extending Network Physiology to neurophysiological data recorded from two interacting individuals). Four practical tests for table tennis skills were defined to select the study population, permitting to skill-match the dyad members and to form two groups of higher and lower skilled dyads to explore the influence of skill level on joint action performance. Psychometric instruments are included to assess personality traits and support interpretation of results. Studying joint action with our proposed protocol can advance the understanding of the neurophysiological mechanisms sustaining daily life joint actions and could help defining systems to predict cooperative or competitive behaviors before being overtly expressed, particularly useful in real-life contexts where social behavior is a main feature.

Employee Behavior and Job Satisfaction in an Organization Using Herzberg's Two-Factor Model: A Theoretical Study

A person's behaviour encompasses not just how they handle themselves in social situations but also how they express strong emotions like joy, anger, love, and sadness while at work. Organizations consist of groups of people who share a common purpose and work together to realise it. If a business wants to succeed in its mission, it requires the full cooperation and coordination of all its personnel. The efficiency and success of a company hinge on the efforts and outlook of its employees. Changes in behaviour have effects on the group. Psychologist Fredrick Irving Herzberg, or "Fred," of the United States, developed the Motivation Hygiene Theory of Job Satisfaction. His idea is an attempt to explain what motivates people to work together toward a common objective in an organisation. The goal is to ensure the organization's success. The mood at work can be affected in both positive and negative ways by employees' levels of satisfaction with their jobs. This article demonstrates how workplace cleanliness concerns including company regulations, oversight, position, and job security can contribute to employee motivation and satisfaction. This research examines how employees' attitudes and happiness with their work change inside an organisation that practises the Herzberg two-factor theory

THE PREDICTION OF COMPETITIVE RESULT FOR COMPETITIONS IN TERMS OF THE TEST PROGRAMS IN COMPETITIVE SWIMMING

This article describes the content of test programs, which is of practical importance in the training process for predicting competitive results in competitive swimming. The experiment involved 24 athletes of the III-d grade and above level II. The study was conducted in the youth athletic center № 3 in Lutsk and in the sports club of Lutsk National Technical University in the 2022–2023 academic year. Based on the analysis of practical experience, we have developed test programs for swimming in full coordination on the arms and legs for swimmers from the third to the first athletic title, freestyle and specializing in short/medium/long courses. There are sample calculations of controlled testing in full coordination for athletes specializing in 1500 meters freestyle. Testing: 15 x 100 meters freestyle and an average speed is 90–95%. The rest period between the distances is 1 min. 30 seconds. The calculations were carried out in the following way: every hundred meter race and the time was recorded in the same sequence as the athlete was swimming. The figures obtained in seconds were summed up and the total amount was initially 1135,09 seconds. 60,25 seconds were added. This is the time of correction for the result for 1500 meters freestyle. So, the total time in seconds 1195,34 was transferred into minutes and seconds and obtained 19,55,34. Thus, the time 19,55,34 corresponds to the level of physical fitness of an athlete at this distance at the time of testing. The developed test programs made it possible to determine the physical fitness of athletes, their readiness for competition. This gave us the opportunity to predict the competitive result, to alternate work and rest during the lesson, to make changes in the content of the annual training cycle or its periods.
 

НАПРЯМИ КООРДИНАЦІЇ НОРМАТИВНОГО РЕГУЛЮВАННЯ ВІДПОВІДАЛЬНОГО (ESG) ІНВЕСТУВАННЯ У СВІТІ: ФРАГМЕНТАЦІЯ ЧИ УНІФІКАЦІЯ?

To date, processes of regulatory coordination of responsible or ESG (Environmental, Social, and Corporate Governance) investing are characterized by a combination of fragmentation and unification efforts. On the one hand, there is a noticeable degree of fragmentation of the regulatory landscape for responsible investing. At the level of different regions and countries, their own regulatory frameworks, standards and guidelines for disclosure of ESG information and sustainability reporting are being actively developed and improved. In particular, the European Union (EU), Great Britain, the USA and Canada, some countries of the Asia-Pacific region (Australia, China, Hong Kong, New Zealand, Singapore, etc.) have made special progress. For example, the EU has taken a significant step with the introduction of the so-called triad of regulatory instruments: the Sustainability Taxonomy, the Corporate Sustainability Reporting Directive (CSRD) and the Sustainable Finance Disclosure Regulation (SFDR), aimed at standardizing ESG reporting and classifying investments in sustainable development in member countries. This fragmentation creates difficulties for investors and companies operating in different jurisdictions as they must navigate and comply with different requirements. On the other hand, efforts to unify and harmonize ESG disclosure and regulatory rules are increasing. Recognizing the global nature of ESG challenges, international organizations are working to establish common principles and standards. Initiatives such as the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI), the International Sustainability Standards Board (ISSB), the Task Force on Climate-related Financial Disclosures (TCFD) have gained prominence worldwide, promoting transparency and consistency ESG reporting. While the trend toward unification is promising, achieving full regulatory coordination of responsible investing remains challenging. Different political priorities, cultural and economic differences between countries prevent the creation of a universally recognized regulatory framework. However, the growing recognition of the importance of ESG and the collective efforts of stakeholders around the world indicate a gradual convergence towards more coherent ESG regulations.

Financing and coordination of the agricultural supply chain considering government-enterprise guarantee

We examine an agricultural supply chain consisting of a core enterprise and a capital constrained farmer and assess the yield uncertainty of farmer’s production. We explore two kinds of financing models: traditional bank financing and government-enterprise guarantee financing. To coordinate the supply chain, a price commitment contract and a revenue-sharing contract are considered. Our results show that no matter in bank or government-enterprise guarantee financing model, we can find the conditions for full coordination of the supply chain with any contract. However, in the government enterprise guarantee financing model, when a farmer has bankrupt risk in a low-yield season and no bankrupt risk in a high-yield season, the revenue-sharing contract can simultaneously make the supply chain fully coordinated and achieve Pareto improvement to maximize the profits of the entire supply chain and achieve a win-win situation. In addition, the farmer and enterprise prefer to choose the financing model with a higher promised price and a higher revenue-sharing ratio, and the social welfare under the government-enterprise guarantee financing model is higher than that under the traditional bank financing model.

A scrumban board-based approach to improve material flow in engineering to order (ETO) companies: an industrial application based on action research

This paper focuses on lean management in Engineering-To-Order (ETO) companies. The objective is to streamline the management of an order and to reduce the time to market, from order acceptance to delivery. To this aim, we propose a visual tool that allows a better organisation and coordination of all the activities carried out by the departments involved in the management of an order. The proposed tool is a readaptation of the ‘scrumban’ methodology, which originated from an ‘action research-based project’, carried on in cooperation with an important ETO manufacturer. Specifically, using this implementation as use case, the proposed tool and its benefits are analysed in detail, showing that it allows to: (i) reorganise and operate the shop floor in a lean way, (ii) encourage a continuous improvement of the manufacturing processes and, above all, (iii) achieve a full coordination of physical and information flows. A step-by-step implementation framework is also provided, aiming to support and guide managers and practitioners willing to introduce visual tools, for a lean-oriented management of shop floor activities in ETO.

Single-Atom Cobalt Catalysts Coupled with Peroxidase Biocatalysis for C-H Bond Oxidation.

This paper reports a robust strategy to catalyze in situ C-H oxidation by combining cobalt (Co) single-atom catalysts (SACs) and horseradish peroxidase (HRP). Co SACs were synthesized using the complex of Co phthalocyanine with 3-propanol pyridine at the two axial positions as the Co source to tune the coordination environment of Co by the stepwise removal of axial pyridine moieties under thermal annealing. These structural features of Co sites, as confirmed by infrared and X-ray absorption spectroscopy, were strongly correlated to their reactivity. All Co catalysts synthesized below 300 °C were inactive due to the full coordination of Co sites in octahedral geometry. Increasing the calcination temperature led to an improvement in catalytic activity for reducing O2, although molecular Co species with square planar coordination obtained below 600 °C were less selective to reduce O2 to H2O2 through the two-electron pathway. Co SACs obtained at 800 °C showed superior activity in producing H2O2 with a selectivity of 82-85% in a broad potential range. In situ production of H2O2 was further coupled with HRP to drive the selective C-H bond oxidation in 2-naphthol. Our strategy provides new insights into the design of highly effective, stable SACs for selective C-H bond activation when coupled with natural enzymes.

Inventory Sharing Under Service Competition

Problem description: In many markets with demand uncertainties, competing retailers may share inventories for common products that they offer consumers. This paper examines how competitors’ product sharing affects their inventory and service-quality decisions. The existing literature has mainly focused on inventory sharing among independent retailers who do not compete with each other. Our research aims to fill the gap in this literature by investigating the tradeoffs of inventory sharing between retailers who directly compete for customers based on service quality. Methodology/results: We develop a game-theoretical model in which two retailers selling a common product from the same manufacturer compete for customers by offering differentiated services together with the product. Each retailer faces stochastic demand that increases in its service quality and decreases in the competitor’s service quality. When a retailer runs out of stock of the product, it may replenish its inventory directly from the manufacturer and/or request the competitor’s excess inventory if they have an inventory-sharing agreement. We find that inventory sharing may soften or intensify service competition, depending on the transfer price for the shared inventory. Specifically, when retailers agree to share inventory, their service levels decrease in the transfer price if their preseason inventory levels are exogenous, but are nonmonotone in the transfer price if the retailers endogenously choose inventory levels. Moreover, our analysis reveals that the retailers’ equilibrium inventory levels will increase in the transfer price and can be higher or lower than their levels in the case without inventory sharing. We also find that with exogenous inventory, the retailers prefer to share inventory at the highest nonmoot transfer price, whereas with endogenous inventory, the retailers may prefer not to share inventory, even at the optimal transfer price, when the level of competition and the preorder cost are high. Finally, we show that with service competition, inventory sharing cannot achieve full coordination under any transfer price. Managerial implications: When deciding whether to share inventory with competitors, managers should consider not only the benefits of inventory pooling, but also the strategic effect of sharing on the firms’ inventory choices and service levels. Funding: X. Guo has received research support from the Research Grants Council of Hong Kong [RGC Reference No. 15501820]. Supplemental Material: The online appendix is available at https://doi.org/10.1287/msom.2020.0584 .

Communicative competencies of civil servants: foreign experience

To date, the Law on the Civil Service of the Republic of Kazakhstan for civil servants has approved ethical rules, tasks, requirements that must be observed when interacting with society, however, explanations of communicative competencies, communication skills that must be observed when interacting with society are not given. The concept of development of local self-government in the Republic of Kazakhstan until 2025 outlines the need to clarify the status, functions, and powers of civil servants taken together of the current model of local self-government. The research paper uses the results of a sociological survey conducted by the Kazakhstan Institute for Strategic Studies under the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan in 2021, which indicate the main characteristics of the state body: accessibility of the state body, starting with the availability of contacts and addresses in the public domain; openness in providing information about activities and budget; availability of existing feedback channels with the population. This result once again confirms the need to improve the communicative competencies of civil servants of the Republic of Kazakhstan. In the course of writing the article, the analysis of the content and history of the development of the process of reforming the civil service of the countries of Great Britain, France, USA, Switzerland, Japan, Canada, South Korea, standards of conduct of civil servants was carried out. Based on foreign experience, on the full coordination of the functions of the Civil Servants Service, on the experience of introducing the benchmarking process into the public administration system, the principles of the Civil Service Commission, the School of Public Service, Charity and Care in the country, recommendations are given on the formation of a model of professional communicative competencies of Kazakhstan civil servants.

Challenges and threats to modern subsoil use using the example of the Ural Federal District

Relevance. Environmentally sustainable subsoil use requires full coordination of socio-economic and environmental subsystems. The growing economic problems, the deterioration of international relations, the approaching environmental crisis are causing challenges and threats that provoke disruptions in the operation of enterprises in the industry, which makes it necessary to identify threats and challenges in order to take systemic measures to mitigate the consequences or prevent them. The purpose of the study is to identify challenges and threats that pose a danger to subsoil use (using the example of the Ural Federal District). Research methods – generalization and analysis, methods of analogy, groupings, logical analysis, expert assessments. Results. The conceptual and categorical tools of the study have been clarified, the main challenges and threats that provoke the occurrence of adverse events for subsoil use, including the emergence of economic, social and environmental threats with a decoding of their characteristics, have been identified. Using the Delphi method in a lite variation by D. Peskov, three basic threats to the subsoil use of the Ural Federal District were identified with the involvement of 26 experts for evaluation. A detailed analysis of each of these threats has been carried out. The depletion of the mineral resource potential within the Ural Federal District and the need to meet the demand for raw materials through external and internal supplies were confirmed. Among the solid minerals are coal, manganese and chromium ores, copper raw materials, etc. An insufficient level of funding for geological exploration has also been determined. The analysis of the threat associated with the dependence of the industry on foreign IT products was performed in great detail. Data on the assessment of the current situation at enterprises engaged in subsoil use in the Ural Federal District are given. Possible ways out of the current critical situation are considered. Conclusions. The consequences of the identified threats for subsoil use are formulated. The need to reduce the impact of threats is substantiated: the depletion of the mineral resource potential, the reduction in funding for geological exploration and the dependence of the industry on foreign IT products.

Enumeration of Subperiodic Zeolitic Tetrahedral Frameworks. III. Layers, Rods, Tubes, and Clusters

We describe a new database of 4-coordinated hypothetical “subperiodic” zeolitic frameworks, comprising 0-periodic (clusters), 1-periodic (rods and tubes), and 2-periodic (layers) structures. The structures are found by a combinatorial search over 4-coordinated directed graphs, given the space group and the number of unique tetrahedral vertices, as in our earlier database. However, the filters are now reversed to reject the 3-periodic zeolites. Being fully 4-coordinated, these subperiodic structures require no hydroxyl terminations at their free surfaces when realized as SiO2 silicates. The layers closely resemble thin zeolites and are particularly interesting candidates for synthesis. The layer structures offer a rich library of structural possibilities for low-energy termination of the free surfaces of the known zeolites while maintaining full tetrahedral coordination. We present two examples of possible (001)-surface reconstructions for the LTL framework.

Analyzing game-streaming services in two-sided markets: Direct selling and cloud alliance models

This study analyzes the profit of a cloud console provider facing competition from a hardware console provider in a two-sided market composed of game developers and consumers. The cloud console provider can either sell its subscription package to consumers independently or organize a cloud alliance with an ISP to market. As compared with the direct selling model, the cloud alliance model with full coordination can yield greater total revenue if the benefit the game developers receive from the consumer side is higher than the value the consumers receive from the developer side. However, the overall profit of the cloud alliance declines when this condition is reversed. This undesired result can be resolved by leveraging the game-streaming subscriber base to yield a moderate amount of additional revenue for the cloud console provider.

Coordinating a three-level contract farming supply chain with option contracts considering risk-averse farmer and retailer.

We considered a three-level contract farming supply chain comprising a risk-averse farmer, a risk-neutral supplier, and a risk-averse retailer. The farmer plants and grows fresh agricultural products with yield uncertainty, the supplier is the leader of the supply chain and the designer of the contracts, and the retailer sells processed products with random demand. Under CVaR criterion, this paper discusses three option contracts between the supplier and the retailer, as well as wholesale price contracts or replenishment cost-sharing contracts between the supplier and the farmer. Results show that when the farmer is risk-neutral, option contracts with or without replenishment cost-sharing contracts can maximize the total profit and increase the profits of all members simultaneously. When the farmer and the retailer are risk-averse, only option contracts with replenishment cost-sharing contracts can ensure supply chain full coordination and Pareto improvement by adjusting the option parameters and making the farmer's sharing ratio equal to his risk aversion coefficient. Moreover, through numerical analysis, we discovered that the interval of the Pareto improvement decreases with the retailer's risk aversion coefficient and the quantity loss rate, and increases with the farmer's risk aversion coefficient. The supplier will not be able to increase his own profits when the loss rate is excessively large. Therefore, the leader should consider the risk aversion degree of all parties and the quantity loss rate of fresh agricultural products before choosing contracts.

Ligand Design and Preparation, Photophysical Properties, and Device Performance of an Encapsulated-Type Pseudo-Tris(heteroleptic) Iridium(III) Emitter.

The organic molecule 2-(1-phenyl-1-(pyridin-2-yl)ethyl)-6-(3-(1-phenyl-1-(pyridin-2-yl)ethyl)phenyl)pyridine (H3L) has been designed, prepared, and employed to synthesize the encapsulated-type pseudo-tris(heteroleptic) iridium(III) derivative Ir(κ6-fac-C,C',C″-fac-N,N',N″-L). Its formation takes place as a result of the coordination of the heterocycles to the iridium center and the ortho-CH bond activation of the phenyl groups. Dimer [Ir(μ-Cl)(η4-COD)]2 is suitable for the preparation of this compound of class [Ir(9h)] (9h = 9-electron donor hexadentate ligand), but Ir(acac)3 is a more appropriate starting material. Reactions were carried out in 1-phenylethanol. In contrast to the latter, 2-ethoxyethanol promotes the metal carbonylation, inhibiting the full coordination of H3L. Complex Ir(κ6-fac-C,C',C″-fac-N,N',N″-L) is a phosphorescent emitter upon photoexcitation, which has been employed to fabricate four yellow emitting devices with 1931 CIE (x:y) ∼ (0.52:0.48) and a maximum wavelength at 576 nm. These devices display luminous efficacies, external quantum efficiencies, and power efficacies at 600 cd m-2, which lie in the ranges 21.4-31.3 cd A-1, 7.8-11.3%, and 10.2-14.1 lm W1-, respectively, depending on the device configuration.

Research on the Coordination of Fresh Food Supply Chain Based on the Perspective of Blockchain and Low Carbon

We consider a three-stage fresh agricultural product supply chain consisting of a supplier, a third-party logistics service provider (TPLSP), and a retailer and discuss the coordination mechanism of “revenue sharing + double cost sharing” contracts and “two-part tariff + revenue sharing + double cost sharing” contracts between the supplier, TPLSP, and the retailer. Based on this, we not only explore the conditions for supply chain full coordination and Pareto improvement but also analyze the effect of blockchain technology application cost, consumer environmental protection awareness, freshness preference, green trust level on carbon emission reduction level, fresh-keeping effort level, price decisions, and profits by comparing three different decision-making models. Results show that the improvement of the green trust level can help to improve the carbon emission reduction level, fresh-keeping effort level, price decisions, and profits. The application of blockchain technology can reduce transaction costs and improve consumer green trust levels, thereby increasing market demand and profits. When environmental protection awareness and freshness preference are higher than a certain value, the unit retail price of fresh products under decentralized decision-making is the highest with the blockchain technology applied. TPLSP can increase the wholesale, service, and retail prices of fresh products by appropriately increasing the blockchain technology application cost-sharing ratio. When 15 < T 1 < 29.2416 and 47 < T 2 < 66.0408 , “two-part tariff + revenue sharing + double cost sharing” contracts can achieve the Pareto improvement.

CONTENT AND TASK OF PRIMARY SWIMMING TRAINING FOR 5-7 YEARS OLD CHILDREN

Introduction. The work presents the tasks and content of initial swimming training for children aged 5-7 years. A significant number of children today, unfortunately, do not know how to swim, so research on the initial swimming training of preschool children is relevant. The purpose study of the tasks and content of initial swimming training for children 5-7 years old. Material and methods. The following research methods are used in the article: study and analysis of scientific and methodological literature and Internet sources. The results. In our work, we investigated the task of initial swimming training of preschoolers according to the age factor (5-7 years), because we consider it the most optimal for the learning process. It is important to teach 5-year-old children to enter the water without fear, to clearly form a reaction to the instructor's command and the format of behavior required during swimming lessons. The process of initial swimming training for 5-year-old children can include up to 1 year of systematic lessons. For 6-year-old children, more complex aspects of initial swimming training are already provided. Aspects of sports swimming are already appearing. The tasks of initial swimming training for preschool children should be implemented gradually and consistently from year to year. Of course, if a 7-year-old child came to the stage of initial swimming training, then he works according to methodical tasks and requirements as for a 5-year-old child, however, the time required for the child to master certain skills and abilities, based on practical experience, will be much less. All swimming classes should have a health-improving focus in the primary groups of preschool children. Conclusion. We have researched the tasks and content of initial swimming training for 5-7 year old children. The sequence of learning the movements of individual parts of the body when learning a certain way of swimming will consist of: familiarization with the properties of water, leg movements, hand movements, breathing, full coordination of movements.

NATO AND EU STRATEGIC REVISION. CONTEXTUAL FACTORS BEFORE AND AFTER THE RUSSIAN – UKRAINIAN WAR

The present paper approaches the significant contextual aspects in which 2022 NATO and EU strategic revision process is taking place. The study premises that Russian unjustified military aggression on Ukraine and the subsequent security challenges for the European security environment are only the most recent, visible, and implicitly, attention catching ones, and that the background of the current strategic revision of both NATO and the EU is wider and marked by the succession of internal and external crises in the last decade. However, despite the need to approach all these challenges, Russian invasion of Ukraine has a key role in these organizations’ strategic revision, as it can be considered a wake-up call, an undeniable proof that both NATO and EU have to adapt their role in the regional and international security context. Through this rather descriptive approach, this paper is meant to bring to attention the complexity of the current international and regional context, shaping NATO and EU strategic revision. Also, we will argue that one of the main challenges that are to come after this revision will consist in dealing with NATO-EU relation in the best possible manner. In order to do so, the argumentation will be built departing from the general regional context, taking in consideration both internal and external trends, continuing with the origins and signification of NATO and EUstrategic revision. This will be the basis on which we intend to reveal some of the challenges of NATO-EU relation and how this relation was impacted by the unjustified Russian military aggression on Ukraine. The argumentation capitalizes recent events with relevance for NATO and EU approach to security and is built on inputs from the level of population perception on NATO and EU, as well as from national foreign politics and trends specific to the organizations themselves. Given that this paper was written before NATO actually published its 2022 Strategic Concept, the author will mostly capitalize on EU’s official documents and, implicitly, on EU’s perspective. The study concludes that despite the highly conflict-prone context, there is also a favourable ground not only for the EU to progress in its military dimension, but also for doing this in full coordination with NATO, avoiding duplications.